Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules which contain 2 types of cells germ cells and sustentacular cell

(sertoli or nurse cells)germ cells are the ones that divide and differentiate, nurse cells nourish the germ cells and produce hormones: androgens, estrogens, and inhibinstight junctions between the nurse cells form the blood-testis barrier b/t germ cells and sperm cellstestosterone enables nurse cells to function normally and also testosterone is converted into 2 other steroids: estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (active hormones that promote sperm cell formation)nurse cells secrete androgen-binding protein into seminiferous tubulesThe 2 steroids bind to this protein and are carried into the epididymisgerm cells are partially embedded into nurse cellsthe cells adjacent to the basement membrane of ST are spermatogonia which divide by mitosissome of the daughter cells prod by this remain spermatogonia and continue to prod spermatogoniaother daughter cells differentiate to form Primary Spermatocytes which divide by meosisspermatogenesis begins when primary spermatocytes divide. They pass through the 1st meiotic division to become 2 2ndary spermatocytesEach 2ndary spermatocyte undergoes a 2nd meiotic division to prod 2 spermatidsEach spermatid undergoes spermiogenesis to form mature sperm cells (spermatozoon)at the end of spermatogenesis the developing sperm cells gather around the lumen of the ST with heads directed toward surrounding nurse cells and tails toward center of lumenfinally they are released into lumen of ST. Pathway After being released from ST sperm cells pass through tubuli recti to rete testis from there they pass through efferent ductules which leave the testis and enter epididymissperm cells than leave epididymis pass through ductus deferensejaculatory ducturethrato the ext of the body

Oogenesis Oogonia degenerate and those that are still there begin meiosismeiosis stops at prophase 1the cell at this stage is called primary oocyte which completes the 1st meiotic division to prod 2ndary oocyte and a polar body2nd oocyte begins the 2nd meiotic division but stops in metaphase 2After ovulation this oocyte may be fertilized by sperm cell Fertilization Begins when sperm cell binds to PM and penetrates PM of 2ndary oocyte. 23 chromosome from sperm cell nucleus join with 23 chromosome from oocyte to form a zygote and complete fertilization

Follicle Development (pg. 1049) Primordial follicle consist of primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cellsPF becomes primary follicle as granulose cells become enlarged and cuboidal1 follicle enlarges while granulose cells form more than one layer of cells. Zona pellucid forms around 1 oocyte2ndary follicle when spaces dev among granulose cells and well dev theca becomes apparent around granulose cellsmature follicle forms when fluid-filled vesicles form a single antrumwhen foll becomes fully mature enlarged to max size, large antrum present and 1 oocyte is located in cumulus masscells of this mass surround oocytebefore ovulation 1st meiotic dividion is completed to prod 2ndary oocyte and polar bodyDuring ovulation 2ndary oocyte is released from folliclecumulus cells that surround 2ndary oocyte form corona radiatefollowing ovulation granulose cells divide and form corpus luteumwhen CL degenerates it forms corpus albicans

The Heart Exercise11 Objective 1) Heart is located in the mediastinum; the thoracic cavity encloses it 2) Pericardium: composed of tough, fibrous CT outer layer called fibrous pericardiumprevents overdistention of hear and anchors it within the mediastinum; thin, transparent inner layer of simple squamos epithelium called serous pericardiumpart of SP lining the FP is the parietal pericardium and part covering the heart surface is visceral pericardium 9) Heart wall composed of 3 layers: epicardium (visceral pericardium)serous membrane smooth, outer surface of the heart, myocardiumresponsible for hearts ability to contract, and endocardiumconsist of 2 squamos epithelium over layer of CTsmooth inner surface allows blood to move easily through heart (also covers surfaces of heart valves. --Atria: mainly flat; int of both auricles and part of right atrial wall contain muscular ridges called pectinate musclesPM is separated from smooth portion of atrial wall by crista terminalis --Ventrical: int walls contain muscular ridges called trabeculae carnea 10) Atrioventricular Valves (located in each atrioventricular canal)allow blood to flow From atria to ventricles but prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. --Tricuspid: 3 cuspsb/t right atrium and right ventricle --bicuspid: 2 cuspsbt/t left atrium and left ventricle

Papillarry muscles and chordate tendinaewhen blood is coming through atrium AV is open, chordate tendinae tension is low, papillary muscle is relaxed, ventricle is dilated (gets bigger, relaxed), SV is closed --Blood flowing out AV is closed blood bounces off it and got to open SV, chordae tendinae tension high, papillary muscle contracted, and ventricle is contacted. Semilunar Valve: within the aorta and pulmonary tunk3 pocketlike semilunar cuspskeeps blood from flowing back into the ventricles 12) 7 veins that return blood to the heart --superior and inferior vena cava: carry blood from body to right atrium --4 pulmonary veins: carry blood from lungs to left atrium --coronary sinus: carries blood from walls of heart to right atrium 13) 2 arteries which receive blood pumped out of the heart --aorta: carries blood from left ventricle to body --pulmonary trunk: carries blood from right ventricle to the lungs 16) conduction system of the heart --AP come from SA node (pacemaker)travel across wall of atrium to AV nodepass through this node and through the AV bundle through the fibrous skeleton into interventricular septumAV bundle divides into right and left bundle branchesAP descend into apex of each ventricle along bundle branchesAP are carried by purkinge fibers from bundle branches to ventricular walls and papillary muscles (pg. 688) 17) intercalated disk: cell to cell contact; Gap junctions: allow cytoplasm to flow freely b/t cells resulting in areas of low electrical resistance b/t the cells. Enables AP to pas easily from one cell to the next *Blood Path in heart Inf and sup vena cavaright atriumtricuspid valveright ventriclepulmonary semilunar valvepulmonary trunkpulmonary arterypulmonary circuit (into lungs)pulmonary veinsleft atriumbicuspid valveaortic semilunar valveaortasystemic circuit (into body) (other route starting aorta)coronary arteriescoronary circ (heart tissue)coronary sinus and veinsright atrium

Exercise13 Blood

--Red blood Cells (erythrocytes): biconcave inc cell surface area which allows gases to move into and out more rapidly. Can also make itself smaller to fit through smaller vessels --main component of RBCs is hemoglobin4 polypeptide chains (globin) and 4 heme groups --function transport O2 and CO2