Duct System

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.
1)
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

. Duct .. Duct (Types) (Shapes of Air Duct) Flexible Duct 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-5 (Classification) (Duct Construction) (Ductwork Materials) (External Insulation) (Internal Insulation) 5-6 5-8 5-12 5-13 5-16 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-18 5-19 5-20 Duct Heat Loss (Sound Control) (Duct leakage) (Sizing) (Sizing) (Friction Losses in Duct) (Pressure Drop) (Duct Design) (information) 5-20 21 5-22 5-24 5-25 5-25 5-26 5-28 5-28 5-31 5-33 5-37 5-37 5-39 5-39 5-41 5-41 5-42 5-43 5-44 5-48 5-51 5-54 Flexible Duct (Air Diffusers) Characteristic Length (Air Outlet) (Noise Level) 5-10 5-56 5-60 5-62 5-62 5-63 5-63
.. Flexible Connection
.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct .. Supply Air Duct Return Air Duct and Outdoor Air Duct .. Duct Layout . Duct System . Duct .. .. Duct Seal .. Duct .. Duct .. Access Doors .. Duct Test Holes .. Duct fittings . Duct Support . Duct Properties .. Duct Heat Gain .. Aspect Ratio .. .. . Duct .. Duct .. .. Head and Pressure .. Friction Chart . Duct .. Design .. Duct Design Criteria .. Design Procedure . Fire Damper .. Fire Compartment .. Fire Damper .. Fire damper . Control Dampers .. ( ) Two Position Duty .. ( ) Capacity Control Duty .. () Mixing duty . Flexible Connection .. Air pattern .. Diffuser .. Diffuser .. . Duct cleaning .. Plenum Slot Diffuser .. Calculation for Duct Static Pressure Loss by Formula Hanger
.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing
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5-0
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems
- Air Distribution System Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System Mechanical Ventilation (exhaust air) duct System Duct velocity velocity (pressure drop) (velocity) duct duct Duct Area(A) (round) duct (rectangular)duct IP [Square meters(m )] Duct rate) (volume flow
2
(fresh air)
duct (velocity) (noise) (vibration)
Duct
[square feet(ft2)
SI
(flow) per Second(CMS) (Metric)

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IP
Cubic Feet per Minute(CFM) Duct velocity IP
SI
Cubic Meters SI
Feet per Minute(FPM)
Meters per Sec (m/s)

5-1
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)
Velocity
Velocity Pressure
Where:
VP = Velocity Pressure, inches of water (inch wg) V = Velocity, feet per minute (FPM)
Frictional Losses duct duct (pressure losses) Dynamic Losses Elbow reducer transformation (area) Loss y m L duct fitting flow disturbances (pressure losses) (direction) Dynamic Frictional Losses (fr (fluid viscosity) turbulence flow
Duct Terms
- Main Duct (Trunk) F m Branch ducts B Duct fittings Main duct(trunk Air Distribution Devices b h h F
(duct terms)
duct fitting (t
air distribution devices
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5-2
. Duct
(Types)
.. Duct (Shapes of Air Duct) Duct Duct (Round) Oval duct (Rectangular) Duct Insulated flexible duct ( ( ( ) ( ) (installation) (labor cost) () Airflow (pressure drop) ( ) bend) Round Duct Oval Duct Round duct (automatic (oval duct) (duct length) width, A) Minor Axis (duct depth, B) Conditioning (ASHRAE) Association(SMACNA) spiral) Oval duct (round)duct (galvanized steel sheet) Major Axis(duct American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air(sharp (flexible duct) () Metal duct ( (space saver) () insulation Duct () Flexible duct () Airflow Characteristics () Air Con duct insulation
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National
- Oval duct .. Flexible Connection Fan fan duct diffuser (vibration)

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- Round duct Flexible Duct (vibration) duct fexible connection ceiling
- Round duct
(transmission) Duct (isolation)

5-3
metal duct F
diffuser
flexible connector material (smoke developed rating)
flexible duct (flame spread rating) () flexible duct () NEPA Flexible connection
(flame retardant fabric) N .255 ST E84 W L S
(air tight)
.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct duct duct (horization)duct (vertical)
.. Supply Air Duct Return Air Duct and Outdoor Air Duct duct S y Air Duct (s R Air Duct (r Negative pressure duct O Air Duct (outdoor) E h Air Duct exhaust air outdoor air duct return air duct y supply air duct Positive pressure duct
Duct Duct
(Size) (size)
(Sheet Thickness) (sheet thickness)
Ventilation Duct Maximum Size of Duct 460 mm 461 mm 1070 mm 1531 mm 2151 mm
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Sheet Metal Thickness ( 0.56 mm (gauge) 0.71 mm 0.91 mm 1.22 mm 1.22 mm
1070 mm 1530 mm 2150 mm
5-4
Air Conditioning Duct Maximum Size of Duct 300 mm 301 mm 761 mm 1401 mm 2151mm (round) duct Round Duct 205 mm 205 mm 760 mm 1020 mm 760 mm 1020 mm 1525 mm elbow 2m center radius duct support .5 Nominal Diameter 760 mm 1400 mm 2150 mm Sheet Metal Thickness( 0.46 mm 0.56 mm 0.71 mm 0.91 mm 1.22 mm (material thickness) (G.I Sheet Thickness) 0.6 mm (gauge) 0.8 mm 1.0 mm 1.2 mm m Vertical duct )
Round duct
- Flexible duct .. Duct Layout Duct layout Duct layout Main duct VAV system Duct fitting (appearance) structure (duct looping layout (exposed) duct ymm
- Flexible duct
Duct
(design pat)
- Spide
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- Trunk and Branch
5-5
- Perimeter Loop
- Radial
. Duct System
Duct system system (velocity) System () Supply air velocity
(Classification)
(velocity) L w V y (Pressure) System L w V 2200 FPM h V y Sy m y duct h Velocity Duct Sy m
Comfort air conditioning (2500 feet per minute) 1200 FPM(feet per minute) 2500 FPM
supply air velocity
- Round duct (pressure) (total pressure) Duct System Class Low pressure (Class I) Medium Pressure (Class II) High Pressure (Class III) Duct ( ) 3 in-wg 5 mw 3 6 (air velocitiy) 6 in wg
- Rectangular duct
(Pressure) V V static
(Velocity) y 0 m/ y 0 m/
5 mw 12 in wg 5< 25 m w
Velocity > 10 m/s
duct duct
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5-6
( )
(air velocity) (power consumption)
(pressure drop)
fan (operation cost)
( )
(air velocitiy) (noise attenuator or silencer) (recommended air velocity)
Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems (FPM) m m V y

Controlling Factor (Application) Noise Generation Main Ducts
Duct Velocity) feet per minute(FPM)

Controlling Factor Duct Friction Main Ducts Supply Return Branch Ducts Supply Return
Residences Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms Hospital Bedrooms Private Offices, Directors Rooms, Libraries Theatres Auditoriums General Offices, High Class Restaurants, High Class Stores, Banks Average Stores Cafeterias Industrial
From Carrier Air System Design Manual
600 1000 1200 800 1500 1800 2500
1000 1500 2000 1300 2000 2000 3000
800 1300 1500 1100 1500 1500 1800
600 1200 1600 1000 1600 1600 2200
600 1000 1200 800 1200 1200 1500
(air velocity) (residences) (theatres) (restaurants) canteen duct Main duct Branche duct (allowable air velocity) (allowable air velocity) 3 m/s 4 m/s 7.5 m/s 5 m/s 6.5 m/s 10 m/s
(air velocity) 5 m/s 4 m/s 8 m/s 6 m/s
(allowable air velocity)

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30 m/s
5-7
Duct system SMACNA v duct v duct Duct system Coil velocitiy) Duct duct 1000 fpm(5.08m/s) (duct strength) (pressure) (noise) (velocity) Duct System 000
industry HVAC Duct System Design Manual duct supply air fan exhuast air fan Negative Pressure (air velocity) (filter) m 5.24m/ (deflection) (vibration) N v
ASHRAE Handbook (reference) duct duct
(air
(leakage) (velocity) (friction loss)
Sheets reinforcements seals duct element
joints
duct
- Duct system
(Duct Construction)
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5-8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Welding
(standards) construction standards 2005 y h grinding ) (material types) (support) ASHRAE standard
SMACNA duct local codes
Double-wall and lining
Sh Duct Construction Manuals: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
SMACNAHVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible (Third Edition) SMACNAFibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards (Fifth Edition) SMACNARectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition) SMACNARound Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition) SMACNAThermoplastic Duct (PVC) Construction Manual (First Edition) Duct (toilets) Return air duct return air duct A (ceiling space) return air (painting) air Masonry duct
supply air stream Supply air duct
plenum (plastering) rigid duct Duct stream Duct bracket connection material
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(ceiling and the side-walls)
steel aluminium glass-fibre batt mineral wool v m glass fibre batt mineral wool air
duct lining
erosion of fibres (supported (metal) Duct covering duct lining - m

5-9
hanger flexible
(combustible material) ( ) surface flame spread rating (flame spread rating) lining material ( ) Ventilation ductwork flexible joint Flexible joint easily ignitable') Duct Air duct stiffening air duct support fitting plenum ) ( joints reinforcing and access opening duct 250 mm ('not British Standard BS 476: Part 5 opening seam ASHRAE Handbook, SMACNA Manuals (construction standards) class zero duct terminal unit ventilation grilles air diffuser (2 m) (thermal movements) (class 1) class zero duct (methods)
flexible connection
Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers(IHVE) guide books
.. v V S
(Ductwork Materials) (applications) Galvanized steel sheets ASTM A90, A525, and A52
24" 24" Breechings flues ASTM A569 Breechings flues ASTM A569 m m m S h h ASTM A167
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stacks stacks
(carbon steel) (carbon steel)
y h
ASTM B209
fume hood exhaust
Stacks stainless steel sheets
304 304L 316 or 316L
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems SHEET METAL GAUGES Sheet Metal Gauge 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Thickness Inches 0.3125 0.2810 0.2650 0.2500 0.2340 0.2187 0.2030 0.1875 0.1720 0.1560 0.1400 0.1250 0.1090 0.0937 0.0780 0.0700 0.0625 0.0560 0.0500 SMACNA Ductwork Construction Welded Ductwork Only Sheet Remarks Metal Gauge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0.0437 0.0375 0.0343 0.0312 0.0280 0.0250 0.0218 0.0187 0.0170 0.0156 0.0140 0.0125 0.0109 0.0100 0.0093 0.0085 0.0078 0.0070 Gauges Not Permitted for Ductwork Construction SMACNA Ductwork Construction Thickness Inches Remarks
Duct UL (Underwriters Laboratory) standard Class 0 ( ) ( )
(Duct Material) ( zero flame spread)
(zero smoke developed)
Iron galvanized steel aluminum concrete masonry clay tile Class 1 ( m Class 2 ( m .. Duct Seal Duct Seal Ductwork and plenum
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() v () v 00) 50) Fiberglass many flexible ducts
25
()
50
()
(leakage) seale
5-11
ASHRAE Minimum Duct Seal Level Duct Type Duct Location 2 Outdoors Unconditioned Spaces Conditioned Spaces . w. . A B C Supply > 2 in. w.c. A A B Exhaust Return
C C B
A B C
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Ductwork Seal Classes Seal Level Seal Class A Seal Class B Seal Class C Sealing Requirements * All transverse joints and longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations. Pressure-sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant. All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. Pressure-sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant. All transverse joints only
Sealing Ductwork (ASHRAE Standard 90.1) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ASHRAE.org)
SMACNA Ductwork Seal Classes
Seal Class A B C C Sealants and Adhesives W s v (outside 3" WC 2" WC
Applicable Static Pressure Construction Class 4" WC and higher
1/2" WC and higher for all ductwork upstream of VAV terminal units
(Underground S (resistant to weather
solvent based (ultraviolet rays

SMACNA Recommended Ductwork Seal Classes
SMACNA Pressure Class (in. WC) 1/2 Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space
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1 A B B
2 A B B
3 A A A
4 A A A
6 A A A
10 A A A
5-12
Supply Ductwork A B B
Return Ductwork Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space Outdoors Unconditioned Space Conditioned Space A B B B B B A B B B B B A B B B B B A B B B B B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Exhaust Ductwork
SMACNA-HVAC Ductwork Seal Classes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Seal Class A: 25 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct penetrations). Seal Class B: 310 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints and longitudinal seams). Seal Class C: 520 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints). Unsealed: 1040 percent total system leakage. SMACNA recommended seal classes.
- Benefits of insulation and sealing ducts Air Conditioning Ventilation duct insulation Duct internal insulation Air conditioning duct Air conditioning duct
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duct duct MV duct
AC duct Mechanical ventilation duct external insulation
Mechanical Air Conditioning duct duct
mechanical ventilation duct (heat transfer)

5-13
(internal insulation)
- Duct
- Fire rated duct .. Duct Insulation(vapor barrier) mineral wool material (thermal conductivity) 0.0332 W/m2 K insulation (External Insulation) external insulation fiber glass
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5-14
(thermal conductivity (insulation) (mean temperature) 24C 25mm (density) supply duct return duct (non air conditioning area) 50mm con conditioning area) insulation .. Duct Internal insulation (Internal Insulation) (noise level) insulation (vapor main (density) 140 kg/m3 ( ) rockwool (aluminum shee holes) (total surface) rockwool material Duct (perforated) m m h % (perforation % (0.46mm) duct return 32 kg/m duct exhaust air exhaust duct insulation
3
(thickness) air c Air con insulation 25mm supply air Air (air
(non air conditioning area)
Main duct
internal Insulation
- External Insulation duct Duct Sh (construction) SMACNA guide line N (type) (dimension) SMACNA S
Duct and plenum insulation (Ref Singapore Standard SS 553:2009) Minimum duct insulation R-values for cooling only supply ducts and return ducts Duct Location Exterior Ventilated attic Unvented attic above insulated ceiling Unvented attic with roof insulation Unconditioned space Buried
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Duct location R-value (m2K/W)* 1.06 1.41 1.77 1.06 1.06 1.06
5-15
.. Access Doors Equipment Access door insulation material Access door Duct door fire rating lock (galvanized) access door (latch) (chromium) h duct ( Access door 1.00mm 12mm neoprene rubber gasket (fire rating) vy y Access damper duct fire damper access door (welding method)
- Oval Duct Access Door Access door Duct 1200mm 1200mm Automatic Damper or Fire Damper .. Duct Test Holes Duct 40mm T 5mm (velocity) braged (hole diameter) (size) duct duct duct (size)
- Access door
Access door frame
access door 300mm x 400mm 450mm x 450mm 450mm x 600mm
(pressure) (location) 25mm Bar (dawing)
top screw braged sheet metal
- Duct test holes .. Duct fittings duct duct fitting

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- Duct test hole
air flow
duct
duct fitting
5-16
() Elbows () Converging or diverging tees and wyes () Entrances and exits

(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
( ) ( ) ( )
Enlargements and contractions Means to reduce dynamic losses Turning angle, splitter vanes
ASHRAE duct fitting database ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
fitting loss coefficients duct fitting () Fitting Types Divided Flow Y-Branch () Reducing Y-Branch () Divided Flow Laterals () Divided Flow Laterals () Duct fitting -Branch () Duct fitting -Branch
Fitting Types Elbows Mitered vanes Mitered no vanes Fitting Types Elbows Gored long radius Fitting Types Elbows Gored Standard Fitting Types Divided Flow Straight Tee Fitting Types Divided Flow Conical Tee
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) . Duct Support Hanger
() - Duct fitting
()
()
Maximum ductwork hanger spacing (a.) SMACNA minimum requirements (1) (2) Horizontal: 8 to 10 feet maximum. Vertical: One- or two-story intervals-12 to 24 feet.
5-17
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(horizontal) duct hanger rod Cross-Sectional Perimeter of Duct 1.5 m 1.6 m 2.5 m 2.5m duct duct Hanger rod (Hanger 2.4 m 1.8 m 1.2 m lock nut Maximum Spacing Between Hanger )
(b.) Recommended (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Horizontal ducts less than 4 square feet: 8 feet maximum. Horizontal ducts 4 to 10 square feet: 6 feet maximum. Horizontal ducts greater than 10 square feet: 4 feet maximum. Vertical round ducts: 12 feet maximum. Vertical rectangular ducts: 10 feet maximum.
Ductwork Support Ductwork (Type) Maximum Hanger Spacing Feet 8 6 4 12 10 (vertical) duct continuous length support Horizontal Ducts Less than 4 Square Feet Horizontal Ducts 4 to 10 Square Feet Horizontal Ducts Greater than 10 Square Feet Vertical Round Ducts Vertical Rectangular Ducts
- Dcut hanger First cost system

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- Dcut support (installation cost) Operating (first cost) cost Duct (operating cost)
5-18
( ( ) ( )
) Duct (hot air)
(cool air)
duct
(heat)
duct
(heat loss ) aspect ratio) (friction rate)
Aspect ratio of the duct (duct duct (type)
() Fitting
. Duct Properties
.. Duct Heat Gain Air con duct heat loss) duct duct (heat) supply air quantity) Duct duct flow rate) duct aspect ratio (velocity) (heat loss) (velocity) (duct heat loss) U value 0.12 .. Aspect Ratio insulation (duct heat gain) % duct (duct heat gain) duct duct aspect ratio (heat gain) (air (heat gain) Supply air Duct Heat Loss air con (duct heat gain) (temperature) )duct (allowance) (air (duct (cooled air
- Aspect Ratio 1.0
Aspect Ratio 4.0
duct
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5-19
Aspect ratio
duct
(long side) aspect ratio Aspect Ratio
(installation cost) Duct work cost) (material)
(operation cost) (first cost) (installation
Duct c capacity Duct Duct Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 (gate duct Aspect Ratio of metal insulation consultant Aspect Ratio (friction loss) duct system (size) Max; Size of Duct(inch) 6 - 17 1/2" 12 - 24 26 - 40 24 - 88 48 - 90 90 - 144 (capacity) sheet) duct (total pressure) duct c
Duct duct c Semi Perimeter 10 - 23 24 46 32 - 46 48 - 94 96 - 176 96 - 238
(area)
duct Material insulation dust class
- Small Aspect Ratio .. ( ) criteria (NC)) ( ) ( ) ( )

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- Large Aspect Ration
(Sound Control) m (resultant sound level criteria) ( v

5-20
(acceptable noise
( )
(appropriate)
- Duct System Acoustics Design guidelines for HVAC system noise in unoccupied spaces
(Room Types) Private Residences Hotels/Motels Individual rooms or suites Meeting/banquet rooms Corridors, lobbies Service/support areas Office Buildings Executive and private offices Conference rooms Teleconference rooms Open-plan offices - With sound masking Corridors and lobbies Hospitals and Clinics Private rooms Wards Operating rooms Corridors and public areas Performing Arts Spaces Drama theaters Music teaching studios Music practice rooms Schools Classrooms
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RC / NC 25-35 25-35 25-35 35-45 35-45 25-35 25-35 < 25 < 40 < 35 40-45 25-35 30-40 25-35 30-45 c 25 25 30-35 d 25-30
5-21
Large lecture rooms Large lecture rooms, without speech amplification Laboratories (with Fume Hoods) Testing/research, minimal speech communication Research, extensive telephone use, speech communication Group teaching Church, Mosque, Synagogue General assembly With critical music programs c Libraries Courtrooms Un-amplified speech Amplified speech 30-40 Indoor Stadiums, Gymnasiums Gymnasiums and natatoriumse Large seating-capacity spaces with speech amplificatione 45-55 .. standard (Impact of Leakage ) (leakage Energy Cost Example Cost/year = [CFM x TP]/[8,520 x Eft] x Hours/Year x $/kwh
CFM Leakage (%) (Cu ft/min) RPM (rev/min) SP (in wg) VP (in wg) TP (in wg) BHP (hp) Oper/yr (5/year)
25-30 25 45-55 40-50 35-45 25-35 30-40 25-35 30-40 40-50 45-55
(Duct leakage) (leakage) ANSI SMACNA ASHRAE
Extra Oper/yr (5/year)
Increas ed Oper/yr WO
0 5 10 15 20 30
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20,000 21,000 22,000 23,000 24,000 26,000
530 557 583 610 636 689
1.50 1.65 1.82 1.98 2.16 2.54
0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.66
1.89 2.08 2.29 2.50 2.72 3.20
6.68 7.73 8.89 10.16 11.54 14.68
5,600 6,481 7,452 8,515 9,675 12,301
881 1,852 2,915 4,075 6,701
15.7 33.3 52.1 73.0 120.0

5-22
(assumed Electric rate $0.15/kWh 52 wk x 6 d/wk x 24 hr Fan/motor Efficiency initial velocity (Suggested Leakage Levels) Leakage Levels Test Pressure (in wg) 0-1 1 -2 2-3 3-4 4-6 6-10 Annual Operational Costs SMACNA Class 3 (CFM/100 sq ft) 3.0 4.6 6.0 7.4 9.6 13.5 Leakage (%) 2 2 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.15 7,488 hr 89 2,501
Cost/Year Qfan FTP Hours/Year Efficiency 8,520 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

-4 W
= = = = = =
system first year operating cost ($) system volume flow rate (cfm) system total operating pressure (in wg) number of hours the system operates in one year $/kwh = cost of energy fan/motor drive combined efficiency conversion factor to kWh (kilowatt hours)
pressure r W pressure rating 2004 w (test) (test)
.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing

(1.5 X Pressure Rating) W 4 W (1.5 X Pressure Rating) ASHRAE Standard 90.1-200 y 200 m 2006 yS N V m y m w static pressures +3" Water Gauge y-
( )
static pressures +3" Water Gauge
. Duct
y m
(Sizing)
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5-23
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) control) ( ) () Duct duct (duct heat loss) (air balancing) (noise levels) (duct leakage)
(space availability) (space air diffusion)
(duct heat gain)
(fire and smoke (initial investment cost) (system operating cost)
(discomfort) S (construction) (terminal) h y ( ) ( ) ( ) 24 ( ) ( ) .. Duct ( (Sizing) ) Pressurized Method 4:1 2 0 6 2 6 48 m 2 ) m m mm m m 4 8 4 4 v m (smallest recomm Ductwork Sizes h air diffuser system loss (leakage)
( ) Equal Friction Sizing Method(Constant Pressure Loss Method) () Static Regain Method () Total Pressure Method ( ) Velocity Reduction Method ( ) Constant Velocity Method
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v () Velocity Reduction Method () Equal Friction Method () Static Regain Method Pressurized Method duct duct Equal Friction Sizing Method (Constant Pressure Loss Method) Equal friction duct System Supply duct duct extract duct system ASHRAE (velocity) duct Eq duct Eq F F h (method) Duct (pressure loss) duct
m h
(size)
(flexibility)
1 Pascal (1Pa/m) h
(high and low limits for pressure loss per unit length)
(pressure loss per unit length)
Eq ( ( ) ( ) )
duct (air flow rate) duct (section) (duct section) elbow fitting (size) duct (size) (size) friction loss friction loss duct 1 Pascal( 1Pa/m) friction loss(1 pa/m) Friction loss chart
friction loss per unit of length
(pressure loss)
( ) System
duct friction loss coefficient
Eq
(air balancing)
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5-25
Regain Sizing Method S R h duct (equal friction method S R (pressure loss) branch duct section h duct (pressure loss) duct (section) h duct (p S R h m h y Reduction Sizing Method Velocity (noise) (acceptable (velocity) duct (pressure losses) (high noise level) ASHRAE V (tender) yS (velocity) SMACNA h duct (velocity) duct duct (pressure losses) (specified) V S (noise level) velocity) duct (size) (size) reduction duct (velocity) Duct (air velocity) m h iteration process (section) duct section duct (size) duct branch duct ) terminal (material) branch duct section
section (pressure losses) (size)
(pressure loss) duct (section)
T T V
(round) duct
(rectangular) duct
Constant velocity method
.. Friction loss F
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(Friction Losses in Duct) fluid viscosity m m m v y
5-26
Eq F () Duct () Duct ( ) () Duct
m h
(size) (Air flow rate) (length)
(velocity) friction loss
friction loss friction loss
(interior surface roughness) friction loss
.. Head and Pressure m ("Head" is the height of a fluid co m w q m He Hea (cloum liquid) 5 meter of water cloum(WC) q m y w.
Air pressure 1 Pound per Square Inch (PSI) = 51.71 millimeter of mercury( mmHg ) 51.71 mm of mercury (mmHg)
y- W
h Eq f
pipe (f
(pressure drop y- W h Eq
fully developed flow
Darcy and Colebrook Equations Duct (pipe) fluid (pressure drop)
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5-27
f ( ) Fluid laminar flow Reynolds () Reynolds number Reynolds joint
(Reynolds numbers less than 2000) Friction factor ( ) Fluid turbulent flow friction factor
(Reynolds number)
(duct surface roughness)
Friction factor
(duct surface roughness) hydraulic
(Reynolds number) diameter
N noncircular duct hydraulic diameter laminar flow
Duct (Noncircular Duct)
hy hy square rectangular duct
m m w q m v roun
Rectangular Duct R Flow resistance round duct
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5-28
Flat Oval Duct A = major axis of flat oval duct (mm) a = minor axis of flat oval duct (mm) P = perimeter of flat oval duct (mm)
Friction
f h hy (Graph)
R y m
Hydraulic diameter(D)
Reynolds Number(dimensionless) (turbulent or laminar)
Duct Reynolds Number (Laminar Transient flow
Reynolds Number if Re < 2300) Reynolds Number Reynolds Number
() () ()
Laminar flow ()
(Transient for 2300 < Re < 4000) Turbulent flow (Turbulent if Re > 4000) .. F S R E ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) h friction ch Friction losses ( Pa/ m) Air Quantity (Liter per Second) Velocity (m/s) R 5 ( ) ( ) ( ) m mm h 0. F (vertical li 20 /m (Pressure Drop)
Friction losses ( Pa/m) 00 /m /m
0.1 Pa/m
Air Quantity (Liter per Second) L/ 200 000 L/ Velocity (m/s) Round Duct Diamaeter (mm)
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5-29
25 000 (maximum f () 25 000 S 25 000 L S total f /m
m round duct (air quantity (air quantity L
- ASHRAE friction chart 25,000 CHM x 1000 Liter per meter cube = 25,000,000 Liter per hour/ 36 00 m m F /m 6 44 L/ /m m 50mm m S R E
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6 44 L/
y mm
0.2 m/ v y
5-30
v vel y v Type of Duct Main ducts Main branch ducts Branch ducts y m Comfort Systems m/s 4-7 3-5 1-3 (outlets ftm 780 - 1380 590 - 985 200 - 590 50mm
0.2 m/
recommend duct
Industrial Systems m/s 8 - 12 5-8 3-5 1575 - 2360 985 - 1575 590 - 985 (inlets
High Speed Systems m/s 10 - 18 6 - 12 5-8 ftm 1670 - 3540 1180 - 2360 985 - 1575
(velocit
(unacceptable noise) (air flow rate) 8 000 00mm Air Flow Rate 18,000 CMH Liter per Second Air Flow Rate 18,000 CMH = 5,000 L/s (frictioin losses - Pa/m) 450mm
Rectangular d 808mm
450mm 800
00mm
Eq v 800mm R
Rectangular m
Eq
(air quantitie) 5,000 L/s
(frictioin losses - Pa/m)
/m
Friction Loss Estimate 1.5 X System Length (ft./100) X Friction Rate (in.W.G./100 ft.). .. S S L L yF m (Formula)
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No:11
Where
De = Q =
Circular Equivalent of Rectangular duct for equal length Air flow rate (L/sec) 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, (air flow rate) S R E 0.001 R S (air flow rate) / L V S y
Eq V
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A = (3.14 x De2 /4 m
roun
round duct d m (formula) circular eq v
Rectangular duct
()
(velocity) velocity Pressure

(formula)
Rv V y
= Velocity Pressure () = Fluid mean Velocity (m/s) m mm)
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No: 24
F absolute roughness factor 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01
Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01 () Reynolds number

Re = Reynolds number Dh = Hydraulic Diameter (mm) V = Velocity (m/s)

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() Pressure Drop
()
or
Dh V If
1.204 kg/m2
(for air)
= Hydraulic Diameter, mm = Velocity (m/s)
() For Ducting, For Fittings,
internet a
d w
http://www.acmv.org/lecture/file/Duct_Static_Loss_calculation.xls A. Ductwork Sizing Criteria Table (Ductwork Size Criteria)

Maximum System Type Friction Rate in.W.G./100 ft. General Air Handling Systems Low Pressure Ducts Medium Pressure Ducts High Pressure Ducts www.acmv.org 0.40 (0.45) ---0.20 (0.25) ---0.10 (0.15) ---1,500 1,800 2,000 2,500 2,500 3,500 When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply, return, exhaust, and outside air systems When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply systems only When CFM > 5,000 velocity governs; when CFM < 5,000 friction rate governs; applicable for supply systems only 5-33 Minimum Velocity ft./min. Maximum Velocity ft./min. Comments/Reasons
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1) Transfer Air Ducts Outside Air Shafts Gravity Relief Air Shafts General Exhaust and Special Exhaust Systems General Exhaust Ducts Toilet Exhaust Ducts Kitchen Hood Exhaust Ducts Dishwasher Exhaust Ducts Acid, Ammonia, and Solvent Mains Acid, Ammonia, and Solvent Stacks Silane Ducts ---250 ---Louvers Maximum velocity through free area; assuming Intake ------500 50% free areamax. velocity 250 FPM through gross louver area Exhaust or Relief Notes: (1) Maximum aspect ratio 4:1; unless space constraints dictate greater aspect ratios. (2) Duct velocities should not exceed 1,500 FPM or noise will result. Maximum velocity through free area; assuming ------700 50% free areamax. velocity 350 FPM through gross louver area Velocity across the neck of the cylinder or cabinet window or access port ---3,000 4,000 0.50 (0.60) 1,000 3,000 Mains and risers 1,5003,000 FPM; Branches and lateral 1,0002,000 FPM 0.10 (0.15) 1,500 2,200 ---1,500 2,200 0.10 (0.15) ---0.10 (0.15) ---1,500 1,800 1,500 1,800 When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs 2003 IMC: 1,500 FPM min.; 2006 IMC: 500 FPM min.; NFPA 96-2004: 500 FPM min. 0.030.05 ---1,000 0.030.05 0.050.10 ------1,000 1,000 When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs When CFM > 1,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 1,200 friction rate governs When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs; when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs
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5-34
. Duct
.. Design
(Duct Design)
(information) (client requirements) (supply air condition) (space availability) (installation cost) (air friction loss) (type) duct layout (duct heat transfer and airflow leakage) (ambient conditions) (material) (noise level)
Duct system configuration Duct insulation Duct system layout Key design inputs Lm L miting flow velocity (m/s) Duct ( ) ( ) changes duct in directions) v m w m /s) /m
3
(codes and standards requirements) Design outputs S h m S h w y & h
( (duct material) (sudden (pressure loss) turning vane Angle of divergence 20 ( ) ( ) duct Aspect ratio () duct (noise) (air (duct Aspect ratio ( duct duct
() Duct () Aspect ratio
() Duct velocity) ( ) material)
(vibration) duct (frictional loss)
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5-35
- Transfer duct Duct ( ) m Duct ( ) Positive pressure duct leakage control () Duct transmission) () (Exposure) (weather) (corrosive a m contamination) (outdoor) ( ) Duct Support Duct support (position) ( ) Thermal Conductivity Duct t (condensation) Duct (expericence)
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y (shape) (strength) (Leakage Control) (air loss) Negative presure duct (deformation)
dimensional stability
(Noise) (noise generation) (noise) h ) basement) exposure (underground duct (biological (noise
duct support duct (heat gain)
alignment
(heat h (thermal duct conductivity)
(technical knowledge) Duct Drawing internal dimension (size) .. () Life-cycle cost(LCC) duct ( ) Damper duct (size) (sound configuration duct w (workshop)
(good practices) (fabricate) duct (dimemsion) (site) (dimension) duct
duct
(duct)
level) (excess pressure)
VAV
box
(pressure)
Sound attenuation ( ) (local pressure) ( ) Supply air (volume flow rate) VAV system Fan duct heat gain (volume flow rate) (discharge pressure) diversity critical path (critical loss path) duct duct fitting equipment (surplus (critical path) coefficients)
.. Design Procedure Air duct system cold air (volume flow rate) air duct system software (precise calculation) air duct system Design Procedure ( ) ( ) Verify local codes & material availability Preliminary duct layout
5-37
(supply volume flow rate) (space air diffusion) (return inlets) (volume flow rate) duct design Computer-aided duct design m m duct design warm air (supply outlets)
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Divide into consecutive duct sections Minimise local loss coefficients of duct fittings Select duct sizing methods Critical total pressure loss of tentative critical path Size branch ducts & balance total pressure at junctions Adjust supply flow rates according to duct heat gain Resize duct sections, recalculate & balance parallel paths
() Check sound level & add necessary attenuation design procedure ( ) availability) ( ) air duct ( ) Duct layout duct layout (preliminary) fan main ducts branch takeoffs (space available) (supply outlets) (return inlets) (tender specification) () (client requirement) (local codes) (material
(duct)
(duct sections) Duct segment critical path
() critical local loss coefficient duct space available noise energy use critical path Air duct system duct fitting component (sizing initial
path ( ) ( ) Critical path Air duct system methods) cost duct section ( ) ( ) Critical path Branch duct duct fitting characteristics duct system duct (total pressure loss) (total pressure loss) Junction total pressure loss ( ) ( ) () The supply volume flow rates (adjusted) duct section Duct section(paths) sound attenuator (resizes) (airborne sound level) total pressure loss (noise) supply outlet duct heat gain maximum design air velocity
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5-38
. Fire Damper
.. Fire Compartment Fire compartment Fire compartment (zone) Fire compartment
- Fire compartment (
- Fire rated partitions contain fire damage to the compartment of fire origin.
- Duct Duct
duct
fire damper fire damper fire damper blade fire damper fusible link
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(horizontal) duct duct or wall mounted) (horizontal) duct damper damper (fire v (wall) (compartment floor) resisting rating) horizontal fire damper (floor mounted)
(vertical) vertical fire damper (duct
vertically fire Fire
(fire resisting rating)
- Fire damper Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings Wall Mounted Fire Damper and Floor Mounted Fire Damper Floor mounted fire damper blade (spring) bland
- Horizontal fire damper Multiple Blade Wall mount or In line Duct Curtain Type
V and H
Floor mounted fire damper
Fusible Links
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5-40
.. Fire Damper F m fusible link Fusible link ( 65 F damper S Fire r Fire r h m dynamic damper (galvanized steel frame
Fire Rating
Access Door: F
Fire Damper Installation Fire d m - Standard Fire Damper Standard .. Fire damper fire duct Static Fire Damper damper static fire damper Fire Mode fire-rated walls -
- Fire damper Dynamic Fire Damper Dynamic fire damper static fire damper
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Fire Mode (moving air)
duct
Dynamic fire damper
( )
Type-A fire damper Type-A fire damper y m 2 w. . Type-A fire damper (free area) (low-pressure part of
( )
Type-B fire damper Type-B fire damper ( pressure drop)
( )
Type-C fire damper (100% free area) 100% free area Type-C fire damper W. Type-C fire damper Medium-to-high air velocities (3,000 fpm)
. Control Dampers
(air volume) Control Damper (VCD) Damper (VCD) dampers Damper Characteristics 0.15" W.G m 500 F / q. Damper (control) (rectangular) (oval) (round) Blade damper ( ) ( ) duct (oval) damper (rectangular) damper (air flow) Damper (round) w 200 Opposed blade Bala mixing modulating 2position control applications Parallel blade: Two-position applications (open/closed). 2000 F (air flow) Volume damper Manual or balancing dampers Volume Volume Control motor operated
HVAC aluminium damper (aluminium)
damper m m
galvanized steel (outdoor air
extruded intake)
(industrial facilities)
(stainless steel)
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5-42
Airfoil dampers - Figure 3-28 Triple V and Airfoil dampers (frame) (bearing) (friction) (control) (control) damper Damper control Damper blade () Flat, one-piece(single metal sheet) blade () Single skin blade with a triple-v-groove shape () Double- skin air foil-shaped blade (-) Triple V airfoil Damper depth (oval) duct blade) damper (rectangular) damper Air foil blade damper Air foil (pressure drop) damper blade (flat) blade blade blade F1 ( (frame depth) ) F2 ( ) Blade width (round) duct (single frame valve damper (stable) (valve) Valve (selection principle) accurate blade Damper (shaft)
Triple V groove blade 1500 FPM
(velocity) 2000 FPM Blade (tight closure) (overlap)
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Blade (leakage)
(edge) Silicon rubber
compressible
sealing
strip m v y (fully open) (performance)
sealing strip silicon rubber damper (fully (frame) closed) blade
Seal
seal (standard leakage) (249 Pa Air foil blade 6 HVAC System leakage) damper 2 CFM (reading) (le Damper Standard 90.1-2004 Ultra-low leak damper Cooling load Blade (linkage) (linkage) (pressure drop) damper damper (seal) Damper Damper m
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Damper 50 F q h 50 CFM 10CFM shut off damper 24 controlled variable damper control (2 CFM per square foot at 1 inch wg) (low
damper low leakage damper
damper
(minimum leakage) ) Low leak damper system (-) (linkage) (
ANSI/ ASHRAE/ IESNA
ultra-low leak damper
blade damper ) (corrosion)
Blade actuator damper (oversized)

5-44
(maintenance)
Actuator
damper actuator damper damper (linkage) damper
Damper Blade blade ( ) ( ) Parallel
actuator
damper parallel blade blade operation
multiple blade damper opposed blade blade blade
Multiple blade damper (-) (same direction)
Opposed blade operation blade damper
(operating characteristic) (single blade) damper (operating characteristic) damper motor damper actuator (power) damper
Blade parallel Actuator
opposed blade damper damper operator (fully open)
- Figure 3-31 Fans in Parallel Modulating ( (friction) (opposed blade damper Actuator foot) torque torque hdamper m seal
- Centrifugal Fan with Inlet Vane damper small increment (friction) damper parallel blade damper ) hDamper hDamper (1 square motor (damper actuator) actuator modulate
Lower leakage damper
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(friction) minimum 20inch-lb damper operation(NO) (fail) Coil N m Damper application ( ) Two position only (set up) damper freezing y y N damper hazardous waste
actuator damper
minimum torque actuator Normally open (flow) system isolation
8 inch-lbs per square foot of damper area power
damper
Normally Open(NO) damper
(fully open/fully closed) position two position (out door air intake) ( ) Capacity control duty capacity damper () Mixing duty Economizer damper .. ( ) Two Position Duty Fan system F damper (wind pressure) intake) damper (freezing) h (heating energy cost) damper Back Draft Damper(BDD) motorized damper damper (return)
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Fan (shut-off)
isolation
damper
control
VAV discharge
air balancing damper
duct Outdoor air intake fan intake damper (position) stack effect fan supply air fan interlock (out door air coil fan discharge
m gravity damper barometric damper Gravity damper
motorized damper Gravity damper Non Return Damper(NRD) actuator(motor) (fight seal) Supply N R m
5-46
Gravity
Exhaust fan fan discharge point
back draft damper fan
fan exhaust air
- Figure 3-33 Installed Characteristic Curves of Parallel blade dampers (air pressure) damper exhaust system make up air gravity damper gravity damper (-) damper fan (isolate) Variable Air Volume (VAV) application high load fan fan Parallel pumping system motorized damper damper
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motorized damper motorized damper fan low load fan shut-off fan check valve damper
Fan fan fan q wheel
damper w fan m v
fan h fan direction
- Figure 3-35 Two Parallel blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers
- Figure 3-36 Two Opposed blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers Fan (pressure) gravity back draft damper (pressure) Back draft damper
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damper F gravity damper fan discharge
fan
plenum application
Fan
5-48
h damper Two position opposed blade damper damper (fully open) performance
(velocity)
back draft damper
heavy duty
parallel blade damper
Two position
(fully close position)
damper
Parallel blade damper damper opposed blade damper HVAC designer (contractor) Two position damper two position damper Two position damper (energy) Shut off damper duct m (size) two position application actuator parallel damper ( )
Damper actuator (vendor)
modulate (leakage) (pressure drop)
. ( ) Capacity Control Duty Air system terminal duct branch duct flow) static damper (air flow) selection (pressure) Volumer control damper diffuser (adjust Static damper grille ) actuator Volume control damper (fully (h blade damper O
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(air flow) balancing damper (design air Volume control damper
open
position) single
Volume control damper duct
single skin damper
VAV System style
fan
capacity fan
control inlet
damper (-) m damper blade (entering air) - h
Damper Fan
inlet guide vane inlet guide vane (inlet) Damper
discharge damper
wheel unload inlet guide vane (air flow) Discharge damper
Damper direction fan (pressure) paraller pump fan stabl fan performance y (maximum capcity) fan m % air volume
fan
wheel
wheel direction
check valve (fan pressure)
Discharge damper VAV box (air flow) h discharge damper Damper performance ( ) ( ) ( ) () Manufacturer Damper relative size Damper situation (design) damper control Discharge damper
Discharge damper VAV system
Manufacturer Damper blade seal (material) (linkage) (performance)
()
Damper Relative Size Damper damper damper damper flow characteristic (performance) (size) damper duct w damper damper duct (size) (performance) duct wall opening
()
Damper Situation Duct direction damper device d direction damper damper

5-50
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performance
- Figure 3-37 Effect of Inlet Louver on an Opposed blade damper Characteristic (-) opposed blade damper performance damper (air flow rate) (frictional losses) rate) curve Fan (pressure) volume flow rate hydronic system Two way valve position duct system (frictional losses) (air flow fan Capacity control (throttling) application pressure drop across the damper Damper throttling
Throttling application characteristic drop) system Opposed blade damper characteristic % (-) (air steam direction)
parallel blade damper damper (total pressure drop) throttling application down steam %
linear ( pressure
linear total system pressure drop
pressure drop across the damper opposed blade damper throttling application
parallel blade damper (deflect the air steam) (down stream) elbow (pressure drop) (down stream) diffuser down steam duct fitting
ymm
outlet throw patterm

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- Air flow through parallel
- Air flow opposed dampers
- (3-38) Flow Pattern through opppsed dampers and parallel Damper (air outlet) opposed blade damper Throttling application hydronic system control valve (pressure drop) Damper (pressure drop) (size) Damper (pressure drop) .. () Mixing duty (air steam) (out door air) (mixing) mixing application mixing stream
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diffuser damper
neck
diffuser
y controllability (size y
damper m throttling
return air
opposed blade damper
parallel blade damper air
throttling
Parallel blade damper throttling (-) O ) m m mixing air stream
(air steam)
(deflect) (deflect m m ( -
(air steam)
- Various Mixing Box Arrangements (air steam) S Duct

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(air steam) (outdoor air

5-53
temperature) S
return air temperature Ventilation system effectiveness
Damper Damper Identification Tag Location Damper Type Damper Size & Quantity Duct Size Arrangement
damper schedule Blade type Velocity Pressure Drop Fail Position Actuator identification Tag Actuator type & quantity Mounting
. Air Distribution Devices

Diffuser distribution devices) Primary Air Primary air Total Air Total Air Cooling m y primary air entrained room air (supply outlet) (supply outlet) register grille (air
..
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5-54
- Throw Th w v -) v 50 Th w m m w m 0.25 m/ w v y v y y 50 0. 5 m/ v y 00 0.50 m/ m v h w y y (air outlet m (outlet face
- S
v . Th w
v w
(Plan view)
- Space air diffusion with overhead cooling

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- O Drop - m y y y y v m m
h w
T y m m w w d m
- Spread
v h S Surface Effect (supply air velocity) (moving air mass) v

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m m y
w
5-56
Occupied Zone v w 6 .8 m m v
- Spread and Throw (Pressure Drop)
- Active and inactive sections
m . w. . (air flow (air outlet) y m
(pressure loss)
- Space air diffusion with overhead heating
- Upward deflection
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- Sidewall application
5-57
- Ceiling diffuser free space mounting
- Sidewall outlet free space mounting
- Ceiling diffuser .. Diffuser (Air Diffusers) air ( ) Grilles and Registers Louver face size (adjustable louvers) deflection grille Grille register ( )Linear Bar Grille grille horizontal vertical v neck size con system
- Slot diffuser (air outlet)
(air (square)
outlet)
(intake)
(stationary louvers)
single double deflection
grille
linear
bar
grille
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5-58
()Linear Slot Diffuser Linear Slot Diffuser Slot (1 inch [25 mm]) diffuser (ceiling) Slot ( in. [13 mm]) ( ) () ( in. [19 mm]) Linear slot
Round ceiling diffuser
Square ceiling diffuser
Louvered face diffuser
Round plaque diffuser
Square plaque diffuser
Perforated ceiling diffuser
Round Twist Diffuser
Plenum slot diffuser - Diffuser
Light troffer diffuser
- spacing
Linear
bar grille[6mm]
- Return grille
- Linear slot diffuser
- Double deflection supply grille Industrial Ventilation
- Return grille
Industrial supply grille

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Drum louver
Nozzle
5-59
Industrial return grille Slot diffusers throws
Security grille light troffer diffusers VAV applications
- (low air volumes)
.. Diffuser Diffuser Type High Sidewall Grille Circular Ceiling Sill Grille Ceiling Slot Diffuser Light Troffer Diffusers
Characteristic Length Characteristic length for various diffuser types Characteristic Length, L Distance to wall perpendicular to jet Diffuser Distance to closest wall or intersecting air jet Length of room in the direction of the jet flow Distance to wall or midplane between outlets Distance to midplane between outlets, plus distance from ceiling to top of occupied zone Distance to wall or midplane between outlets (Noise Level) (noise level) (noise level) (air outlet) Noise Criteria (NC) (air outlet)
Perforated, Louvered Ceiling Diffusers .. (Air Outlet) (air outlet) (air outlet) ASHRAE recommended NC level values Diffuser
sound pressure value based on an industry standard 10 dB default for room absorption.
24 in. x 24 in. module [610 mm x 610 mm], 380 cfm [180 L/s], 700 fpm [3.6 m/s] neck velocity DiffuserType ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Square Cone Square Plaque Round Cone Modular Core NC Level 17 18 22 26 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) DiffuserType Perforated Curved Vane Louvered Face Perforated Face Deflector Perforated Neck Deflector NC Level 28 31 33 37
.. Plenum Slot Diffuser 1 in. slot, 4 ft [1.2 m], 270 cfm [127 L/s], 8 in. [203 mm] neck, 800 fpm [4.1 m/s] neck velocity DiffuserType ( ) ( ) Linear Slot Linear Fixed Curved NC Level 31 36 ( ) ( ) DiffuserType Linear IceTong Linear Wiper Blade NC Level 39 46
5-60
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. Duct cleaning
Duct duct (duct cleaning)
- Duct -End-
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5-61

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Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

duct (velocity) (noise) (vibration)

(flow) per Second(CMS) (Metric)

Cubic Feet per Minute(CFM) Duct velocity IP

Feet per Minute(FPM)

Meters per Sec (m/s)

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

air distribution devices

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Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National

- Oval duct .. Flexible Connection Fan fan duct diffuser (vibration)

- Round duct Flexible Duct (vibration) duct fexible connection ceiling

(transmission) Duct (isolation)

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

flexible connector material (smoke developed rating)

(flame retardant fabric) N .255 ST E84 W L S

.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct duct duct (horization)duct (vertical)

(Sheet Thickness) (sheet thickness)

Sheet Metal Thickness ( 0.56 mm (gauge) 0.71 mm 0.91 mm 1.22 mm 1.22 mm

1070 mm 1530 mm 2150 mm

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

- Trunk and Branch

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

supply air velocity

Velocity > 10 m/s

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

(air velocity) (power consumption)

fan (operation cost)

(air velocitiy) (noise attenuator or silencer) (recommended air velocity)

Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems (FPM) m m V y

Duct Velocity) feet per minute(FPM)

600 1000 1200 800 1500 1800 2500

1000 1500 2000 1300 2000 2000 3000

800 1300 1500 1100 1500 1500 1800

600 1200 1600 1000 1600 1600 2200

600 1000 1200 800 1200 1200 1500

(air velocity) 5 m/s 4 m/s 8 m/s 6 m/s

(allowable air velocity)

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

ASHRAE Handbook (reference) duct duct

(leakage) (velocity) (friction loss)

Sheets reinforcements seals duct element

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

SMACNA duct local codes

Double-wall and lining

Sh Duct Construction Manuals: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

supply air stream Supply air duct

(ceiling and the side-walls)

erosion of fibres (supported (metal) Duct covering duct lining - m

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers(IHVE) guide books

(carbon steel) (carbon steel)

fume hood exhaust

Stacks stainless steel sheets

304 304L 316 or 316L

Duct UL (Underwriters Laboratory) standard Class 0 ( ) ( )

(Duct Material) ( zero flame spread)

(zero smoke developed)

() v () v 00) 50) Fiberglass many flexible ducts

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)