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STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE Copyright Rosie Hamilton-McGinty 2005 All rights reserved.

. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, nor transmitted, nor translated into a machine language, without the written permission of the publisher. Summersdale Publishers Ltd 46 West Street Chichester PO19 1RP UK www.summersdale.com A Winning Attitude Program www.awinningattitude.com E-mail: info@awinningattitude.com ISBN 1 84024 512 3

Introduction
Stress in the workplace reduces productivity, increases management pressures and makes people ill in many ways. Evidence shows that the problem is increasing. Workplace stress affects the performance of the brain, including functions of work performance, memory, concentration, and learning. In the UK over 13 million working days are lost every year because of stress, and the annual cost to companies is in the region of 700 million. Stress is believed to trigger 70% of visits to doctors, and 85% of serious illnesses (UK HSE stress statistics).

Stress in the Workplace

So there are clearly strong economic and financial reasons for organisations to manage and reduce stress at work, aside from the obvious humanitarian and ethical considerations.

The easy way to beat stress and be happy

STRESS TRENDS
In the UK, HSE statistics indicate a doubling of reported clinical cases between 1990 and 1999. Working days lost per annum appear to have been about 6.5 million in the mid 1990s but rose to over 13 million by 2001.

The number of people suffering from work related stress isnt reducing.

Stress in the Workplace

S0 WHAT IS STRESS?

Stress is caused by various factors not all of which are work related. Essentially, it is an adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure. This book is concerned with those pressures that come from the work environment, however, and the various kinds of pressure in the workplace will be examined.

Many employees accept the pressure at work because they are frightened of showing a lack of commitment.

The easy way to beat stress and be happy

TOO MUCH WORK

Long working hours, to avoid conflict with managers, leads to excessive time away from home and family.

TOO MUCH RESPONSIBILITY

The pressure of balancing work and family commitments can lead to stress.

Continuous selfdevelopment ensures that the individual is equipped to take and accept responsibility.

Stress in the Workplace

Self-awareness can empower individuals to make the necessary changes to prioritise and manage time more effectively.

NO RECOGNITION FOR A JOB WELL DONE

Although it is important for one to receive recognition for ones efforts, learn to be proud of your hard work and achievements and you will feel good knowing you have done your best.

The easy way to beat stress and be happy

FLEXIBILITY

It appears that more flexibility and choice are key issues surrounding both employees and employers today. Employers and employees are becoming aware of their differences. The tension between employees needs and organisational demands requires that a balance has to be found. Otherwise the heavy work loads and long hours will lead to stress and unhappiness.

Learn to be adaptable to circumstances communicate your feelings to your manager if something is making you very unhappy.
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ADVANCEMENT

If youre feeling stuck continue to do your best, but arrange to see your manager to discuss your concerns over your career path. Be prepared to change if your personal career path does not align with your current employer.

MEANINGFUL WORK

The fact is that people are turned off by work that is meaningless or unethical, and that 70% of employees are looking for more meaning in their work.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

The essence of these needs is captured in the phrase to live, to love, to learn, to leave a legacy. The need to live is our PHYSICAL need for such things as food, clothing, shelter, economic well being, and health. The need to love is our SOCIAL need to relate to other people, to belong, to love, to be loved. The need to learn is our MENTAL need to develop and to grow. And the need to leave a legacy is our SPIRITUAL need to have a sense of meaning, purpose, personal congruence, and contribution. How powerfully do these needs affect our time and the quality of our life.
(Stephen R. Covey 1994)

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Achieving meaningful life work is aligning ones work to our true essence or core self. It is an ongoing process that involves selfawareness to discover the deep passions within and then exploring how to bring those passions or interests into the work.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Address this issue:

What do I really love doing? Explore this, meditate on what really makes you happy.

One should make the effort to do something associated with what they love doing. The saying to labour with love is a good place to start.

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SENSE OF BELONGING

People need and want to belong to communities in which they can make meaningful contributions work then provides a sense of identity among friends and colleagues, which is very important.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

STRESS EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE

In 1995, stress, depression and anxiety were the second most commonly reported work-related illnesses, after backache and other muscular and skeletal disorders. Stress is proven beyond doubt to make people ill, and the number of ailments and diseases it causes is increasing. It is known to contribute to heart disease; it causes hypertension and high blood pressure and also impairs the immune system. Anyone can get stressed. It has nothing to do with weakness. Everyone has a different threshold at which they become stressed.

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Every single one of us has the potential to become stronger and wiser for our experiences (whether they are good or bad); we just need to know what is happening and what to do.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

WHEN IS A SYMPTOM OF STRESS A WARNING SIGNAL?

The body tries to tell us through signs such as a rapid heartbeat, dizzy spells, tight muscles, or various body aches that something is wrong. It is important to remain attentive to such symptoms and to learn to identify the situations that provoke them. When symptoms persist, you are at risk of serious health problems because stress can exhaust your immune system.

Research demonstrates that 90% of illness is stress related.

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SIGNS OF PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS

Physical symptoms can be caused by other illnesses, so it is important to have a medical doctor treat serious disorders. Remember, however, that the mind and body are not separate entities therefore some of these physical problems may be exacerbated by stress. The following ailments can be brought on by stress:
Tension and headaches Sleep disturbance Neck, back and shoulder pain Muscle tension Fatigue

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Hair loss Weight gain or loss, eating disorders Constipation, diarrhoea Upset acid stomach, cramps, heartburn, gas, irritable bowel syndrome High blood pressure Irregular heartbeat, palpitations Asthma or shortness of breath Chest pains Sweaty hands Cold hands or feet Skin problems (hives, eczema, psoriasis, tics, itching) Dizziness

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SIGNS OF EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS

It is important to find out whether emotional symptoms are stress related or not take note of the circumstances or individuals that create the emotional imbalances. Take positive action to address the situation. The following emotional symptoms are uncomfortable and can affect your performance at work, physical health, and/or relationships with others.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Feeling out of control Lack of concentration or thinking clearly Nervousness Anxiety Depression Irritability and moodiness Frustration Phobias

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RELATIONSHIP SYMPTOMS

Anti social behaviour displayed in stressful situations may cause rapid deterioration of relationships with family, friends, co-workers, or even strangers. A person under stress may manifest signs like the following:
Increased arguments Domestic or workplace violence Road rage Over reactions Isolation from social activities Frequent job changes Conflict with co-workers or employers

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

SOME BASIC HUMAN NEEDS FOR WORK


Belonging & significance

The need to be accepted by others and to have strong personal ties with colleagues, ones family, friends, and identity groups.
Personal fulfillment

The need to reach ones potential in all areas of life.


Safety & security

The need for structure, predictability, stability, and freedom from fear and anxiety.
Self-esteem

The need to be recognized by oneself and others as strong, competent, and capable, it also includes the need to know that one has some effect on her/his environment.
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Fun & enjoyment

Uplifting laughter helps to solve conflict in the environment.


Power & Autonomy

Trust in ones capabilities


Managed properly

By reward, not punishment


Identity

Goes beyond a psychological sense of self . Burton and other human needs theorists define identity as a sense of self in relation to the outside world. Identity becomes a problem when ones identity is not recognized as valid or true, or when it is considered inferior or is threatened by others with different identifications.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Cultural security

Relates to identity, the need for recognition and respect, of ones language, traditions, religion, cultural values, ideas, and concepts in all aspects of ones life.
Freedom

Is the condition of having no physical, political, or civil restraints; having the capacity to exercise choice in all aspects of ones life.

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WHAT APPEARS TO CREATE STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE IS

EMPLOYEES NEEDS VERSUS EMPLOYERS NEEDS


53% of people in work have suffered stress in the past 12 months, and it appears that it is difficult to talk about STRESS it still carries a stigma even today.
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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Employers should understand that part of managing people is about managing their feelings.

STRESS RELATED ILLNESS IS LOWEST AMONG TOP RANKING PROFESSIONALS AND MANAGERS
Studies have found Stress is highest among shop floor workers and junior managers. It is thought that the amount of control you have in your job and work environment is a key factor in stress. Therefore people at the bottom have the LEAST control over their working lives and have the most stress.

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There appears to be NO IMPROVEMENT in the Family Friendly workplace policy in fact stressed workers appear to be getting more stressed. It can be difficult to talk about stress in organisations with a CLOSED STYLE OF MANAGEMENT they expect their employees to work hard and NOT CARE about their home and personal life.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Problem: Employers and Employees NEEDS are not in harmony


EMPLOYEES WANT
Opportunities

to become more successful


Challenges

that are stimulating and motivational


Advancement Training

moving forward and up for personal and business success

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Support

for both personal and business decisions


Flexibility

the ability to balance both business and home life


Freedom

to make decisions
Interesting Work

choice of tasks
Money

equal opportunities
Work Community

required to make work more meaningful


Autonomy

respect for ones capabilities


Transparency

good clear guidelines


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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Teamwork

good relationships helps to achieve goals


Consistency

being kept informed


Responsibility Recognition Free time Stability

that one is capable for work well done important for ones well being consistency in ones approach
Independence

allowing one to depend on ones self


Fun

to have time to relax and chill out


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With Less
CONTR OL CONTROL

making one feel inadequate allowing one to prioritise their workload lack of trust to do the job poor communication lack of clear guidelines and direction And finally

PRESSURE

SUPER VISION SUPERVISION

UNCER TAINTY UNCERT COMPLEXITY

HIERAR CHY HIERARCHY

too many bosses

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

EMPLOYERS WANT
Flexibility

to ensure targets are met


Availability

work priorities versus home life


Productivity

targets must be achieved


Profitability

improvement of the bottom line


Entrepreneurial staff

go-getters always willing to work hard and displaying the following leadership qualities
Visibility Dedication Resilience Self-reliance Change Loyalty Innovation

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WHAT CREATES STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE?


Stress comes from business needs not meeting individual needs.
WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO STRESS

Poor relationships with superiors and co-workers Harassment from others Discrimination Too much or too little to do Boring or repetitive work Role confusion Inflexible work schedules
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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

Lack of communication and consultation Blame Culture Inflexible work schedules Bullying, racial, sexual harassment Discrimination
PRESSURE

To meet unreasonable deadlines Adapt to certain management structures Accept and act upon performance feedback

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FRUSTRATION

Lack of acknowledgement at work that Stress actually exists Lack of support and acknowledgement of individual achievements Being passed over for promotion Not being considered or recognised as being suitable for a job.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

SOLUTIONS
Acceptance and commitment on the part of he stressed person are essential to move forward. The situation must be handled by someone who will not perpetuate the stressful influence: therefore a manager accused of causing stress must never be expected to resolve the problem. Removing the stressor or the person from the stressful situation is only part of the solution. Stop perceiving the situation as threatening few events are stressful in themselves. Stress can be associated with situations that you find difficult to handle. How you view things can also affect your stress level. Take time to think about what issues really contribute to your stress. These can sometimes not be linked to work at all and may be
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external factors like home and family, poor health habits and could even be due to irresponsible behaviour. Also remember that negative attitude and feelings can contribute to feeling stressed. Take responsibility to change your approach and improve your communication skills you will be surprised how quickly things will change to your benefit. There are two simple ways to alleviate stress susceptibility: diet and exercise. They are guaranteed to produce virtually immediate improvement; they are available to everyone and cost nothing.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

DIET

It is widely known that nutritional deficiency impairs the health of the body, and it would be unrealistic not to expect the brain to be affected as well by poor diet. If the brain is affected, so are our thoughts, feelings and behaviour. Certain vitamins and minerals are required to ensure healthy brain and neurological functionality. The vitamin B group is particularly relevant to the brain, depression and stress susceptibility. Vitamin C is also essential to protect against stress: it maintains a healthy immune system and speeds healing, which is very important for reducing stress susceptibility.

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A proper balanced diet is also clearly essential, in addition to avoiding direct physical stress causes. Toxins such as alcohol, tobacco smoke, drugs and other pollutants work against the balance between minerals, vitamins mind and body. Therefore excesses from these sources will increase stress susceptibility and stress itself.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

EXERCISE
Physical exercise is immensely beneficial in managing stress. The reasons being: Exercise releases helpful chemicals in our brain and body that are good for us. Exercise can distract us from the causes of stress. Exercise warms and relaxes cold tight muscles and tissues which contribute to stress feelings. Exercise develops and maintains a healthy body which directly reduces stress susceptibility. Exercise increases blood flow to the brain, which is good for us.

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Exercise produces powerful feelings of well-being and a physical glow, both of which directly reduce stress feelings. Something terrific happens to the brain when the body works out, especially during aerobic exercise. Imagine what 15 minutes a day of brisk walking or jogging can do!

We have all evolved over millions of years into bodies that were built to exercise, and its no wonder that avoiding it creates all kinds of tensions. Exercise, like a better diet, isnt difficult to adopt. The answer is simple: just take responsibility and motivate yourself to make the changes.
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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
EXCESSIVE DRINKING AND SMOKING

This is an escape from reality. Take responsibility to address these addictions perhaps by finding a new hobby or interest that does not involve socialising. Develop your strengths be aware of your weaknesses and show strength of character to overcome and change to a new you.

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OVER/UNDER-EATING

Comfort eating is habitual to change your attitude towards yourself, take pride in who you are, what your talents and capabilities are as an individual, remember you have great potential. Self awareness can help you discover more about yourself. This may take time but in the meantime start by believing in yourself tell yourself everyday how successful and confident you are.

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INTERPERSONAL DIFFICULTIES

Problems relating to others can be stressful. Take charge dont be afraid or shy to say what you feel is right for you. Communicate your feelings in a positive way, and try to remember everyone likes to be liked and admired, likes attention and affection.

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DIFFICULTY IN SLEEPING

A mind full of clutter and worries can stop one enjoying a good nights sleep. Firstly, stop worrying about something you cannot do anything about and secondly start to prioritise your workload more efficiently where you start to make time for you to relax and switch off. After a few days you will start to feel more relaxed and happier with your life.

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy

AGGRESSIVE OR PASSIVE BEHAVIOUR

Aggression stems from anger generally a person in your immediate environment, start by communicating with the individual. Remember its not what you say its the way that you say it. Let the person know your feelings and find a mutual way forward. Passive behaviour needing approval can be one of many reasons why people are afraid to voice their feelings. Being a door mat is not healthy learn to be proud of who you are people will respect you more if you communicate your feelings openly.

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WORKPLACE CONFLICT

You all have a job to do the best results come from people who listen, tolerate and co-operate with their co-workers. Being spiteful, aggressive or indifferent can cause tension. Let it go be caring, giving and flexible. The new atmosphere, which you have created, will make your life at work so much more enjoyable and fun.

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ABSENTEEISM

You can run away or hide, but its much better to face the problem because it wont go away unless you take responsibility to address the problem. Let your manager know how you are feeling about any stressful situation communication is the first step towards resolving your situation.

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BULLYING AND STRESS

An abuse of power or position towards another person can cause anxiety and will gradually undermine their confidence, leaving them prone to suffering physical ill health and mental distress as a direct result. Physical effects from bullying can be much the same as with other forms of stress. They include:
Feeling sick Loss of appetite Numbness Panic Attacks Depression

Often people being bullied are normally confident and high achievers the bully sees them as a threat and tries to wear them down bit by bit.

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SOME SOLUTIONS TO BULLYING Get support from a colleague Keep a written record of what is going on Confront the person

If someone is behaving in a way that is causing stress, it is not acceptable let them know this is not on Regular self-awareness coaching to identify stressful situations, as well as identifying strengths and weaknesses, areas talents, gifts and creativity helps individuals to take responsibility for themselves and their lives.

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SOME COPING TECHNIQUES

In determining how to cope with some of the stress related symptoms, it is always helpful to know or understand what type you are dealing with. Acute stress results from demands and pressures of the recent past and any anticipated demands or pressures of the near future. Most people recognise the signs of acute stress they can appear when something major happens in our lives: divorce; moving home; changing jobs; and the experience of loss. It can also come from always rushing and trying to do too much to meeting self-imposed demands.

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Short term stress results from feeling stressed when something goes wrong, like someone banged your car bumper, your boss is too demanding, meeting deadlines, your wife/husband/partner is always nagging, your children are unhappy at school. This type of stress can lead to physical or emotional stress if you dont take action and make necessary changes.

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MANAGING STRESS

The aim of stress management is to help to balance the various aspects of your life your work, your relationships and your leisure and to balance the physical, intellectual and emotional aspects of life. People who effectively manage stress consider life a challenge rather than a series of irritations, and they feel they have control over their lives, even in the face of setbacks. If you feel that you are suffering from stress try to identify the aspects of your life that are causing it. Sometimes you may not be able to change or avoid them, but at other times simple lifestyle changes can make all the difference.

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LEARN TO FIND A BALANCE

You may be experiencing stress because your life has become out of balance. You may be spending too much time and energy on work or on caring for others at the expense of your own health and well being. The following strategies can help you to live a more balanced and stress free life. Delegating or sharing your responsibilities at work and at home Avoiding difficult colleagues, family members and acquaintances Learning to be more assertive Doing regular exercise

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Not using drink or drugs to cope Eating a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruit and vegetables Finding humour in stressful situations Never taking on more than you know you can cope with Organise and prioritise your time better to get as much done as possible Talking to friends, colleagues, family, sharing thoughts and fears Listening to music and relaxation tapes

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Tensing and relaxing your muscles starting at the toes and working up to the head and neck Meditate for 5 minutes every day

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TIME MANAGEMENT

Recognise your time schedules in order to maintain a more balanced life. This includes: Making a list of jobs to do, cross off as you complete them Prioritise tasks in relevant order Learn to say NO Learn to delegate less important tasks Take a welcome break to relax Your attitude has much to do with stress management. Find new ways to change your thinking and manage your expectations.

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ATTITUDE CHANGES
Be realistic dont expect too much of yourself or others nobody is perfect. Be prepared to give in its about being flexible. Its important to learn to leave work problems at work and home problems at home. Always try to have a good sense of humour to help cope with tension.

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SUPPORT FROM FRIENDS


Have a heart to heart talk with a friend who is a good listener and makes you feel understood. Studies show that people who have active social lives are most capable of dealing with stressful situations and major illness.

Therefore to help reduce stress, develop a network of friends, family members to help when you become stressed. Also think of friends who care about you and share your personal thoughts. Call people who you feel close to, make a date to see them allow them to care for you.

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THE KEY TO GOOD HEALTH LINKS TO YOUR ATTITUDE


Remember, illness is not a punishment it is an effect the effect of a cause of which you personally were responsible.

You can worry yourself into a state where you get an ulcer. The cause is worry, the effect, the ulcer. Because you allowed yourself to have tension instead of tranquillity, stress instead of serenity you made yourself ill. Most illness is emotionally induced, the pain, symptoms and discomfort are real enough, if you have an ulcer it hurts. The pain is caused by a muscular contraction of the stomach lining. Its common knowledge that an ulcer is a result of stress and most diseases are.

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Your body is a pretty complex mechanism. It never ceases to amaze me that after so many years of research we know so little about its workings, but one thing we do know: the fluids and secretions have to be very finely balanced, a little too much blood sugar and you have diabetes, too few red corpuscles and you get anaemia, a drop in blood pressure and you pass out, an increase in the bloods clotting rate and you get a thrombosis. The mechanical balance is as sensitive as the chemical: contract the neck muscles when you should be relaxed you get a headache. For you to be in a state of good health you have to have everything in your body in balance.

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The imbalances in your body, the basic cause of your ill health, come from your emotions. Whoever listed the seven deadly sins was a sound psychiatrist: they are not sins against theology, they are not sins against God, theyre sins against common sense. Any one of them will make you ill, and any permeation of more than one will keep you ill, and any group of them can cause serious illness. In case you cannot remember the sins here they are: Pride Gluttony Greed Lust Anger Envy Sloth

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PRIDE

A feeling of elation or satisfaction at ones achievements, qualities or possessions. An unduly high opinion of ones own importance.
GLUTTONY

A person insatiably eager for something - an excessive eater.


GREED

An excessive desire especially for food or wealth.


LUST

To have a strong or excessive desire (especially sexual).


ANGER

Extreme or passionate displeasure.


ENVY

A feeling of discontented longing aroused by anothers better fortune.

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SLOTH

Laziness an aversion to exertion The way to start on the road to good health and a stress free life is to change your attitude. Because the triggers in your body the triggers that control the balances and imbalances are affected by your attitude you have to replace your bad emotions with good ones replace aggressiveness with gentleness anger with serenity hostility with love and intolerance with understanding. Your body will react to an attitude even if it is simulated. Your body will start getting well if your attitude is the right one even if in your mind your thoughts are not. In the morning stand in front of you mirror and act the part of a happy
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person for about 2-3 minutes. It doesnt matter what you feel, it doesnt matter what you think, we are not concerned with thoughts and feelings we are concerned with attitude. Even if its simulated, even if its not what you feel act the part of a happy person. Laugh, sing, smile and do that for 2, 3 or 5 minutes. This attitude will start affecting the triggers in your body it will start putting your body into a harmonious balance. After you have done this for a few minutes you will start feeling good and if you keep it up every day you will start feeling really great and positive. Try to radiate an atmosphere of calm. Whatever your immediate reaction to an adverse event, the advice to turn the other cheek is a sound one. The advice to count up to ten before reacting aggressively is a sound one.
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Dont envy anyone, you cannot know what price theyve paid. Gradually you will learn to replace the bad attitude with a good one and you will start to feel better.
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE

You can shock the system by a negative attitude, you can shock your system into an immediate imbalance. You can also create a balance and make yourself feel well. You can test this easily enough next time you get upset, or feel stressed.

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RELAXATION

Go into a quiet room or place. Remove your jacket and shoes, sit in a comfortable chair. Link your hands, cross your ankles, close your eyes. Let your eyes drift slowly upwards. Now take slow, easy breaths. Breathe deeply and slowly, let your breath go out fully, pause and repeat for 5 minutes. Get dressed and return to what you were doing. You will feel refreshed. Repeat whenever necessary its simple enough. What you have done is to adopt the attitude of a serene person: your eyes at rest, your body at ease, your breathing slow and unexcited. This is the attitude of relaxation, the controlling mechanism in your body. The triggers have responded immediately, the defences have stood down and the body is restored to a
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harmonious balance. You feel relaxed, you feel refreshed. After a few attempts you will be able to do this simple exercise anywhere, in the train, in the office, in your parked car. The change in your state of health will amaze you. The body is a self healing mechanism all surgery and nearly all orthodox medicine is based on this fact, and when a surgeon operates he does so with the safe knowledge that if he brings the cut parts together and holds them in position, they will heal, if they didnt surgery could not exist. This is true of non-surgical medicine too. Most ailments are treated by putting the patient to bed and removing as many causes of stress as possible, keeping warm and relaxed and letting the body heal itself. A doctor may prescribe drugs to ease the
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symptoms or some to accelerate the natural healing process of the body but without its self-healing properties he would be lost.

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KEYS TO GOOD HEALTH

Your body reacts to your attitude it doesnt matter if your attitude is simulated your body reacts to your attitude not your thoughts to your attitude. Your body is a self-healing mechanism if you want it to get on with its job then you have to create the environment in which healing and harmony can work.

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SELF HELP TEST


(Yes/No) I learn to take on board others opinions even when they are different from my own I am tolerant of others in their approach I am optimistic about the future I learn from my mistakes I am efficient and on time I have a winning attitude that puts me ahead of others I go out of my way to make others feel important I am co-operative in my dealings with others

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I understand that the way I look and behave is important to good relations with others (smiling is better than frowning) I am willing to accept new challenges I understand the importance of the 3 As: Attention Admiration Affection in my dealings with others I understand that good self esteem means respect for others as well myself

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PEOPLE HAVE BASIC NEEDS THAT MUST BE MET


They would like someone to value them They want a little security They want to be managed properly, by reward, not punishment They want meaningful work They want ongoing development to identify strengths and weaknesses

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The easy way to beat stress and be happy By the same author:

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