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Nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 4 C (7.2 F) to 30 C (54 F). The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling.
Contents
1 Mechanism 2 Boiling Heat transfer correlations 3 Departure from nucleate boiling 4 See also 5 References
Mechanism
Two different flow regimes may be distinguished in the nucleate boiling range. When the temperature difference is between approximately 4 C (7.2 F) to 10 C (18 F) above TS, isolated bubbles form at nucleation sites and separate from the surface. This separation induces considerable fluid mixing near the surface, substantially increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux. In this regime, most of the heat transfer is through direct transfer from the surface to the liquid in motion at the surface and not through the vapor bubbles rising from the surface.
Behavior of water on a hot plate. Graph shows heat transfer (flux) v. temperature (in degrees Celsius) above TS, the saturation temperature of water, 100 C (212 F).
Between 10 C (18 F) and 30 C (54 F) above TS, a second flow regime may be observed. As more nucleation sites become active, increased bubble formation causes bubble interference and coalescence. In this region the vapor escapes as jets or columns which subsequently merge into slugs of vapor. Interference between the densely-populated bubbles inhibits the motion of liquid near the surface. This is observed
on the graph as a change in the direction of the gradient of the curve or an inflection in the boiling curve. After this point, the heat transfer coefficient starts to reduce as the surface temperature is further increased although the product of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature difference is still increasing. When the relative increase in the temperature difference is balanced by the relative reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, a maximum heat flux is achieved as observed by the peak in the graph. This is the critical heat flux. At this point in the maximum, considerable vapor is being formed, making it difficult for the liquid to continuously wet the surface to receive heat from the surface. This causes the heat flux to reduce after this point. At extremes, film boiling commonly known as the Leidenfrost effect is observed. The process of forming steam bubbles within liquid in micro cavities adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger) is subcooled. The bubbles grow until they reach some critical size, at which point they separate from the wall and are carried into the main fluid stream. There the bubbles collapse because the temperature of bulk fluid is not as high as at the heat transfer surface, where the bubbles were created. This collapsing is also responsible for the sound a water kettle produces during heat up but before the temperature at which bulk boiling is reached. Heat transfer and mass transfer during nucleate boiling has a significant effect on the heat Boiling Curve for water at 1atm transfer rate. This heat transfer process helps quickly and efficiently to carry away the energy created at the heat transfer surface and is therefore sometimes desirable for example in nuclear power plants, where liquid is used as a coolant. The effects of nucleate boiling take place at two locations: the liquid-wall interface the bubble-liquid interface The nucleate boiling process has a complex nature. A limited number of experimental studies provided valuable insights into the boiling phenomena, however these studies provided often contradictory data due to internal recalculation (state of chaos in the fluid not applying to classical thermodynamic methods of calculation, therefore giving wrong return values) and have not provided conclusive findings yet to develop models and correlations.
where q/A is the total heat flux, is the maximum bubble diameter as it leaves the surface, is the excess temperature, is the thermal conductivity of the liquid and is the Prandtl number of the liquid. The bubble Reynolds number, is defined as,
Where
is the average mass velocity of the vapor leaving the surface and
Rohsenow has developed the first and most widely used correlation for nucleate boiling,[3]
Where is the heat capacity of the liquid. is the surface fluid combination and vary for various combinations of fluid and surface. For example, water and nickel have a of 0.006. Values of for various surface fluid combinations [4] 0.013 0.006 0.013 0.006 0.0133
Surface fluid combinations Water/copper Water/nickel Water/platinum Water/brass Water/Stainless steel, Chemically etched
Water/Stainless steel, mechanically polished 0.0132 Water/Stainless steel, Ground and polished 0.0080
See also
Heat transfer Fluid physics Cavitation Sonoluminescence Leidenfrost effect Boiling Chemical engineering
References
1. ^ "Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Studied Under Reduced-Gravity Conditions" (http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050195867_2005195125.pdf), Dr. David F. Chao and Dr. Mohammad M. Hasan, Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, NASA. 2. ^ Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 6th Edition by Incropera. 3. ^ James R. Welty; Charles E. Wicks; Robert E. Wilson; Gregory L. Rorrer., "Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass transfer" 5th edition, John Wiley and Sons 4. ^ James R. Welty; Charles E. Wicks; Robert E. Wilson; Gregory L. Rorrer., "Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass transfer" 5th edition, John Wiley and Sons
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