ATM Traffic Management and Control PDF

ATM technology
ATM Traffic Management and Control
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CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999
2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 1
Topics
ATM Network Objectives Services Categories Traffic Contract Traffic Management Mechanisms Available Bit Rate (ABR) Early Packet Discard (EPD) Quantum Flow Control (QFC) The GFR Service
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ATM Applications
Circuit Emulation Video Video On Demand Distance Learning Voice Teleconferencing Distributed Supercomputing Large File Transfers Etc.
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ATM Applications and Network Objectives

All traffic carried via the same network elements Optimize use of network resources Meet stringent QoS requirements specific to each application Protects networks and users to achieve network performance objectives
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Traffic Management
Problem: Providing Quality of Service
How should ATM network resources be allocated to ensure good performances including preventing congestion, e.g., how many virtual channels should be assigned to a particular transmission link?
Solution: Traffic Management

Specify a traffic contract on each virtual channel/path Route (including rejecting setup request) each channel/path along a path with adequate resources (Admission Control) Mark for loss all cells that violate the contract (Traffic Policing)
ATM architecture defines 5 services (QoS) categories
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Topics
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ATM Quality of Service (QoS)

QoS per VP or VC Desired bandwidth & QoS defined by end-user Parameters set when PVC/SVC setup Defines endpoint-to-endpoint characteristics QoS determines switch buffer and resource allocation
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ATM Service Categories (QoS Categories)

CBR - Constant Bit Rate
Continuous flow of data with tight bounds on delay and delay variation
rt-VBR - Real-Time Variable Bit Rate

Variable Bandwidth with tight bounds on delay and delay variation (traffic pattern is known & variable)
nrt-VBR - Non Real-Time Variable Bit Rate

Variable bandwidth with tight bound on cell loss (traffic pattern is known & variable & can tolerate moderate cell delay)
UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate

No guarantees (i.e. best effort delivery)
ABR - Available Bit Rate

Flow Control on source with tight bound on cell loss (traffic more variable & bursty than VBR & is delay tolerant)
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ATM Categories (QoS) and AAL attributes
Class AAL End-to-end Timing Bit Rate Connection Mode Associated ATM Service Categories
1 AAL 1
2 AAL 2
3 AAL 3/4 AAL 5 Not Required Variable
Required Constant
Connection oriented CBR rt-VBR nrt-VBR
Connectionless UBR ABR
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Topics
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ATM Traffic Contract

Traffic contract of a connection includes: Service Category QoS Requirements Traffic Descriptors Conformance Definition Definition of a Compliant Connection
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ATM Traffic Contract (cont)

Traffic Contract
Traffic Parameters Quality of Service Conformance Definition Compliance Connection Definition
User
Network UNI
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ATM Traffic Parameters

PCR: Peak Cell Rate MBS (BT): Maximum Burst Size (Burst Tolerance) SCR: Sustained Cell Rate ACR: Allowed Cell Rate MCR: Minimum Cell Rate
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CBR Traffic Control

Peak Cell Rate (PCR) C e l l R a t e
Time
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VBR Traffic Control

Cell Loss Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
C e l l R a t e
Burst Tolerance (BT)
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR)
Time
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ABR Traffic Control

Peak Cell Rate (PCR) C e l l R a t e
Allowed Cell Rate (ACR)
Minimum Cell Rate (MCR) Time
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Bandwidth Usage
Bandwidth Available
UBR B A N D W I D T H ABR VBR
CBR
TIME
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ATM Performance (QoS) parameters

CER: Cell Error Ratio (Accuracy) SECBR: Severely-Errored Cell Block Ratio (Accuracy) CLR: Cell Loss Ratio (Dependability) CMR: Cell Misinsertion Rate (Accuracy) CTD: Cell Transfer Delay - Mean & Max (Speed) CDV: Cell Delay Variation (Speed)
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Cell Error Ratio (CER)

Errored Cells /(Successfully Cells Transferred + Errored Cells)
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Severely-Errored Cell Block Ratio

Severely-Errored Cell Blocks / Total Transmitted Cell Blocks Cell Block is a sequence of N cells transmitted consecutively on a given connection Cell Block is usually the number of user information cells transmitted between successive OAM cells
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Cell Loss Ratio (CLR)

Lost Cells / Total Transmitted Cells
Received Cells ATM Switch Successful
Cells discarded due to cell/header errors, buffer overflow, or UPC action.

Cell Bucket
Difference between Received & Successful
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Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR)

Misinserted Cells / Time Interval
Received Cells ATM Switch Transmitted Cells
Cell Switched To Wrong VPI / VCI Cell Stream
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Cell Transfer Delay (CTD)

MP1 Cell Exit Event MP2 Cell Entry Event
Elapsed time between a transmitted cell exit event at MP1 and a received cell exit event at MP2 for a particular connection Takes into account:
Propagation delay Transmission delay Switching delay Queuing delay
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Cell Delay Variation (CDV)

Received Cells ATM Switch Re-Timed Cell Steam Sequence
Fluctuation in cell transfer delay may differ between individual cells of the same connection
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Service Category Parameters and Attributes

ATM Layer Service Category Attribute
Traffic Params
CBR
rt-VBR nrt-VBR UBR S2 S
ABR S3 n/a S
PCR and CDVT4,5 SCR, MBS, CDVT 4,5 MCR 4 Peak-to-peak CDV MaxCTD CLR 4 Feedback
Specified n/a S n/a Specified Specified * Specified Unspecified
QoS Params
Unspecified Unspecified
U * Note 1
S6
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Service Category Params & Attribs Notes

1: CLR is low for sources that adjust cell flow in response to control information. Whether a quantitative value for CLR is specified is network specific 2: May not be subject to CAC and UPC procedures 3: Represents the maximum rate at which the ABR source may ever send. The actual rate is subject to the control information 4: These params are either explicitly or implicitly specified for PVCs or SVCs 5: CDVT refers to the Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (See Traffic Contract). Does not need to be a unique value for a connection. Not signaled, network specific. 6: See ABR description
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Traffic Contract: Conformance

Guarantees are only valid if the traffic conforms to the negotiated Traffic Contract For CBR, VBR and UBR, conformance is defined by the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA) For ABR, conformance is defined by the source and destination behavior, but a dynamic GCRA is still a useful example of how to test conformance Example causes of a non-conformance:
Excessive rate Excessive burst
Non-conforming cells may be discarded or, when permitted, tagged with CLP=1 for lower priority
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Conformance : Generic Cell Rate Algorithm

Given the source traffic parameters, the network policies the traffic using the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA): For a sequence of cell arrival times, {tk}, determines which cells conform to the traffic contract A counter scheme based on two parameters denoted GCRA(I,L) Increment parameter: I (affects the cell rate) Limit parameter: L (affects cell burst) Leaky bucket A cell that would cause the bucket to overflow is non-conforming I units for each cell arrival
L+I
One unit leak per unit of time

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Conformance : GCRA (cont)

GCRA is a continuous Leaky Bucket Algorithm. As each cell arrives, GCRA checks its conformance to an agreed rate The GCRA has two parameters:
I is the Increment per time unit L is the Limit or capacity
When checking a rate with GCRA:

I is the reciprocal of the rate L is the tolerance
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GCRA(1.5,0.5)
cell cell no cell cell cell
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
t-
t+
t-
t+
ttime
t+
t-
t+
t-
t+
Bucket fill just before (t-) and just after (t+) cell transmit time
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GCRA(1.5,0.5)
cell cell cell cell cell
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
t-
t+
t-
t+
t-
t+
t-
t+
t-
t+
Bucket fill just before (t-) and just after (t+) cell transmit time
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Conformance: Dual Leaky Bucket
R0
Drop R1 CLP=1 CLP=1 & CLP=0
cells entering network
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Conformance tests
CBR
Must conform to GCRA (1/PCR, CDVT)
VBR
Must conform to both: GCRA (1/PCR, CVDT) GCRA (1/SCR, CVDT+BT)
CDVT is the Cell Variation Delay Tolerance - network specific. BT is the Burst Tolerance for SCR.
ABR
Must conform to DGCRA (1/ACR, t) where: ACR is the network specified rate ( PCR > ACR > MCR) t is a dynamically variable burst tolerance
UBR
Whether UBR must conform to GCRA (1/PCR, CVDT) is network specific
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Ex. conformance definition at network ingress

CLP0+1 PCR0+1
GCRA (1/PCR, CVDT)
CLP0 SCR0
GCRA (1/SCR, BT+CVDT)
Nonconforming Cells
CLP1
Conforming Cells
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Traffic Contract: Compliance

Conformance is an attribute of the cell Compliance is an attribute of the connection QoS is guaranteed for all conforming cells of a compliant connection A connection is defined as compliant when the number of nonconforming cells is below a threshold set by the network provider The threshold for compliance is specified in the traffic contract by the network provider
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Topics
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Traffic Management Components

Application
Traffic Contract
ATM Layer
Traffic Parameters
Quality of Service Parameters
Traffic Management Mechanisms

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Generic Functions (ATMF Spec. version 4.0)

Connection Admission Control (CAC) Feedback Controls Usage Parameter Control (UPC) Cell Loss Priority Control
Examples: Selective Cell Discard and Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)
Traffic Shaping Network Resource Management (NRM) Generic Flow Control Frame Discard ABR Flow Control Other techniques
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Connection Admission Control (CAC)

Set of actions taken by the network during the set-up phase to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or should be rejected
The connection must NOT affect the QoS of already established connections. Bandwidth based on PCR? Waste of resources Bandwidth based on minimum bandwidth and resources to meet the QoS? (technique called source equivalent capacity or equivalent bandwidth). Only effective if PCR/SCR > 1
Need for real-time mechanisms Need accurate prediction of performance metrics Use of multistate Markovian models CAC algorithms are proprietary mechanisms, not to be standardized
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Feedback Controls
Set of actions taken by the network and by end-systems to regulate the traffic on an ATM connection according to the state of network elements
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Usage Parameter Control (UPC)

Also Called Traffic Policing Set of actions taken by the network to monitor and control traffic, in terms of traffic offered and validity of the ATM connection, at the end-system access Main purpose is to protect the network, and to protect the QoS of other already established connections Detect violations of negotiated parameters and take appropriate actions (cell tagging and cell discard) Monitoring performed for VCCs and VPCs
Checks the validity of VPI/VCI
UPC function is usually placed at the ingress switch of the network and is implemented as a simple or dual leaky bucket
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Cell Loss Priority Control

G F C 4 VPI VCI P C H T L E I P C 3 1 8 ATM Payload (48 Bytes) Payload
16
ATM Header (5 Bytes)
For some service categories, the end-system may generate traffic flows of cells with Cell Loss Priority (CLP) marking Network may follow models which treat this marking as transparent or as significant If treated as significant, network may selectively discard cells marked with a low priority to protect, as far as possible, the QoS objectives of cells with high priority
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Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)

The PTI field in the cell header contains a congestion notification function. These bits may be turned on by network components to indicate congestion This happens in the forward direction only It is up to end-systems to react to this congestion indication A technique available in ABR flow control enables backwards compatibility with older switches:
If a switch turns on the EFCI bits in any of the data cells, the ABR destination returns an RM cell with a congestion notification which will instruct the source to reduce its cell input rate
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Selective Cell Discard (SCD)

UNI
G F C 4 VPI VCI P C H T L E I P C 3 1 8 ATM Payload (48 Bytes) P C H T L E I P C 3 1 Payload
16
ATM Header (5 Bytes)
NNI
VPI
VCI
Payload
PTI In the cell header

Bit 2: Used to indicate congestion in data cells (and Bit 3=0 (no RM cell))
A congested network component may discard cells that are nonconforming or if their CLP=1. This protect cells with CLP=0
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Traffic Shaping
Traffic shaping alter the characteristics of cell traffic to achieve better network efficiency and still meet the QoS requirements Traffic shaping ensures compliance PCR reduction, Burst-length reduction, CDV removal, Cell spacing, Etc. Traffic shaping is optional and can be performed anywhere in the network
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Traffic Shaping (cont)
S
Limited by the delay that can be tolerated
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Network Resource Management (NRM)

Proper and effective management of ATM virtual paths (VP) can be used to maximize network resource allocation and reduce the chance of congestion All traffic management can be performed at the VP level rather than the VC level UNI signaling 4.0 allows Switched Virtual Paths (SVP)
Can be used for a site backup
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Generic Flow Control

Used for UNI only, not NNI Used to indicate two classes of traffic: controlled or uncontrolled Control traffic is subject to control mechanism while uncontrolled is not Currently undefined Set to 0000 (bit) Proposed future uses:
Flow Control Shared media multiple access
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Frame Discard
It is sometime more efficient to discard a frame than a cell Frame means in this case an AAL Protocol Data Unit Network detects frame boundaries by examining the SDU-type in the payload type field in the ATM cell header Implementation specific Also called Early Packet Discard (EPD). See chapter IP over ATM
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ABR Flow Control

May be used to adaptively share the available bandwidth among participating users Described later in this chapter
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Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Cell loss can result in degraded performance or even aggravated congestion situation FEC is a technique which enables frames to be recovered from lost or corrupted cells FEC is implemented at the SSCS level Source higher-layer service passes data down to the FEC-SSCS which passes to the ATM layer. Destination FEC-SSCS recovers from any bit errors, cell, or frame loss and then presents the data to the higher-layer service FEC is suitable for both real-time VBR video (where data loss is damaging) and to an ABR LAN data (reliability and performance are important)
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Forward Error Correction (cont)

Higher-Layer Application
SAP
Higher-Layer Application
SAP
FEC-SSCS
FEC-SSCS
AAL
CPCS SAR ATM ATM Physical
AAL
CPCS SAR ATM
Physical
Physical
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ATM Traffic Management Processes

PVC/SVC Connect Request
Desired QoS Bandwidth Requirements
QoS
Traffic Descriptor Parameters - PCR MBS ACR MCR Performance Parameters - CER - SECBR CLR CMR CTD CDV
Connection Admission Control
Forward Connect Request
Traffic Policing UPC Generic Cell Rate Algorithm
Resource Check
ATM Host
ATM Switch
C L P Discard or Tag
Control Cell Stream Information Flow
VP / VC Buffering Traffic Shaping Traffic Shaping
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Topics
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ABR - Flow Control Requirement

Applications like video or voice that use CBR or VBR connections know how much bandwidth they will require. The resources are then allocated by the network (traffic params, QoS). But... Flow control plays an important role in avoiding congestion collapse in data networks The Internet, router networks, and pre-TM4.0 ATM networks have no internal flow control; they depend on end-to-end flow control (e.g. TCP) at a higher layer This type of traffic (e.g. LAN) is characterized by the following:
Transmissions are bursty The cell input rate of a source will vary over time Variable length frames of sizes are considerably greater than 53 bytes It is bandwidth greedy, using whatever bandwidth is available at the time
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ABR - Flow Control Requirement (cont)

It is transported in connectionless layer-3 datagrams independent of the link-level operation (e.g. Ethernet) They can increase or decrease their transmission rates based on changing network conditions
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ABR Flavors
Rate based scheme
Enables source to adapt its cell input rate based on feedback from the network
Credit Based scheme

Link-by-link approach that enables the sender to transmit cells if there are available buffers (credits) in the receiver switch Number of credits is conveyed to the upstream neighbor via feedback
ATMF Traffic Management WG decided in 1994 to standardize a rate-based ABR mechanism

Best for WAN because switch do not need potentially large buffers Backward compatible with EFCI
Several vendors decided to propose anyway a credit-scheme mode: QFC (Quantum Flow Control)
Simple to implement Could work ok on LANs
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ABR - Flow Control Global View

Higher Layer Flow Control Loop Large Delay - IMPLICIT BINARY FEEDBACK Retransmission and Low Utilization ABR Flow Control Minimal Delay - EXPLICIT FEEDBACK Near Zero Retransmission and High Utilization LAN WAN LAN
TCP flow control is the current basis of the Internet ABR provides a vastly improved basis for future networks
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ABR Service Model

User is given a dynamic rate between MCR and PCR Allowed rate varies based on network load Uses feedback to deliver very low cell loss Worst case delay is on order of round trip delay Makes use of excess bandwidth in the network
UBR B A N D W I D T H ABR VBR Bandwidth Available
CBR TIME
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ABR Basic Concept: End-to-End Flow Control

At the Source End-Station a set of rules called the Source Behavior determine the sending rate, based on control information from the network At each network element, a set of rules called the Switch Behavior define how feedback may be provided to control the source rate. The decision process for deciding the content of the feedback is unspecified At the Destination End-Station a set of rules called the Destination Behavior combine two functions:
They define how a destination that receives forward congestion indicators from the network should reflect these back to the source, and They allow a destination to provide its own feedback
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ABR Operations
Source and Destination Behavior are implemented at the end-system, for example in the NIC card
End System
End System
NIC Card Switch Switch
NIC Card
Switch Behavior is implemented in the network switches
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Closed Loop Congestion Control

Congestion control can be performed in open loop or closed loop systems Open loop congestion control is when network takes unilateral action to avoid or relieve a congestion situation without notifying the traffic source (e.g. applications using CBR & VBR services) Closed loop congestion control is when network provides a feedback so the source can modify its cell input rate. Two notifications techniques can be used: FECN and BECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification, Backward Explicit Congestion Notification)
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FECN / BECN
FECN is a method that enables network components (e.g. switches) to signal congestion in either data or control cells as they flow from the source to the destination FECN serves as a signal to the destination to take action (notify the source) BECN flows in the opposite direction and can be sourced directly from the point of congestion BECN: When a congestion is detected by the network, a notification is sent back to the traffic source BECN: Based on this information, the traffic source will either increase or decrease the rate of input into the network
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Closed Loop Congestion Control

BECN
Source
Dest.
FECN
Closed Loop
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ABR Network Feedback Concepts

The type of feedback from the network can be binary (bits flipped to indicate a congestion, increase/decrease rate) or explicit If explicit, it can be a new cell input rate computed by the network or the exact number of receive buffers in the adjacent switch The size of the feedback can be end-to-end or hop-by-hop (the smaller the feedback loop, the quicker the source can be throttled back) Tradeoff: resources are required to close a loop (e.g. send BECN) and that the BECN messages still have to flow over what may be a congested area on the way back to the source . A network can be segmented in a series of concatenated closed loops with different feedback schemes
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ABR RM-Cells
In order to provide a mechanism for the network to provide congestion and rate change feedback to the source, the ABR source is required to insert Resource Management (RM) cells periodically within the data flow The RM-cells are turned around by the destination and returned to the source along the return path Each RM-cell contains an Explicit Rate (ER) at which the source whishes to operate, and this rate may be reduced by any network element to the rate it can currently support Each RM-cell also includes binary fields that the source can use to request permission to increase its rate, and that network elements may modify to prevent an increase or force a decrease
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ATM RM-Cell Format

ATM Header Standard header with PTI=6 (110) RM Protocol Identifier (1 byte) Payload Function Specific Field (45 bytes) Reserved CRC-10 (6 bits)
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ABR RM-Cell Flow

Switch Switch Switch Switch
Source
Destination
RM
Switch adjust ER, CI and NI to control source rate
RM Cell Format
Standard ATM Header with PTI = 6 (110)
Byte 1-5
ID
6
DIR BN, CI NI
7
ER
8-9
CCR MCR
10-11 12-13
CRC10
RM-cells are sent from source to destination and back every Nrm cells, typically a 3% overhead per direction.
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ATM ABR RM-Cell Fields

DIR = Direction (0=forward, 1=backward). Bit #8 of Octet #7 BN = BECN RM-cell (1=Non-Source Generated, 0=Source generated). Bit #7 of Octet #7 CI = Congestion Indication (1=Congestion, 0 otherwise). Bit #6 of Octet #7 NI = No Increase (1=no additive increase allowed, 0 otherwise). Bit #5 of Octet #7 RA = Not used for ABR ER = Explicit Cell Rate. All bits of Octets #8-9 CCR = Current Cell Rate. All bits of Octets #10-11 MCR = Minimum Cell Rate. All bits of Octets #12-13
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ABR Modes Of Switch Operations

EFCI Binary Rate Operation (Mark EFCI in data cells)
Workgroups
Relative Rate Binary Operation (Mark CI, NI bits in RM-cells)

Departmental LANs
Explicit Rate Operations (Mark ER field in RM-cell)

Power Workgroups Departmental Backbones Corporate Backbones
Virtual Source, Virtual Destination

WANs Corporate Backbones
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ABR Modes Of Switch Operations (cont)

Complexity Virtual Source, Virtual Destination Explicit Rate Operation Relative Rate Binary Operation EFCI Binary Rate Operation
Performance
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ABR Transient Exposure

When a new or idle source become active, network feedback will not take effect for one round trip time (RTT) BECN can be used to shorten feedback delay
ACR ICR ACR ICR
Time RTT ER Feedback Delay RTT CI Feedback Delay
Time
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ABR Signaled Parameters

PCR (Peak Cell Rate). Negotiation: Down. Default: mandatory MCR (Minimum Cell Rate). Neg: down to MCRmin if signaled, else no. Default: 0 ICR (Initial Cell Rate). Neg: Down. Default: PCR TBE (Transient Buffer Exposure). Neg: Down. Default: 16777215 FRTT (Fixed Round Trip Delay). Neg: Accumulated. No default: set by source to fixed source delay and then accumulated during the call setup. FRTT used to determine other parameters (e.g. ICR) RIF (Rate Increase Factor). Neg: Down. Default: 1/16 RDF (Rate Decrease Factor). Neg: Down (RIF/RDF ratio). Default: 1/16 Other optional parameters (see ATMF TM 4.0 spec)
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ABR Typical Signaled Parameters

End-Stations need only to specify PCR and MCR Switches need only:
Negotiate PCR and MCR, based on conditions Negotiate TBE, RDF, and RIF down to preset values
ICR will then be computed as TBE/FRTT
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ABR Binary Rate Operation

Source Cell Rate PCR Peak Cell Rate ACR Allowed Cell Rate Network Capacity
RDF * ACR Rate Decrease Factor ICR Initial Cell Rate Average Source Rate
MCR Minimum Cell Rate TBE FRTT Fixed Round Trip Time
RIF * PCR Rate Increase Factor
Network not congested (CI=0)
Network congested (CI=1) Time
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ABR Explicit Rate Operation

Source Cell Rate PCR Peak Cell Rate
ACR Allowed Cell Rate ICR Initial Cell Rate RIF * PCR Rate Increase Factor Network Capacity
MCR Minimum Cell Rate TBE FRTT Fixed Round Trip Time Time
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Explicit Rate Flow Control vs TCP

TCP Control Loop - 1sec to control 200ms typical round trip - 20ms if uncongested
WAN
Congestion Explicit Rate Control Message 6ms to control
Source: Lawrence G. Roberts, 06/97
ER is 100 times faster than TCP

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ABR Virtual Source / Virtual Destination
Source
VS/ VD
VS/ VD
Dest
Control Loop
Control Loop
Control Loop
Rate-based segmented Control Loop It is permissible to insert Virtual Source / Virtual Destination modules into a network so as to protect one segment of the network from another , and to shorten the control loops
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ABR Source Behavior, part 1

What to do with a returning RM-Cell: If CI = 1, decrease rate proportionally:
ACR = (1 - RDF)ACR
else if NI = 0, allow linear rate increase

ACR = ACR + RIF * PCR
Also look at explicit rate feedback

ACR = Min (ACR, ER)
Also keep ACR between MCR and PCR
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ABR Source Behavior, part 2

Send a forward RM-Cell once per Nrm cells (N power of 2, from 2 to 256) or more frequently if ACR is low When sending a forward RM-Cell, do two implicit tests:
1) If source is coming out of idle, reduce ACR to ICR 2) If feedback pipe is broken, reduce ACR: ACR = (1 - CDF)ACR
(ICR = Initial Cell Rate, CDF = Cutoff Decrease Factor). See ATMF TM 4.0 Spec
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ABR Destination Behavior

Data Cell Received Save EFCI Indicator
Data Cell RM-Cell
RM-Cell Received Return RM-Cell as B-RM-Cell If Saved EFCI=1 then CI=1, saved EFCI=0 If congested then adjust ER or CI
RM-Cell
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ABR Switch Behavior

Modes of Operation
A: EFCI Binary Rate Operation B: Relative Rate Binary Operation C: Explicit Rate Operation Data Cell Received If A and congested then set EFCI Send Cell
Data Cell
RM-Cell
RM-Cell Received If B and congested then may set CI = 1 (probably on B-RM) If C then reduce ER as needed (probably on B-RM), Send RM Cell
RM-Cell
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Topics
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Early Packet Discard (EPD)

Absence of ABR flow control standard have forced vendors to find a simple solution for UBR congestion control: Support for LAN Traffic is potentially important for ATM If no flow control, source will transmit up to PCR, congestion or no congestion and cells will be discarded due to switch buffer overflow If there is a cell loss, the destination AAL will not be able to reconstruct the packet. The surviving cells will continue to flow and to fill the switch buffers Meanwhile, the higher-layer protocol (e.g. TCP) at the UBR source recognize that a packet has been lost and retransmits the packet into the network: more and more congestion...
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Early Packet Discard (cont)

The simple solution is to discard the remaining cells from the lost packet = Early Packet Discard The switch maintain an EPD buffer threshold (% of all the switch buffers) When the EPD buffer threshold is exceeded, the switch will drop all remaining cells making the AAL5 PDU until the last cell (last cell has PTI field marked) EPD works well and is VERY simple to implement UNI 4.0 ABR sources can signal their desire for EPD support at connection setup using frame discard code point
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Topics
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Quantum Flow Control (QFC)

Classical credit-based flow control mechanism Sender cannot transmit cells to a receiver unless there are available buffers in receiver Operates on a link-by-link basis
Feedback loop is small, link-speed propagation delay
Guarantees zero cell loss due to network congestion Instantaneous access to available network bandwidth Configures automatically Compatibility with UNI 3.0/3.1
With modification of IEs
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Quantum Flow Control (cont)

QFC uses a per-VC accounting for fairness
Credit balance When N cells are transmitted to receiver, balance is decremented by N When receiver forwards cells over to next link, credit is returned
- Credits Credit Balance + Credits
- Credits Credit Balance + Credits

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Topics
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Guaranteed Frame Rate Service (GFR)

Currently an ATM Forum Draft
Included in [ATM Forum Traffic Management 4.1] Described also in [ATM Forum Traffic Management Baseline Text Document]
Intended to support non-real-time applications Requires that user data cells are organized in the form of cells that can be delineated at the ATM layer
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Guaranteed Frame Rate Service (cont)

Why a GFR Service ? ATM Forum has defined 5 Service Categories
CBR, rt-VBR, nrt-VBR, UBR and ABR
However, it is expected that many users will not be able to specify the range of traffic parameters needed to request most ATM services, or will not be equipped to comply with the (source) behavior rules of ABR
The only access those users have to ATM networks would be through UBR connections, which provide no service guarantees
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Guaranteed Frame Rate Service (cont)

Goal of GFR is to bring the benefits of ATM performance and service guarantees to users that are not able to take advantage of it GFR service requires minimal interaction between users and ATM networks
But provides users some level of service guarantees
Simplicity of GFR Service spec comes at some cost in terms of the requirements imposed on the network
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The GFR Service Model

The GFR Service provides the user with a: Minimum Cell Rate (MCR) guarantee under the assumption of a given: Maximum Frame Size (MFS) and a given: Maximum Burst Size (MBS) (MFS and MBS expressed in units of cells)
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The GFR Service Model (cont)

User can send frames in excess of the MCR and associated MBS with no guarantee, spec says that each user should have access to fair share of available resources (fair is inplementation specific) User can send frame marked or unmarked
CLP must be the same for all cells in a frame CLP indicates to the network the importance of a frame
Network is allowd to tag cells in unmarked frames *only* if the user has requested the tagging option
Via signaling for SVCs or subscription for PVCs
GFR Service do not give the user explicit feedback Currently, GFR Service only applies to VC connections (VCC), because frame delineation is not generally visible in a VP connection
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Service Category Parameters and Attributes

ATM Layer Service Category Attribute
Traffic Params
CBR
rt-VBR nrt-VBR UBR S2 S n/a
ABR S3 n/a S
GFR S S8 S S U U
PCR and CDVT4,5 SCR, MBS, CDVT 4,5 MCR 4 MFS 9 Peak-to-peak CDV MaxCTD CLR 4 Feedback
Specified n/a S n/a Specified Specified * Specified Unspecified
OtherQoS Params
Unspecified Unspecified
U * Note 1
Note 7
S6
CRIHAN
Service Category Params & Attribs Notes

1: CLR is low for sources that adjust cell flow in response to control information. Whether a quantitative value for CLR is specified is network specific 2: May not be subject to CAC and UPC procedures 3: Represents the maximum rate at which the ABR source may ever send. The actual rate is subject to the control information 4: These params are either explicitly or implicitly specified for PVCs or SVCs 5: CVDT refers to the Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (See Traffic Contract). Does not need to be a unique value for a connection. Not signaled, network specific. Different values may apply at each interface along the path of a connection
CRIHAN
Service Category Params & Attribs Notes (c)

6: See ABR description 7: CLR is low for frames that are eligible for a service guarantee 8: For GFR, MBS and CDVT are associated with MCR. SCR is not applicable for GFR
CRIHAN

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ATM Traffic Management and Control

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 1

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 2

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 3

ATM Applications and Network Objectives

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 4

Solution: Traffic Management

ATM architecture defines 5 services (QoS) categories

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 5

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 6

ATM Quality of Service (QoS)

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 7

ATM Service Categories (QoS Categories)

rt-VBR - Real-Time Variable Bit Rate

nrt-VBR - Non Real-Time Variable Bit Rate

UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate

ABR - Available Bit Rate

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 8

ATM Categories (QoS) and AAL attributes

3 AAL 3/4 AAL 5 Not Required Variable

Connection oriented CBR rt-VBR nrt-VBR

Connectionless UBR ABR

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 9

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 10

ATM Traffic Contract

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 11

ATM Traffic Contract (cont)

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 12

ATM Traffic Parameters

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 13

CBR Traffic Control

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 14

VBR Traffic Control

Burst Tolerance (BT)

Sustained Cell Rate (SCR)

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 15

ABR Traffic Control

Allowed Cell Rate (ACR)

Minimum Cell Rate (MCR) Time

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 16

UBR B A N D W I D T H ABR VBR

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 17

ATM Performance (QoS) parameters

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 18

Cell Error Ratio (CER)

CRIHAN ATM Course Version 2.2 - March 1999

2.5 Traffic Management and Control - Page 19