Trigonometric Substitution

In nding the area of a circle or an ellipse, an integral of the form x sa 2 x 2 dx arises, where a 0. If it were x x sa 2 x 2 dx, the substitution u a 2 x 2 would be effective but, as it stands, x sa 2 x 2 dx is more difcult. If we change the variable from x to by the substitution x a sin , then the identity 1 sin 2 cos 2 allows us to get rid of the root sign because sa 2 x 2 sa 2 a 2 sin 2 sa 21 sin 2 sa 2 cos 2 a cos

Notice the difference between the substitution u a 2 x 2 (in which the new variable is a function of the old one) and the substitution x a sin (the old variable is a function of the new one). In general we can make a substitution of the form x tt by using the Substitution Rule in reverse. To make our calculations simpler, we assume that t has an inverse function; that is, t is one-to-one. In this case, if we replace u by x and x by t in the Substitution Rule (Equation 5.5.4), we obtain

y f x dx y f tttt dt
This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution. We can make the inverse substitution x a sin provided that it denes a one-to-one function. This can be accomplished by restricting to lie in the interval 2, 2. In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given radical expressions because of the specied trigonometric identities. In each case the restriction on is imposed to ensure that the function that denes the substitution is one-to-one. (These are the same intervals used in Appendix D in dening the inverse functions.)
Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression sa 2 x 2 sa 2 x 2 sx 2 a 2 x a sin , x a tan , x a sec ,

Substitution

Identity 1 sin 2 cos 2 1 tan 2 sec 2 sec 2 1 tan 2

2 2 2 2 3 or 2 2

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate

s9 x 2 dx. x2

SOLUTION Let x 3 sin , where 2

2. Then dx 3 cos d and

s9 x 2 s9 9 sin 2 s9 cos 2 3 cos 3 cos (Note that cos 0 because 2 2.) Thus, the Inverse Substitution Rule gives 3 cos s9 x 2 y x 2 dx y 9 sin 2 3 cos d y cos 2 d y cot 2 d sin 2

y csc 2 1 d cot C
1

2 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

3 x 9- FIGURE 1

Since this is an indenite integral, we must return to the original variable x. This can be done either by using trigonometric identities to express cot in terms of sin x3 or by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1, where is interpreted as an angle of a right triangle. Since sin x3, we label the opposite side and the hypotenuse as having lengths x and 3. Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the adjacent side as s9 x 2, so we can simply read the value of cot from the gure: cot s9 x 2 x

sin =

x 3

(Although 0 in the diagram, this expression for cot is valid even when 0.) Since sin x3, we have sin1 x3 and so

x s9 x 2 s9 x 2 dx sin1 2 x x 3

EXAMPLE 2 Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

x2 y2 1 a2 b2
y (0,b) (a,0) 0 x

SOLUTION Solving the equation of the ellipse for y, we get

y2 x2 a2 x2 1 b2 a2 a2

or

b sa 2 x 2 a

FIGURE 2

Because the ellipse is symmetric with respect to both axes, the total area A is four times the area in the rst quadrant (see Figure 2). The part of the ellipse in the rst quadrant is given by the function b y sa 2 x 2 0xa a and so
1 4

+ =1 b@ a@

Ay

b sa 2 x 2 dx a

To evaluate this integral we substitute x a sin . Then dx a cos d. To change the limits of integration we note that when x 0, sin 0, so 0; when x a, sin 1, so 2. Also sa 2 x 2 sa 2 a 2 sin 2 sa 2 cos 2 a cos a cos since 0 2. Therefore A4 b a

sa 2 x 2 dx 4

b a
0

a cos a cos d

4 ab y

cos 2 d 4 ab y

2 1 2

2 ab 1 2 sin 2 ab

2 0

2 ab

1 cos 2 d

00 2

We have shown that the area of an ellipse with semiaxes a and b is ab. In particular, taking a b r, we have proved the famous formula that the area of a circle with radius r is r 2.
NOTE Since the integral in Example 2 was a denite integral, we changed the limits of integration and did not have to convert back to the original variable x.

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 3

EXAMPLE 3 Find

y x sx
2

1
2

dx.

SOLUTION Let x 2 tan , 2

2. Then dx 2 sec 2 d and

s x 2 4 s4tan 2 1 s4 sec 2 2 sec 2 sec Thus, we have 2 sec 2 d 1 2 4 tan 2 sec 4 sec
2

y x sx
2

dx
2

y tan d

To evaluate this trigonometric integral we put everything in terms of sin and cos : sec 1 cos 2 cos 2 2 tan cos sin sin 2 Therefore, making the substitution u sin , we have

y
+4 x 2 FIGUR E 3

dx 1 2 x sx 4 4
2

1 4

1 u

cos 1 d 2 sin 4

du u2 1 C 4 sin

csc C 4

We use Figure 3 to determine that csc s x 2 4x and so

tan =

x 2
EXAMPLE 4 Find

y x sx
2

dx
2

sx 2 4 C 4x

y sx

x dx. 4

SOLUTION It would be possible to use the trigonometric substitution x 2 tan here (as in Example 3). But the direct substitution u x 2 4 is simpler, because then du 2 x dx and

y
NOTE

x 1 dx 2 sx 4
2

y su

du

su C s x 2 4 C

Example 4 illustrates the fact that even when trigonometric substitutions are possible, they may not give the easiest solution. You should look for a simpler method rst.
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate

y sx

dx , where a 0. a2

SOLUTION We let x a sec , where 0

dx a sec tan d and

2 or 3 2. Then

s x 2 a 2 sa 2sec 2 1 sa 2 tan 2 a tan a tan Therefore dx a sec tan y d 2 a a tan y sec d ln sec tan C

y sx

4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

The triangle in Figure 4 gives tan s x 2 a 2a, so we have

x -a@ a FIGU RE 4

y sx

dx x sx 2 a 2 ln C 2 a a a ln x s x 2 a 2 ln a C

sec =

x a

Writing C1 C ln a, we have

y sx
EXAMPLE 6 Find

dx ln x sx 2 a 2 C1 a2

3 s32

x3 dx. 4 x 2 932

is appropriate. Although s4 x 2 9 is not quite one of the expressions in the table of trigonometric substitutions, it becomes one of them if we make the preliminary substitu3 tion u 2 x. When we combine this with the tangent substitution, we have x 2 tan , 3 2 which gives dx 2 sec d and s4 x 2 9 s9 tan 2 9 3 sec When x 0, tan 0, so 0; when x 3 s32, tan s3, so 3.

SOLUTION First we note that 4 x 2 932 s4 x 2 9

)3 so trigonometric substitution

3 s32

27 3 x3 3 8 tan dx y 2 32 0 4 x 9 27 sec3 3 16 y

3 2

sec 2 d

3 tan 3 3 sin 3 d 16 d y 0 sec cos2

3 16 y

1 cos 2 sin d cos 2

Now we substitute u cos so that du sin d. When 0, u 1; when 3, u 1 2. Therefore

3 s32

2 12 1 u 12 x3 3 3 dx du 16 y 1 u 2 du y 16 2 32 2 1 1 4 x 9 u 3 16 u

1 u
2

12 3 3 16 [( 1 2 2) 1 1] 32

EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate

y s3 2 x x

dx.

SOLUTION We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric substi-

tution is appropriate by rst completing the square under the root sign: 3 2 x x 2 3 x 2 2 x 3 1 x 2 2 x 1 4 x 12 This suggests that we make the substitution u x 1. Then du dx and x u 1, so

y s3 2 x x

dx y

u1 du s4 u 2

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 5

We now substitute u 2 sin , giving du 2 cos d and s4 u 2 2 cos , so

y s3 2 x x

dx y

2 sin 1 2 cos d 2 cos

y 2 sin 1 d 2 cos C

s4 u 2 sin1

u 2

s3 2 x x 2 sin1

x1 2

Exercises
A Click here for answers.
13

Click here for solutions.

19.

y y
0

s1 x 2 dx x
23

20.

y s 25 t y
1 0

dt

Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
1.

21.

x 3s4 9x 2 dx
2

22.

s x 2 1 dx dt 6 t 13 x2
2

yx yx

1 dx ; sx 2 9

x 3 sec x 3 sin x 3 tan

23.

y s5 4 x x y s9x y x
2 2

dx

24.

y st

2.

s9 x 2 dx ; x3 dx ; 9

25.

1 dx 6x 8

26.

y s4 x x

dx

3.

y sx

27.

dx 2 x 22
4

28.

y 5 4 x x y

dx

2 52

430

Evaluate the integral.

2 s3

4.

y y y

x dx s16 x 2
6. 8. 10.

29.

y x s1 x

dx

30.

cos t dt s1 sin 2 t

5. 7. 9. 11. 13.

s2

1 dt t 3 st 2 1

y y

x 3 sx 2 4 dx sx 2 a 2 dx x4
2

31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

1 dx x 2 s25 x 2
2

y sx

dx ln ( x s x 2 a 2 ) C a2

y sx

dx 16
2

y st y
1 0

t5 dt 2
2

(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x a sinh t to show that

y s1 4 x y y

dx

12. 14.

x sx 4 dx du

y sx
32. Evaluate

dx x sinh1 a2 a

sx 2 9 dx x3 x2 dx 2 a x 2 32
2

y u s5 u y

These formulas are connected by Formula 3.9.3.

2

15.

16.

dx x 2 s16 x 2 9
2

y x

x2 dx a 2 32

17.

y sx

x dx 7

18.

y ax

dx b 2 32

(a) by trigonometric substitution. (b) by the hyperbolic substitution x a sinh t.

6 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

33. Find the average value of f x sx 2 1x, 1 x 7. 34. Find the area of the region bounded by the hyperbola

9x 2 4y 2 36 and the line x 3.

35. Prove the formula A 2 r 2 for the area of a sector of a circle
1

where is the charge density per unit length on the rod and 0 is the free space permittivity (see the gure). Evaluate the integral to determine an expression for the electric eld E P.
y

with radius r and central angle . [Hint: Assume 0 2 and place the center of the circle at the origin so it has the equation x 2 y 2 r 2. Then A is the sum of the area of the triangle POQ and the area of the region PQR in the gure.]
y

P(a,b)
0 L x

P 39. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)

bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the gure.)

O Q R
x

r R

; 36. Evaluate the integral

dx x 4 sx 2 2
40. A water storage tank has the shape of a cylinder with diameter

Graph the integrand and its indenite integral on the same screen and check that your answer is reasonable. ; 37. Use a graph to approximate the roots of the equation x 2 s4 x 2 2 x. Then approximate the area bounded by the curve y x 2 s4 x 2 and the line y 2 x.
38. A charged rod of length L produces an electric eld at point

10 ft. It is mounted so that the circular cross-sections are vertical. If the depth of the water is 7 ft, what percentage of the total capacity is being used?
41. A torus is generated by rotating the circle x 2 y R2 r 2

about the x-axis. Find the volume enclosed by the torus.

Pa, b given by E P y
La

b dx 4 0 x 2 b 2 32

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 7

Answers
S

Click here for solutions.

3. x 2 18 sx 2 9 C
1 3

19. ln (s1 x 2 1)x s1 x 2 C 23. 25. 29. 33.

9 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 6 1 2

sin1 x 23 x 2 s5 4 x x 2 C ln 3x 1 s9x 2 6x 8 C
2 4 sin1 x 2 1 4 x s1 x C

21.

64 1215

1. sx 2 99x C 5. 24 s38
1 4

7. s25 x 225x C
1 1

27. 2 tan1 x 1 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 C

9. ln (sx 2 16 x) C 11. 4 sin12 x 2 x s1 4 x 2 C 1 1 2 13. 6 sec x3 sx 92 x 2 C 15. (xsa 2 x 2 ) sin1xa C 17. sx 2 7 C

(s48 sec1 7)
2 2 2

37. 0.81, 2; 2.10 41. 2 2Rr 2

39. r sR r r 2 R 2 arcsinrR

8 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Solutions: Trigonometric Substitution

1. Let x = 3 sec , where 0 <
2

or <

3 2 .

Then

dx = 3 sec tan d and p p p x2 9 = 9 sec2 9 = 9(sec2 1) = 9 tan2 = 3 |tan | = 3 tan for the relevant values of . Z 1 3 sec tan d = 9 sec2 3 tan
1 9

1 dx = x2 x2 9

cos d =

1 9

sin + C =
3 . 2

1 9

x2 9 +C x

Note that sec( + ) = sec , so the gure is sufcient for the case < 3. Let x = 3 tan , where 2 < < p x2 + 9 = p 9 tan2 + 9 =
2.

Then dx = 3 sec2 d and 9 sec2

= 3 |sec | = 3 sec for the relevant values of . Z Z 33 tan3 3 sec2 d = 33 tan3 sec d = 33 tan2 tan sec d 3 sec R 2 3R =3 sec2 1 tan sec d = 33 u 1 du [u = sec , du = sec tan d] # " 3/2 2 x2 + 9 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 x +9 +C = 3 3 u u + C = 3 3 sec sec + C = 3 3 33 3 Z =
1 3

9(tan2 + 1) =

x3 dx = x2 + 9

5. Let t = sec , so dt = sec tan d, t = Z

2 2

x2 + 9

3/2 Z

x2 + 9 + C 2

or
, 4

1 3

and t = 2 =

p x2 18 x2 + 9 + C
. 3

Then

1 dt = t3 t2 1

Z /3 Z /3 1 1 cos2 d sec tan d = d = 2 tan sec /4 /4 /4 R /3 1 /3 1 1 = /4 2 (1 + cos 2) d = 2 + 2 sin 2 /4 h i 3 =1 +1 +1 1 = 1 + 43 1 + 83 1 = 24 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 12 2 4

/3

sec3

7. Let x = 5 sin , so dx = 5 cos d. Then Z Z 1 1 5 cos d dx = 52 sin2 5 cos x2 25 x2 R 1 1 csc2 d = 25 cot + C = 25 1 25 x2 = +C 25 x

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 9

9. Let x = 4 tan , where << 2

. 2

Then dx = 4 sec2 d and

p x2 + 16 = 16 tan2 + 16 = 16(tan2 + 1) = 16 sec2 = 4 |sec | = 4 sec for the relevant values of . Z dx = x2 + 16 Z 4 sec2 d = sec d = ln |sec + tan | + C1 4 sec x2 + 16 x + C1 = ln x2 + 16 + x ln |4| + C1 + = ln 4 4 = ln x2 + 16 + x + C , where C = C1 ln 4. Z
. 2

(Since

x2 + 16 + x > 0, we dont need the absolute value.) Then x = q

1 2

11. Let 2x = sin , where 2

sin ,

dx = 1 1 4x2 = 2 cos d , and

R R R 1 (1 + cos 2) d 1 4x2 dx = cos 1 2 cos d = 4 + 1 sin 2 + C = 1 ( + sin cos ) + C =1 4 2 4 h i p 1 =1 (2x) + 2x 1 4x2 + C 4 sin

1 (2x)2 = cos .

13. Let x = 3 sec , where 0 < or < 32 . Then 2 dx = 3 sec tan d and x2 9 = 3 tan , so Z Z Z 2 x 9 3 tan 1 tan2 dx = 3 sec tan d = d 3 3 x 27 sec 3 sec2

= =

1 3

15. Let x = a sin , where 2 Z x2 dx (a2 x2 )3/2 = Z

x 1 1 sec1 6 3 6

sin2 d =

1 3

1 (1 2

2.

x x2 9 x2 9 3 1 +C + C = sec1 x x 6 3 2x2 Then dx = a cos d and Z tan2 d

cos 2) d = 1 6

1 12

sin 2 + C = 1 6

1 6

sin cos + C

a2 sin2 a cos d = a3 cos3

x x = sin1 + C a a2 x2 17. Let u = x2 7, so du = 2x dx. Then Z

sec2 1 d = tan + C

1 x dx = 2 x2 7

1 du = u

1 2

p u + C = x2 7 + C .

10 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

19. Let x = tan , where << . Then dx = sec2 d 2 2 and 1 + x2 = sec , so Z Z Z 1 + x2 sec sec dx = sec2 d = (1 + tan2 ) d x tan tan R = (csc + sec tan ) d

21. Let u = 4 9x2

0

= ln |csc cot | + sec + C [by Exercise 39 in Additional Topics: Trigonometric Integrals] 1 + x2 1 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + 1 + x2 + C + + C = ln = ln x x 1 x du = 18x dx. Then x2 = h
1 9

(4 u) and i4
0

R 2/3

1 R0 1 du = x3 4 9x2 dx = 4 9 (4 u)u1/2 18 =
1 162 8 3/2 3u 5/2 2 5u

1 162

1 162

64
3

R4
0 64 5

4u1/2 u3/2 du =
64 1215

Or: Let 3x = 2 sin , where 2

. 2

23. 5 + 4x x2 = (x2 4x + 4) + 9 = (x 2)2 + 9. Let

x 2 = 3 sin , , so dx = 3 cos d. Then 2 2 R Rp Rp 5 + 4x x2 dx = 9 (x 2)2 dx = 9 9 sin2 3 cos d R R = 9 cos2 3 cos d = 9 cos2 d R (1 + cos 2) d = 9 + 1 sin 2 + C = 9 2 2 2 = 9 + 2 9 2 9 2
9 4

= =

sin 2 + C = 9 + 9 (2 sin cos ) + C 2 4 5 + 4x x2 9 x2 1 x 2 sin + +C 3 2 3 3 1 x2 sin1 + (x 2) 5 + 4x x2 + C 3 2 Z

25. 9x2 + 6x 8 = (3x + 1)2 9, so let u = 3x + 1, du = 3dx. Then let u = 3 sec , where 0 < Z
1 du 3 = u2 9 2

Z
1 3

27. x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1. Let u = x + 1, du = dx. Then Z dx = (x2 + 2x + 2)2 = Z R du = (u2 + 1)2 Z sec2 d sec4

u + u2 9 R sec tan d 1 1 = 1 sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C = ln 1 3 3 3 3 tan 3 p p lnu + u2 9 + C = 1 ln3x + 1 + 9x2 + 6x 8 + C 3 " where u = tan , du = sec2 d, and u2 + 1 = sec2

Z 1 du dx 3 = . Now 2 9x + 6x 8 u2 9 or < 32 . Then du = 3 sec tan d and u2 9 = 3 tan , so + C1

R cos2 d = 1 (1 + cos 2) d = 1 ( + sin cos ) + C 2 2 1 1 u x+1 1 1 +C = tan u + tan (x + 1) + 2 +C = 2 1 + u2 2 x + 2x + 2

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION 11

29. Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx. Then R R x 1 x4 dx = 1 u2 1 du = 2 =

1 2 1 2

+ cos 2 )d = 1 + 1 sin 2 + C = 1 +1 sin cos + C 4 8 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 = 4 sin u + 4 u 1 u + C = 4 sin (x ) + 4 x 1 x4 + C

. 2

1 (1 2

cos cos d

"

where u = sin , du = cos d, and 1 u2 = cos

31. (a) Let x = a tan , where << 2 Z dx = x2 + a2 Z

Then

x2 + a2 = a sec and

(b) Let x = a sinh t, so that dx = a cosh t dt and x2 + a2 = a cosh t. Then Z Z dx x a cosh t dt = = t + C = sinh1 + C . a cosh t a x2 + a2

Z x 2 + a2 x a sec2 d = sec d = ln|sec + tan | + C1 = ln + + C1 a sec a a p = ln x + x2 + a2 + C where C = C1 ln |a|

33. The average value of f (x) = x2 1/x on the interval [1, 7] is " # Z 7 2 Z where x = sec , dx = sec tan d, 1 x 1 1 tan dx = sec tan d 71 1 x 6 0 sec x2 1 = tan , and = sec1 7 R R 2 2 1 = 1 6 0 tan d = 6 0 (sec 1) d h i = 1 (tan ) = 1 6 tan 6 0 = 1 48 sec1 7 6 35. Area of 4P OQ = 1 (r cos )(r sin ) = 1 r 2 sin cos . Area of region P QR = 2 2 Let x = r cos u dx = r sin u du for u . Then we obtain 2 Rr
r cos

r 2 x2 dx.

R R R 2 r2 x2 dx = r sin u (r sin u) du = r 2 sin2 u du = 1 2 r (u sin u cos u) + C p = 1 r 2 cos1 (x/r) + 1 x r2 x2 + C 2 2 so area of region P QR = =

1 2 1 2

r 2 cos1 (x/r) + x
2

0 r + r cos r sin

r 2 x2

ir

r cos

=1 r2 1 r 2 sin cos 2 2

and thus, (area of sector P OR) = (area of 4P OQ) + (area of region P QR) = 1 r2 . 2

12 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

37. From the graph, it appears that the curve y = x2 4 x2 and the line y = 2 x intersect at about x = 0.81 and x = 2, with x2 4 x2 > 2 x on (0.81, 2). So the area bounded by the curve and the line is A R 2 2 2 R2 x 4 x2 (2 x) dx = 0.81 x2 4 x2 dx 2x 1 x2 0.81 . 2 0.81 To evaluate the integral, we put x = 2 sin , where 2
. 2

Then

39. Let the equation of the large circle be x2 + y 2 = R2 . Then the equation of the small circle is x2 + (y b)2 = r 2 , where b = R2 r2 is the distance between the centers of the circles. The desired area is R r Rr A = r b + r2 x2 R2 x2 dx = 2 0 b + r 2 x2 R2 x2 dx =2 The rst integral is just 2br = 2r R2 r 2 . To evaluate the other two integrals, note that R R R a2 x2 dx = a2 cos2 d [x = a sin , dx = a cos d] = 1 a2 (1 + cos 2) d 2 a2 + 1 sin 2 + C = 1 a2 ( + sin cos ) + C =1 2 2 2 x a2 x a2 x2 x xp a2 a2 arcsin + +C = arcsin + a2 x2 + C = 2 a 2 a a 2 a 2 so the desired area is h ir h ir p p p A = 2r R2 r 2 + r 2 arcsin(x/r ) + x r2 x2 R2 arcsin(x/R) + x R2 x2
0

dx = 2 cos d, x = 2 = sin1 1 = , and x = 0.81 = sin1 0.405 0.417. So 2 R2 R /2 R /2 R /2 x2 4 x2 dx 0.417 4 sin2 (2 cos )(2 cos d) = 4 0.417 sin2 2 d = 4 0.417 1 2 (1 cos 4 ) d 0.81 / 2 =2 1 sin 4 0.417 = 2 0 0.417 1 (0.995) 2.81 4 2 4 2 2 1 1 Thus, A 2.81 2 2 2 2 2 0.81 2 0.81 2.10.

Rr
0

b dx + 2

Rr Rr r 2 x2 dx 2 0 R2 x2 dx 0

= 2r

41. We use cylindrical shells and assume that R > r. x2 = r 2 (y R)2 p g (y ) = 2 r 2 (y R)2 and V = Rr = 4 r u r2 u2 du + 4R r r 2 u2 du
r

R2 r 2 + r

2 2

R2 arcsin(r/R) + r

R2 r 2 = r

R2 r 2 + x=

2 2r

R2 arcsin(r/R)

r2 (y R)2 , so

R R+r
Rr

2 y 2

h 3/2 ir R /2 R /2 = 4 1 r 2 u2 + 4 R /2 r2 cos2 d = 43 (0 0) + 4Rr 2 /2 cos2 d 3 = 2Rr

2 R /2 /2

Rr

r2 (y R)2 dy =

Rr

4(u + R) r2 u2 du [where u = y R] " where u = r sin , du = r cos d in the second integral

Another method: Use washers instead of shells, so V = 8 R the integral using y = r sin .

(1 + cos 2) d = 2 Rr 2 +

1 2

sin 2
0

Rrp

/2

/2

= 22 Rr2

r 2 y2 dy as in Exercise 6.2.39(a), but evaluate