PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL WESTERN VISAYAS CAMPUS Bitoon, Jaro, Iloilo City

Research 1 Quarter 1 CONCEPT PAPER

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The Yield Performance of Pleurotus ostreatus on Corn (Zes mays) Husks as an Alternative Substrate. Background: Mushrooms have been a part of the human diet long ago and are known for their nutritional and medicinal values. Pleurotus ostreatus or oyster mushroom as it is known is part of the wide range of edible mushrooms. These mushrooms, or in general, rich in essential vitamins that are body needs. In nature, these oyster mushrooms are found in clusters growing on dead trees. A substrate is any waste product from agricultural or industrial production. Examples can be; wheat straw, rice hulls, banana leaves and even paper products. The husks of Zey mays when dried are used primarily used to wrap tamales (popular in Mexico and Central America). These husks are used in handicrafts, made into dolls, flowers, wreaths and many more. Studies and researches in the Philippines about growing mushrooms are still very rare. Studying how to grow mushrooms on alternative substrates such as corn husks can reduce these wastes in the country. Studies on corn husks are also very rare or none at all despite the abundance of corn in the Philippines. What is already known: Principles: Pleurotus ostreatus gave better results on pure sawdust substrate compared to the other substrates. It gave the highest results for most of the parameters which were the yield produced, number of fruiting bodies and the biological efficiency. This study has stated that sawdust must be utilized to convert food in the form of mushrooms (Ashraf and others, 2004). Corn husks have been studied to be a better substrate for the production of rifamycin B compared to corncobs and wheat bran. This study showed that this strain has potential at industrial scale for biotechnological production using low cost agro- industrial material which is corn husk (Mahalaxmi and others, 2009). The combination of rice and wheat straws can be used to gain good production of nutritionally rich edible mushroom P. ostreatus in Egypt. In addition it is a useful mean of getting rid of the agricultural wastes. Mushroom can be considered as an alternative source of protein as it contain large quantities of essential amino acids and this can solve problems of vegetarian people all over the world who often suffer from protein deficiency (Yehia, 2012). This study showed that un- supplemented corncob became a better substrate, for the mushroom strain used, compared to the various levels of substrate supplementation. In conclusion to this

statement, mushrooms would grow better on pure substrates rather than being supplemented or mixed with others (Stanley CN and others, 2011). Results showed that many factors involved in the difference of nutritional composition in the mushrooms grown on different substrates. Oyster mushrooms different each other from nutritional composition although theyre from the same genus. This study would suggest that the raw substrates used would not have the same quantity and quality of nutrients (Randive, 2012).

Methods: Data was measured by counting in days for spawn running, pin- head formation, and maturity of fruiting bodies to form. This study counted the number of flushes the mushrooms would make and the days it took between those flushes. The yield of the mushrooms was measured in grams (Abdul Rauf and others, 2005). This study has prepared its substrates (sawdust and corncobs), collected and analyzed its data. The data were recorded on mycelium running rate in spawn bags, time required for completion of mycelium running, time required for primordia initiation, time required for harvesting, number of primordia, number of effective fruiting bodies, stalk length, stalk diameter, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, average individual weight of fruiting bodies and biological yield (Eugene and Samuel, 2012). Parameters used to determine the data in this study included measuring the height of fruiting body and the diameter of pileus in centimetres using a ruler, fruiting bodies were counted and the mean was calculated, and lastly both fresh and dry weight of the mushrooms were weighed immediately after harvesting and drying (Onuoha, 2007). This study calculated Biological efficiency with this equation: ((Fresh weight of mushroom/dry weight of mushroom) x 100, while moisture content was calculated with this: ((Fresh weight of mushroom-dry weight of mushroom)/fresh weight of mushroom) x 100. Other parameters under nutritional analysis were measured by procedure recommended by; AOAC (1995) and Ranggana (1986) (Patil, 2012). The study identified its strains of Pleurotus ostreatus, prepared the spawn and finally cultivated the mushroom. Yield and biological efficiency, proximate analysis, lignin, celloluse, hemicellulose, tannin, mineral and vitamin estimation, and amino acid analysis were the parameters measured in the study (Ahmed and others, 2010). Knowledge gap: Mushrooms can be grown in any waste product, from paper to saw dust and even to cow dung. Corn husks are a common waste we have considering that corn is very abundant in the country. From recycling these husks, rather than burning them, would greatly help waste management and reduce the pollution. Due to the lack of studies and researches in the Philippines on mushroom growing, not much is known. The same would be for corn husks, it is very rare. Although a lot of researchers study Pleurotus ostreatus and the substrates it grows on, they are not from the country. Proposed problems: How is the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus affected by corn husks as a substrate? Rationale: The purpose of this study is to introduce mushroom growing and the use of corn husks as an alternative substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus. Corn is very abundant in the country and its husk is now being recycled

into bags and other handicrafts. But most of us still throw them away and even burn them, why not make them into a substrate? Using it as a substrate can reduce the pollution we have in the country and wont contribute to global warming. Growing mushrooms in the country would become a living for the common people and can commercially release them. The producing mushrooms, we could make it into an alternative food source for the poor and reduce hunger rates in the country. Together with the riboflavin, lovastatin and other essential vitamins it contains, we could start living a healthy lifestyle. References: Ashraf M, Ishtiaq M, Shah ZA. 2004. Comparative Study on Cultivation and Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Different Substrates (Wheat Straw, Leaves, Saw Dust). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition [Internet]. [cited 2013 August 3]; 3 (3): 158- 160. Available from: http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin196.pdf. Mahalaxmi Y, Prakasham RS, Sathish T, Subba Rao Ch. 2009. Corn husk as a novel substrate for the production of rifamycin B by isolated Amycolatopsis sp. RSP 3 under SSF. Process Biochemistry [Internet]. [accepted 2009 August 4, cited 2013 August 3]; 45: 47- 53. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/201890/Corn_husk_as_a_novel_substrate_for_the_production_of_rifamycin_B _by_isolated_Amycolatopsis_sp._RSP_3_under_SSF. Yehia RS. 2012. Nutritional Value and Biomass Yield of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Different Wastes in Egypt. Innovative Romanian Food Biotechnology [Internet]. [accepted 2012 August 10, cited 2013 July 5]; 11: 9- 14. Available from: http://www.bioaliment.ugal.ro/revista/11/paper%2011.2.pdf. Abdul Rauf CH, Muhammad Iqbal SH, and Iqbal Sheikh M. 2005. Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom on Different Substrates. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology [Internet]. [accepted 2005 July 20, cited 2013 July 8]; 7 (6): 900- 903. Available from: http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/pastissues/IJABVOL_7_NO_6/10.pdf. Onuoha Cl. 2007 July 9. Cultivation of the Mushroom (Pleurotus tuber regium) using some local substrates. Life Science Journal [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 16]; 4: 58- 61. Available from: http://www.sciencepub.net/life/life0404/13_life0404_58_61_Cultivation.pdf Patil SS. 2012 October. Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor- caju on Different Agro Wastes. Science Research Reporter [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 16]; 2 (3): 225- 228. Available from: http://www.jsrr.in/Vol.2%20No.3/10%20Patil%2043-46.pdf Stanley CN, Stanley HO, Umolo EA. 2011. Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) on amended corncob substrate. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 16]; 2 (10): 1336- 1339. Available from: http://scihub.org/ABJNA/PDF/2011/10/ABJNA-2-10-13361339.pdf Ahmed SA, Baig MMV, Patil SS, Telang SM. 2010. The Nutritional Value of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm Cultivated on Different Lignocellulosic Agro- Wastes. Innovative Romanian Food Biotechnology [Internet]. [accepted 2010 September 22, cited 2013 August 3]; 7: 66- 76. Available from: http://www.bioaliment.ugal.ro/revista/7/paper%2079.pdf Eugene TL, Samuel AA. 2012. Growth Performance and Yield of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus

ostreatus) on Different Substrates Composition in Buea South West Cameroon. Science Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 5]; 2012: 1- 6. Available from: http://www.sjpub.org/sjbch/sjbch-139.pdf Randive SD. 2012. Cultivation and study of growth of oyster mushroom on different agricultural waste substrate and its nutrient analysis. Advances in Applied Science Research [Internet]. [cited 2013 July 5]; 3 (4): 1938- 1949. Available from: http://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com/advances-in-appliedscience/vol3-iss4/AASR-2012-3-4-1938-1949.pdf