Btech Summer Internship (PC333) Internship Report

Mentor : Prof. Deepak Ghodgaonkar Kim Malar 201001126 Topic : Global Naviation Satellite System(GNSS) GAGAN(GPS aided geo augmented navigation)

GNSS

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is a satellite system that is used to pinpoint the geographic location of a user's receiver anywhere in the world. Two GNSS systems are currently in operation: the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS). A third, Europe's Galileo, is slated to reach full operational capacity in 2008. Each of the GNSS systems employs a constellation of orbiting satellites working in conjunction with a network of ground stations. Satellite-based navigation systems use a version of triangulation to locate the user, through calculations involving information from a number of satellites. Each satellite transmits coded signals at precise intervals. The receiver converts signal information into position, velocity, and time estimates. Using this information, any receiver on or near the earth's surface can calculate the exact position of the transmitting satellite and the distance (from the transmission time delay) between it and the receiver. Coordinating current signal data from four or more satellites enables the receiver to determine its position. Depending on the particular technologies used, GNSS precision varies. For example, the United States Department of Defense originally used an intentional degradation (known as "Selective Availability," or "SA") of GPS signals to prevent potential military adversaries from using the positioning data. Because of SA, GPS accuracy was limited to a 100meter range for civilian users, although military equipment enabled accuracy to within a single meter. In May 2000, a presidential order mandated that SA be discontinued. Without SA, all GPS receivers are potentially accurate to within 15 meters. When available, Galileo will provide position accuracy to within one meter.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite navigation system designed to provide instantaneous position, velocity and time information anywhere on the globe and in its vicinity. The baseline satellite constellation consists of 24 satellites positioned in six earth-centered orbital planes. The orbital period of a GPS satellite is onehalf of a sidereal day or 11 hours 58 minutes. The orbits are nearly circular and equally spaced about the equator at a 60-degree separation with an inclination of 55 degrees relative to the equator. The orbital radius is approximately 26,600 km. With the baseline satellite constellation, users with a clear view of the sky have a minimum of four satellites in view.

Augmentation of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a method of improving the navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the GNSS sensor receives the external information.

Service areas of some Satellite Based Augmentation Systems

Need for Augmentation

1. Current GPS constellation cannot support requirements for all phases of flight. 2.Integrity is not guaranteed (all satellites are not monitored at all times; time-to-alarm is from minutes to hours, no indication of quality of service). 3.Accuracy is not sufficient (even with Selective Availability off, vertical accuracy>10m). 4.Availability and continuity must be met.

GAGAN
1.Introduction
GAGAN is a satellite based navigation system that will serve as a low cost substitute for Instrument Landing System (ILS). The system is being developed by ISRO in collaboration with Airports Authority of India. GAGAN will use a satellite based Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) technology (Satellite based WAAS is also referred to as Satellite Based Augmentation Systems or SBAS) developed by Raytheon for the US Federal Aviation Authority (FAA.). WAAS is a ground and space-based network that provides corrections for GPS signals so they can yield more precision in all modes of transportation, including civil aviation. Lateral Precision with Vertical (LPV) guidance on the WAAS, facilitates civil aircraft to make an instrumented approach for landing with cloud ceilings as low as 250 ft. and visibility as low as 0.75 mi. This compares well with a typical ILS that allows an aircraft to make an instrumented approach with a cloud ceiling as low as 200 ft. and visibility as low as 0.50.

2.The Way GAGAN Works

The GAGAN system consists of a network of 15 Indian Navigation Reference Earth Stations (INRES) spread over the country that are precisely surveyed to compare the position determined from GPS satellite signals against the location of the receiver. The observed deltas are then be sent to 2 Indian Navigation Master Control Centers (INMCC) where computer processing will extrapolate the data to generate correcting deltas for GPS signals anywhere within the network. These correcting deltas will be relayed via 3 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS) and geostationary satellites to civil aircraft so more precise fixes of their position can be derived from GPS satellite signals. INRES sites and INMCCs are connected using Optical Fiber Cable Data Communication Network as well as VSAT link. ISRO will launch and manage the data link satellites. The cost savings in using a system like GAGAN accrue from the fact that its ground system does not need to be duplicated for each runway, as is the case for an ILS. The GPS signals, as well as the correcting deltas, can be made available to aircraft for any runway within the network using satellite based communication.

3.GAGAN Accuracy
GAGAN will provide a precision of 1.5-meter accuracy in the horizontal plane, 2.5-meter in the vertical. This is the same as the FAA system. However, to account for possible worst-case positioning errors in civil aviation, a much rougher figure of about 15 meters horizontal will be used.

In addition to using GPS signals, GAGAN will be able to use timing and positioning signals from GLONASS and the proposed GALILEO Navigation Satellite System..

4.Implementation Progress
The GAGAN system will have a full complement of the SBAS inclusive of ground and onboard segment. It will be built in phases. The first phase was completed in August 2007 and served as a technology demonstrator. The GAGAN project is currently undergoing the final operation phase since June 2009 year and is scheduled to be completed by July 2013. The space borne segment of GAGAN consists of payloads onboard Indian geostationary satellites GSAT-8P, GSAT-10 and GSAT-9. The GSAT-8P was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on May 21, 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude. After the launch of GSAT-8, In-Orbit Test and Test and Evaluation of GAGAN navigation payload were carried out and the satellite integrated with Bangalore INLUS-West. Stability test are in progress, following which GAGAN signal without certification were available for users. GSAT-10 was launched on September 29, 2012 and will be integrated with Bangalore INLUS-East. Also, GSAT-8 will be integrated with New Delhi INLUS. Final System Acceptance Test will be conducted during June 2012 followed by system certification during July 2013. GSAT-9 is expected to be launched in the coming months. GAGAN can function with one Geo stationary satellite. The other two satellites serve as in-orbrit backups.

5.Aircraft Equipment
In order to use GAGAN, aircraft will need to be equipped with a small receiver with three antennas costing $2,000 - $5,000.

6.Ionospheric Study
One essential component of the GAGAN project is the study of the ionospheric behavior over the Indian region. This has been specially taken up in view of the rather uncertain nature of the behavior of the ionosphere in the region. The study will lead to the optimization of the algorithms for the ionospheric corrections in the region.

7.Planned Usage
India plans to use the GAGAN system initially in 40 candidate airports that will require CAT-1 or close to CAT-1 capability in the near future. The system will improve airport and airspace access in all-weather conditions while meeting environmental and obstacle clearance constraints. GAGAN would also enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures that feature parallel routes and environmentally optimised airspace corridors.

8.Flight Management System (FMS)

A Flight Management System (FMS), based on GAGAN, is under development. It will help civil aircraft operators to save time and money by managing climb, descent and engine performance profiles of aircraft.

9.Compatibility
GAGAN will be compatible with other Space Based Augmentation System such as the Wide Area Augmentation System of the U.S., the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service and the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System of Japan and will provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries. India would become the fourth country in the world to adopt this system.

10.Seamless Coverage
GAGAN will provide augmentation service for GPS over India, Bay of Bengal, South-East Asia, Middle East expanding upto Africa. GAGAN will be compatible and interoperable with other SBAS systems such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) of USA, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) of European Union (EU) and the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) of Japan. It will fill the gap between the European EGNOS and the Japanese MSAS to provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries.

GAGAN Benefits
To Civil Aviation Sector Improved Efficiency/Economy Direct Routes Increased Fuel savings Precision approach at all Runways Significant cost savings due to withdrawal of ground aids Reduced workload of Flight Crew and ATCOs Improved Capacity through reduced aircraft separation Higher Accuracy, Global Coverage Improved Safety Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) Enhanced Air-to-Air Surveillance: ADS-B Availability of MSAW facility (Min. Safe Altitude Warning) Reduced Noise Pollution

To Non-Civil Aviation Sector

Marine Navigation Train & Road transport Precision Farming Search and Rescue (SAR) operations Surveying (Geodetic & Geodynamic) Scientific community.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an independent regional navigation satellite system. It is designed to provide position accuracy better than 10m over India and the region extending about 1500 kms around India. It will provide an accurate real time Position, Navigation and Time (PNT) services to users on a variety of platforms with 24x7 service availability under all weather conditions. IRNSS provides two basic services such as Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for common civilian users and Restricted Service (RS) for special authorised users.