Q5.

LMT SUN RISE FOR 40N

04 31

LIT

(148 07W)

+09 52

GMT SUNRISE (1ST APPR.)

14 23

BASED ON POSN AT 0450 GMT

INITIAL GMT

04 50

DIFFERENCE

09 33

SPEED

26 KTS

DIST TO RUN

248.3 NM

(05 marks)

1st Approx.

FOR COURSE OF 076T AND DISTANCE 248.3 NM , D.LAT AND DEPARTURE ARE: D.LAT = COS CO X DISTANCE=COS 76 X 248.3 = 60.1 N (10.1) DEP=SIN CO X DISTANCE= SIN 76 X 248.3 = 240.9 E LAT = 40 00N + 1 0.1N = 41 00.1 N MEAN LAT = 40 30.5 N DLONG =DEP/ COS M.LAT =240.9/COS 40 30.5 = 316.8E = 005 16.8 E

LONG =148 07W 005 16.8 E = 142 50.2 W

(05 marks)

LMT SUN RISE FOR 40N

04 31

INCREMENT FOR 01 00.1

00 03

LMT SUN RISE FOR 41 00.1N

04 28

LIT

(142 50.2W)

+09 31

GMT SUNRISE (1ST APPR.)

13

59

BASED ON POSN AT 1ST APP

( 05 marks)
INITIAL GMT 04 50

DIFFERENCE

09 09

SPEED

26 KTS

DIST TO RUN

237.9 NM

(05 marks)

2nd Approx

FOR COURSE OF 076T AND DISTANCE 237.9 NM , D.LAT AND DEPARTURE ARE: D.LAT = COS CO X DISTANCE=COS 76 X 237.9 = 57.6 N DEP=SIN CO X DISTANCE= SIN 76 X 237.9 = 230.8 E LAT = 40 00N + 57.6N = 40 57.6 N MEAN LAT = 40 28.8 N

DLONG =DEP/ COS M.LAT =230.8/COS 40 28.8 = 303.4E = 005 03.4 E

LONG =148 07W 005 03.4 E = 143 03.6 W The Cargo vessel will have to head for the position of the passenger vessel at sunrise at 13 59. ie 40 57.6n 143 03.6 w CARGO V/L POSN AT 0450 GMT 39 42 N

(05 marks)
145 06 W

PASSENGER SHIP POSN AT SUNRISE

40 57.6 N

143 03.6 W

DLAT

01 15.6N

002 02.4 E

DLONG

MEAN LAT

40 19.8 N

DEP=DLONG X COS MLAT

=122.4 X COS 40 19.8 = 93.3

TAN COURSE= DEP/ DLAT

=93.3 / 75.6 = 1.23413 , CO = N 51 E

(05 marks)
DIS = DLAT/ CO COURSE =75.6 / COS 51 = 120.1 NM

SPEED REQUIRED

= DIST / TIME = 120.1 / 09 09 = 13.13 KTS

(05 marks)

Total 35 marks

Q6) i) The accuracy of charts in the Arctic can vary widely according to the date of survey and the technologies available at that time. The more frequently travelled areas are reasonably well surveyed, but many charts are based on aerial photography combined with lines of reconnaissance soundings or spot soundings gathered as helicopters land at many discrete locations. Today, only 10% of the Arctic has been surveyed and charted to modern standards. That is to say the in general, the more recent the survey, the more reliable and accurate the results. Precautions to be taken when using navigational charts for Arctic areas include:

(08 marks)

checking the projection and understanding its limitations; checking the date of the hydrographic survey and reviewing the Source Classification Diagram; using range and bearing to transfer positions from chart to chart; checking for evidence of reconnaissance soundings; using the largest scale chart available; checking for the method of measuring distances and taking bearings; and updating charts and nautical publications by checking for Notices to Mariners, Notices to Shipping and any other sources for chart corrections. ( 07 marks)

ii) Floating Navigational Aids are liable to be set adrift by the force of ice, or may simply drag their moorings. They may be hidden under ice or snow or may not be on station, as they are sometimes removed by authorities during ice season. The mariner should be cautious in their use, even after confirming their position when ice is affecting the floating aids.

(05 marks)

iii) Frost or ice on the lens of sectored lights is liable significantly change their visibility sectors. the sectors may be unreliable but, if the lighthouse or beacon is correctly identified,it can still be used for taking bearings. These should use with extream caution and under such circumstances the mariner should confirm the position of the vessel using other means.

(05 marks)

Total 25 marks