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Mathematical function relating stress tensor to velocity field for a particular fluid
fluid mechanics
Constitutive Modeling
Looking for appropriate tensorial expressions relating stress and strain that match observed material behavior. Constraints: All terms of a constitutive equation must be of second order (i.e. have two unit vectors associated with them). Must be coordinate system invariant. Must not include any variables that depend on coordinate system. The only scalar functions that may be in constitutive equations are functions of invariants of the vectors or tensors. Must predict a symmetric stress tensor. (We can achieve this by using the velocity gradient tensor and its transpose in the definition of the strain rate tensor.) Material objectivity is required. The response of the material to an applied deformation must be the same for all observers.
Constitutive modeling
Many constitutive equations are available that meet the 4 criteria listed previously You must choose one that is best suited to your problem i.e describes the flow behaviour of the fluid of interest in the flow of interest to an acceptable level Dimensionless groups Deborah (De) number and the Weissenberg number (Wi)
Analysis of flow/fluid
Deborah number: the ratio of the relaxation time of the fluid to the time scale of a flow Determines how important memory effects are in the flow Weissenberg number: the ratio of the relation time of the fluid to a time scale of the flow which relates to nonlinearity Determines how important non-linear effects are in the flow
De =
t flow
Wi =
t flow '
De =
t flow
Wi =
t flow '
& 0 = 0 =
If De << 1 and Wi << 1 then the flow is Newtonian If De <<1 and Wi > 1 then the flow is viscometric (i.e. non-Newtonian viscosity but no elastic memory) If De > 1 and Wi << 1 then the flow is linear viscoelastic If De >1 and Wi > 1 then the flow is non linear viscoelastic
Wi
De
De =
t flow
Q dR = 3 R dz
Wi =
t flow '
Q = 3 R1
& =
That constitutive equation only allows for a constant viscosity, . Since one of the important aspects of nonNewtonian behavior is a shear rate dependant viscosity a simple modification of this constitutive equation is to include a shear rate dependant viscosity. Generalized Newtonian constitutive Eqn:
n 1 a
Bingham model:
y y &) = ( 0 + > y & where = and y = yield stress
Example
Consider a hypothetical new material function based on the following kinematics;
& (t )x 2 v= 0 0 t<0 & (t ) = 0 where exp(at ) t > 0; a > 0
xyz
b) The new material function is: Find exp for a power-law GNF.
exp
yx (t ) a
Example
How would you go about calculating the velocity field for a specific GNF model?
As with the GNF we can consider different forms of the material function G(t-t). The most common forms are the Maxwell model and the generalized Maxwell model.
Maxwell Model
Differential form:
& + = t
Integral form:
G or = /G
i & i + i = i t = i
i =1 N
Integral form: