Vibhakti Divergence between

Sanskrit and Hindi

Patel Preeti Khimji
2010
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Nominal vibhakti classication in Sanskrit . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Kraka vibhakti relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Pinis treatment of kraka relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Sanskrit-Hindi Divergence 13
3 Optional Divergence 17
3.1
(diva karma ca P-1.4.43) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 T 9T
(parikrayae sampradnamanyatarasym P-1.4.44) . . . . . . 18
3.3 TT
(hkronyatarasym P-1.4.53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 I
(gatyarthakarmai dvitycaturthyau ceymanadhvani P-
2. 3.12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5 TT
(sajonyatarasy karmai P-2. 3.22) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.6 I
(enap dvity P-2. 3. 31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
i
3.7
(vibhopasarge P-2. 3.59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.8
(ktyn karttari v P-2. 3. 71) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4 Exceptional Divergence 24
4.1 T
(adhisths karma P-1.4.46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2
(abhiniviaca P-1.4.47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3
(upnvadhyvasa P-1.4.48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4
(akathita ca P-1.4.51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.1 [ I T
|.|]
(akarmakadhtubhiryoge dea klo bhvo gantavyodhv
ca karmasajaka iti vcyam [v.]) . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 T
(diva tadarthasya P-2. 3.58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6 97 9
(preyabruvorhavio devatsampradne P-2. 3.61) . . . . . . . 35
4.7 9
(ktvorthaprayoge kledhikarae P-2. 3.64) . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5 Dierential Divergence 38
ii
5.1 T
(dhreruttamara P-1.4. 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2 T T II 9
(krudhadruherysyrthna ya prati kopa P-1.4. 37) . . 39
5.3 T T T
(krudhadruhorupasayo karma P-1.4. 38) . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 \T9T
(rdhkyoryasya viprana P-1.4. 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.5
(apavarge tty P-2. 3.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.6 " 9
(manyakarmayandare vibhpriu P-2. 3.17) . . . . . . 43
5.7
(hetau P-2. 3.23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.7.1 9 |.|
(aiavyavahre da prayoge caturthyarthe tty [v.]
(P-2. 3.23)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.8 TH
(yasya ca bhvena bhvalakaam P-2. 3. 37) . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.8.1 I I |.|
(arhkarttvenarhmakarttve tadvaipartye ca
[v.] (P-2. 3. 37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.9 I 9
(sdhunipubhymarcy saptamyaprate P-2. 3.43) . . . . 46
5.10 TI
(rujrthn bhvavacannmajvare P-2. 3.54) . . . . . . . 47
iii
5.11 9T I
(jsiniprahaanakrthapi hisym P-2. 3.56) . . . . . 48
5.12 T
(ktasya ca varttamne P-2. 3.67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6 Alternative Divergence 51
6.1 ITT
(pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym P-2. 3. 32) . . . . . . . 51
6.2 I TT
(drntikrthai ahyanyatarasym P-2. 3. 34) . . . . . . . . 53
6.3 I I
(drntikrthebhyo dvity ca P-2. 3. 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.3.1
(saptamyadhikarae ca P-2. 3. 36) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.4 TH9 9
(svmvardhipatidydaskipratibhprastaica P-2. 3. 39) 54
6.5
(yuktakualbhy csevym P-2. 3.40) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.6 I
(yataca nirdhraam P-2. 3.41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.7 9
(prasitotsukbhy tty ca P-2. 3.44) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.8 T
(tulyrthairatulopambhy ttynyatarasym P-2. 3. 72) . . 58
6.9 TT
(caturth ciyyuyamadrabhadrakualasukhrthahitai P-
2. 3. 73) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
iv
6.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7 Non-kraka Divergence 62
7.1 I I 7
IF 7 - |.|
(ubhasarvataso kry dhiguparydiu triu ||
dvitymreditnteu tatonyatrpi dyate [v.] (P- 1.4.48)) . 62
7.2 9 - |.|
(abhita parita samaynikahpratiyogepi ca dyate [v.]
(P- 1.4.48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.3 H
(anurlakae P-1.4. 83) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.4
(ttyrthe P-1.4. 84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.5
(hne P-1.4. 85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.6
(upodhike ca P-1.4. 87) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.7 H T
(lakaetthambhtkhynabhgavpssu pratiparyanava P-
1.4. 89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.8
(abhirabhge P-1.4. 90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.9 T
(atiratikramae ca P-1.4. 95) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.10
(antarntareayukte P-2. 3.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
v
7.11
(kldhvanoratyantasanyoge P-2. 3.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.12
(pacamyapparibhi P-2. 3.10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.13 99 Tq
(pratinidhipratidne ca yasmt P-2. 3.11) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.14 TITTTTT
(nama svastisvhsvadhlanvaadyogcca P-2. 3.16) . . . . . 75
7.15 9
(sahayukte apradhne P-2. 3.19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.16 9
(ah hetuprayoge P-2. 3.26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.17 T
(sarvanmnastty ca P-2. 3.27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.17.1 I9 I 9|.|
(nimittaparyyaprayoge sarvspryadaranam[v.]
P- 2. 3.27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.18

(anyrditarartedikchabdcttarapadjhiyukte P-2. 3.29) . 81
7.19 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8 Hindi Specic Divergences 86
8.1 Verbal Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.2 Complex Predicate Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9 Conclusion 89
10 Appendix:A 91
vi
Chapter 1
Introduction
Languages are the means of communication. They may follow dierent con-
ventions for coding. This leads to divergence between languages at various
levels in translation in general and in Machine Translation (MT) in particu-
lar. Translation divergence patterns have been discussed by Dorr [Dorr, 1994],
and based on those patterns considerable work is done for Indian Languages,
viz., English-Sanskrit-Hindi MT [Goyal and Sinha, 2009], English-Sanskrit MT
[Mishra and Mishra, 2008], English-Hindi MT [Dave et al., 2002] to name a
few.
Sanskrit and Hindi belong to the same Indo-Aryan family and Hindi inherits a
lot fromSanskrit in terms of structure as well as lexicon. As such, when we look
at the divergences between Sanskrit and Hindi, most of the cases discussed in
Dorrs divergence turn out to be either of rare occurrence, or do not pose much
problem as far as accessing the source text using machine tools is concerned.
On the contrary divergences are observed at the level of function words such
as vibhaktis.
While both Sanskrit and Hindi are inectional languages, Sanskrit is synthetic
in nature while Hindi is analytic [Dwivedi, 2006] i.e., the suxes in Sanskrit
are combined with the base forms while in Hindi they are written as separate
words. For example, blakam in Sanskrit versus blaka_ko in Hindi. In San-
skrit both sup and ti suxes are termed as vibhakti pratyayas.
1
Sup sux is
added to a nominal stem and ti sux is added to a verbal root. But in Hindi
only the sux added to the nominal stem is called as a vibhakti pratyaya.
The vibhaktis in Sanskrit and Hindi represent the relations between a noun and
1
Vibhaktica (suptiau vibhaktisanjau sta -S.K.) (P-1.4.104)
1
a verb or two nouns. It is possible that because of change in vivak (speakers
intention), the kraka relation between a noun and a verb changes and so does
its surface realisation in terms of vibhakti. For instance in Sanskrit the verbal
action in the sentence sa vkam rohati takes vka as its object denoted by
the second case sux but Hindi emphasizes on the locushood in vka (vaha
pea_para cahat_hai = He climbs the tree).
In Sanskrit the usage vkt patra bhmau patati is rare while vkt pa-
tra bhmi patati is common because though bhmi is locus, it is psitatama
(most desired) and hence is karma. While in Hindi pea_se patt jamna_para
girt_hai is more common but jamna_ko is very rare. Thus it is noticed that
Sanskrit emphasizes on psitatamatva while Hindi on dhrt. English tries to
maintain both the views - The leaf falls from the tree onto the ground- on
representing the locushood and to representing the destination. Now we look
at the nominal vibhakti classication in Sanskrit and how it diers in Hindi.
1.1 Nominal vibhakti classication in Sanskrit
Figure 1.1: Vibhakti Types
The seven vibhakti markers in Sanskrit terminology are pratham, dvity,
tty, caturth, pacam, ah and saptam (rst, second, third, fourth, fth,
2
sixth and seventh case sux respectively). Pinian stras anabhihite till
caturth ciyyuya
2
focuses only on vibhakti. The vibhakti in Sanskrit is
broadly classied into two kinds as shown above in Figure 1.1, viz.,
1. Kraka vibhakti
Vibhakti expressing the relationship with a verbal activity is termed as
kraka vibhakti. All the seven case suxes are used as kraka vibhaktis.
Except the sixth case sux which denotes the relationship of a word with
another.
2. Non-kraka vibhakti
That vibhakti which is not directly related to kraka is termed as non-
kraka vibhakti. This is further classied into three types as follows:-
Upapada vibhakti
Those vibhaktis which are used in connection with certain words, or
with certain types of words are known as upapada vibhaktis.
3
Here
too almost all the seven case suxes are used as upapada vibhaktis.
Upapada vibhakti is of ve types
4
:
(a) Karmapravacanya:
According to P-1.4.83
5
, karmapravacanya is that which pre-
viously expressed a verbal activity but presently it does not
6
.
Even Bharthari has stated in Vkyapadyam that karmaprava-
canya is neither a dyotaka of an action nor a vcaka of a re-
lation but a specier (bhedaka) of certain other relations like
the lakyalakaa relation.
7
Here dyotaka in the sense it is dif-
ferent from the typical function words such as the vibhaktis.
2
P-2.3.1-2.3.73
3
I I
(padam ritya jyamn vibhakti upapadavibhakti)
4
This classication is based on Tripathi [1977]
5
9: (karmavacany)
6
T-9 9 9
(karma kriy-proktavanta prakayanta karmavacany iti) M.Bh on P-1.4.83
7
T T
TH T
(kriyy dyotako nya sambandhasya na vcaka |
npi kriypadpek sambandhasya tu bhedaka ||) V.P.2.204
3
For example, japam anu prvarat - here anu does not denote
the action nor does it signify the general relation which takes
the sixth case sux but it species a special relationship that of
lakyalakaabhva. So, japa is the lakaa (the reason to cause
rain which is the lakya) expressed through the karmavacanya
anu. Thus japa takes the second case sux from P-2.3.8.
8
Pini has listed around 11 karmapravacanyas which are
discussed in stras 1.4.82-1.4.97, viz., anu, upa, apa, pari, ,
prati, abhi, adhi, su, ati and api in the senses of hetulakaa,
sahrtha, hnat, dhikya, varjana, marydvacana, lakaa, it-
thambhtkhyna, bhga, vps, pratinidhi, pratidna, narthakya,
pj, atikramaa, padrtha, sambhvana, anvavasarga, garh,
samuccaya, svmya and adhikra.
(b) Prdibhinna avyaya:
Words in connection with those indeclinables which are dier-
ent from prdi (pra etc. indeclinables) such as:
In conjunction with the indeclinable antar or antarea, the
word takes the second case sux.
9
e.g.,
antar devav m vyhr.
In conjunction with the indeclinable saha, the word takes
the third case sux.
10
e.g.,
mt putrea saha gacchati.
In conjunction with the indeclinable vin, the word takes
the second, third and fth case sux.
11
e.g.,
dharmam/ dharmea/ dharmt vin na obhate vidy.
In conjunction with the indeclinables nama, svasti, svh,
svadh, alam and vaa, the word takes the fourth case suf-
x.
12
e.g.,
gurave nama, sarvebhya svasti, etc.
(c) Saj:
8
9 I (karmapravacanyayukte dvity)
9
(antarntareayukte) -P-2.3.4
10
9 (sahayuktepradhne) -P-2.3.19
11
ITT (pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym) -P-2.3.32
12
TITTTTT (nama svastisvhsvadhlanvaayogcca) -P-2.3.16
4
Words in connection with substantives like svm, vara, ad-
hipati, dyda, skin, pratibh, prasta, yukta, kuala, etc.
take the sixth as well as seventh case sux.
13
e.g.,
gav/ gou svm, yukta haripjanasya/ haripjane, etc.
(d) Dhtu:
In conjunction with some verbal roots such as nth, jsi, han,
n, krath, pi, etc., the word takes the sixth case sux.
14
e.g.,
sarpio nthate, caurasya ujjsayati, etc.
(e) Word signifying the meaning of any saj:
In conjunction with any word denoting the meaning of substan-
tives such as those in the sense of dra and antika, the word
takes the fth as well as sixth case sux.
15
e.g.,
vant/ vanasya dra, viprakam, antikam, abhya.
Specic vibhakti
Those substantives in the sense of dra and antika specically take
the second, third and fth case sux. These vibhaktis do not have
any independent sense but they take the sense of dra and antika.
16
e.g.,
vanasya dra/ drea/ drt, vanasya antikam/ antikena/ an-
tikt.
Sambandha vibhakti That vibhakti which expresses the relation-
ship in general of one word with another is termed as sambandha
vibhakti.
17
Various relationships such as svasvmibhva (owner-
owned), aggbhva (part-whole), janyajanakabhva (produced-
producer), etc. come under this. For instance, in the sentence sureasya
putr sudar asti - the word surea is related to the word putr
through janyajanakabhva relation and takes the sixth case sux.
Hindi too accepts the above classication of kraka and non-kraka vibhakti
and the upapada vibhakti and sambandha vibhakti coming under the non-kraka
13
TH9 9
(svmvardhipatidydaskipratibhprastaica) -P-2.3.39,
(yuktakualbhy csevym) P-2.3.40
14
(ii ntha) -P-2.3.55,
9T I (jsiniprahaanakrthapi hisym) -P-2.3.56
15
I TT (drntikrthai ahyanyatarasym) -P-2.3.34
16
I I (drntikrthebhyo dvity ca) -P-2.3.35
17
(ah ee) -P-2.3.50
5
vibhakti but it does not take the role of karmapravacanya. Those prdi which
are termed karmapravacanyas are used to express some specic relations in
Sanskrit but not so in Hindi. The sense in which prdi is applied, Hindi directly
imports that sense without the usage of the prdi. For instance, the karmaprava-
canya anu is used to express the relation between japa and vi in japam
anu prvarat but in Hindi it takes the sense of anu directly - japa_ke_kraa
var_hui.
Another speciality of Hindi is that most of the vibhaktis are compound con-
sisting of two or more words where usually the rst element is ke, k or se
[Shapiro, 2000] such as ke_prati, ke_kraa, ke_samna, ke_sampa, ke_stha,
ke_bin, ke_bda, ke_badale, ke_nce, ke_para, ke_prva, k_taraha, k_ora,
se_dra, ke_hetu_se, etc.. Sometimes suxes such as -bhara, -maya, -taka,
etc. in conjunction with nouns is applied instead of the functional vibhaktis,
e.g., mahine_bhara, magala_maya, kosa_taka, etc., some may even take a vib-
hakti as in dinabhara_me.
1.2 Kraka vibhakti relation
Each kraka when expressed through the verbal sux ti takes the rst case
sux and in the case of avivak of krakatva it takes the sixth case sux
denoting the relationship in general. While in other cases due to vivak of
krakatva, the default vibhakti is taken as per the Pinian stras karmai
dvity
18
, caturth sampradne
19
, kartkaraayostty
20
, apdne pacam
21
and saptamyadhikarae ca
22
. Thus at rst glance it may seemthat there is one-
to-one mapping between kraka and vibhakti but this may not be as it seems.
Sometimes a new semantic role other than the default one is expressed, as in
the case of sampradna kraka which is not restricted in the sense of recipient
only but taken also in the following senses:
mdhavya rocate, svadate, lghate, hnute, tihate, apate, dhrayati, krudhy-
ati, druhyati, ryati, asyati, rdhyati, kate, pratioti, oti and anugti;
pratighti. (P-1.4.32-41).
Here Pini only meant by the above stras that whatsoever is desired by the
18
P-2.3.2
19
P-2.3.13
20
P-2.3.18
21
P-2.3.28
22
P-2.3.36
6
kart through karma is termed sampradna. Or the above mentioned senses can
be taken as atidia sampradnatva (imposed sampradna).
Thus though in a language in general the semantic generalisations are cap-
tivated through the krakas, there are exceptions as noticed above. Here are
some more examples of imposition of one kraka over the other:
1. Of sampradna with karma:
The term sampradna is applied in conjunction with the verbal roots
krudh and druh but when these roots are with prexes, then the term
karma is applied. e.g.,
duam abhikrudhyati/ abhidruhyati.
That which is desired takes the termsampradna in conjunction with
the verbal root sph - pupebhya sphayati but when it becomes the
most desired, it takes the term karma - pupi sphayati.
2. Of adhikaraa with karma:
Generally all loci are adhikaraa but in the following senses these take
the term karma:
ghamadhiete, adhitihati, adhyste, upavasati, adhivasati, vasati and
sanmrgam abhiniviate.
3. Of karaa with karma and sampradna:
That which is supplemental takes the term karaa but in the case of
the verbal root div it takes karma as well as karaa. e.g.,
akn akai v dvyati.
Similarly in the case of the verbal root kr with prex, that which is
supplemental takes karaa as well as sampradna. e.g.,
atena atya v parikrta.
4. Sometimes the kart of the verbal root becomes karma when the verb
becomes causal and takes the second case sux while some remain kart
taking the third case sux (P-1.4.52 and 53). e.g.,
gamayati grma devadatta yajadatta.
vhayati bhra devadattena yajadatta.
Similarly typically there is a default vibhakti for each kraka. However,
there are cases where the vibhakti deviates from the default, sometimes even
giving optional usages with dierent vibhakti. We will look at some of them:
7
1. The object of the verbal root gam takes the second as well as fourth case
sux (P-2.3.12). e.g.,
sa grma/ grmya gacchati.
2. The object of the verbal root hu takes the second as well as third case
sux. e.g.,
yavgm/ yavgv agnihotra juhoti.
3. The object of the verbal root j with prex sam takes the second as well
as optionally the third case sux (P-2.3.22). e.g.,
pitara pitr v sajnte.
4. The object of the verb manya takes the second as well as optionally the
fourth case sux (P-2.3.17). e.g.,
na tv ta tya v manye.
5. The words stoka, etc. takes the third as well as fth case sux (P-2.3.33).
e.g.,
stokena stokd v mukta.
6. Katyyana accepts that the object of the verb yaj takes the term karaa
and sampradna takes the term karma (v. on P-8.1.32). e.g.,
pau rudrya yajate.
paun rudra yajate.
7. He also accepts the seventh case sux in the object of kta ending in the
ax in (v. on P-2.3.36). e.g.,
adht vykarae.
In order to understand the relation between vibhakti and the semantic relations
we look at Pinis way of treating semantics through the krakas.
1.3 Pinis treatment of kraka relations
Pini uses kraka - a syntactico-semantic relation as an intermediary step to
express the semantic relations through vibhaktis. The assignment of kraka to
various semantic categories is not one-to-one. Rama Nath Sharma (2002, Vol
1, pg.147) observes
8
Pini species his kraka categories based upon the principle of
smnya general, viea particular and ea residual. The six
categories are identied by general rules formulated based upon
linguistic generalizations. Particular rules formexceptions to them.
Usage which cannot be accounted for by the above two rule types
is governed by rules relegated to the residual category. It is obvious
that these exceptions are necessary to capture the peculiarities of
usage falling outside the scope of the general rules.
Each kraka in his system has a default vibhakti. But as is well-known, there
are exceptions and hence there is no one-one mapping between the kraka rela-
tions to vibhaktis. Pini handles these deviations by employing two methods:
(a) imposing a dierent kraka role and (b) assigning a special vibhakti. For
example through the stra dhrodhikaraam (P-1.4.45) a locus is mapped to
adhikaraa and then it takes seventh case sux by default (saptamyadhikarae
ca P-2.3.36). However the locus of the action related to the verbal roots ,
sth and sa preceded by the upasarga adhi is termed as karma (adhisths
karma P-1.4.46) and then by the stra karmai dvity (P-2.3.2) this karma
takes the second case sux. Thus the deviation of the adhikaraa taking the sec-
ond case sux instead of seventh is handled by imposing a karma kraka role
in place of adhikaraa. Similarly, when the linguistic generalisations cannot be
captured, he treats the cases as exceptional as in rucyarthnm pryama
(P-1.4.33), where he assigns a sampradna kraka to the one who desires. In
Figure 1.2, we summarise Pinis way of mapping semantic relations to vib-
haktis through krakas.
9
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
2
:
S
e
m
a
n
t
i
c

V
i
b
h
a
k
t
i
M
a
p
p
i
n
g
10
[1 ] diva karma ca (sdhakatamam, krake) (P 1.4.43)
[2 ] karmai dvity (P 2.3.2)
[3 ] divastadarthasya (karmai, ah ee and anabhihite) (P 2.3.58)
[4 ] adhisths karma (dhra and krake) (P 1.4.46)
[5 ] krudhadruherysyrthna ya prati kopa (sampradnam and krake)
(P 1.4.37)
[6 ] ah ee (P 2.3.50)
[7 ] pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym (dvity and pacam) (P 2.3.32)
The semantic relationship between a noun and a verb and between a noun
and a noun is expressed through the vibhaktis. The former is further classied
according to the linguistic generalisations followed by the sub-classication in
two groups viz., one that has a default kraka while the other that is imposed by
a new kraka.
The one that has a default kraka takes:
[1 ] the default as well as optional vibhakti, for e.g., the stra diva karma
ca (P-1.4.43) where the instrument of the verbal activity optionally takes
the second case sux in addition to the third case sux (akn/akai
dvyati).
[2 ] only the default vibhakti as in the stra karmai dvity (P-2.3.2) where
the object of the verbal activity takes the second case sux when it is not
expressed by any verbal sux (rma phala khdati).
[3 ] an altogether dierent vibhakti, for instance, the stra diva tadarthasya
(P-2.3.58) where the object of the verbal activity takes the sixth case sux
instead of the second (akuni atasya dvyati).
[4 ] Instead of the default kraka, a new kraka is imposed, for instance the
stra adhisths karma (P-1.4.46) where the locus of the verbal
activity is being imposed by a new kraka i.e., karma kraka (blaka
paryakam adhiete).
[5 ] That which does not follow the linguistic generalisations, in such special
cases kraka is assigned as in the stra krudhadruherysyrthna
11
ya prati kopa (P-1.4.37) where the one against whom the actions in
the sense of krudha (anger) etc. is directed is termed sampradna kraka
and thus takes the fourth case sux (mrkh caturya ryanti).
The semantic relationship between two nouns is classied in two groups viz.,
[6 ] Where the default sixth case sux denoting the relationship in general
applies as in the stra ah ee (P-2.3.50) (vaihasya iya rma
asti).
[7 ] Wherein the exceptional cases dierent vibhaktis are applied, for example,
the stra pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym (P-2.3.32) states the op-
tional usage of third case sux alongwith the second and fth case sux
in conjunction with the words pthak, vin and nn (without)
(dharmea/dharma/dharmt vin na obhate vidy).
12
Chapter 2
Sanskrit-Hindi Divergence
The classication given in the preceding chapter for Sanskrit may not hold good
as-it-is for Hindi. With reference to the Figure 1.1 in the preceding chapter, it
is noted that:
In [1], the kraka takes the default as well as optional vibhakti in Sanskrit but
Hindi may or may not take the optional vibhakti, for example,
the stra diva karma ca (P-1.4.43) where the instrument of the verbal activity
optionally takes the second case sux in addition to the third case sux.
Skt: akn/akai dvyati
Hnd: pso_se khelat_hai
gloss: dice_with plays
Eng: (He) plays with dice.
It is noticed that in Hindi only the default third case is taken and not the optional
second case.
In [2], the object of the verbal activity takes the second case sux by the stra
karmai dvity (P-2.3.2) when it is not expressed by any verbal sux. This
holds good in Hindi as well. e.g.,
Skt: rma phala khdati
Hnd: rma phala kht hai
gloss: rama fruit eats
Eng: Rama eats the fruit.
Here the word phala takes the second case sux in both the languages (The
karma vibhakti in Hindi being ).
13
In [3], the default kraka takes an altogether dierent vibhakti in Sanskrit while
in Hindi it still takes the default vibhakti.
the stra diva tadarthasya (P-2.3.58) where the object of the verbal activity
takes the sixth case sux instead of the second.
Skt: akuni atasya dvyati
Hnd: akuni sau_rupae jtat_hai
gloss: shakuni hundred_rupees wins
Eng: Shakuni wins hundred rupees.
It is seen that Hindi takes the second case sux with zero marking.
In [4], instead of the default kraka, a new kraka is imposed in Sanskrit but
this may not apply to Hindi, for instance
the stra adhisths karma (P-1.4.46) where the locus of the verbal ac-
tivity is being imposed by a new kraka i.e., karma kraka.
Skt: blaka paryakam adhiete
Hnd: laak palaga_para sot_hai
gloss: boy bed_on sleeps
Eng: Boy sleeps on the bed.
Here karma is imposed on the locus paryaka in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes
the seventh case sux which is the default vibhakti of the adhikaraa.
In [5], special kraka is assigned in Sanskrit to account for the cases which do
not follow the linguistic generalisations. But Hindi may not follow this norm,
e.g.,
the stra krudhadruherysyrthna ya prati kopa (P-1.4.37) where the
one against whom the actions in the sense of krudha (anger) etc., is directed is
termed sampradna kraka and hence takes the default fourth case sux.
Skt: mrkh caturya ryanti
Hnd: mrkha catura_se ry karate_hai
gloss: foolish wise_with jealous
Eng: Foolish are jealous of the wise.
It is noticed that the word catura takes the fourth case sux in Sanskrit due to
the above rule but in Hindi it takes the fth case sux.
In [6], where the default sixth case sux denoting the relationship in general
14
applies in Sanskrit as well as in Hindi
as in the stra ah ee (P-2.3.50).
Skt: vaihasya iya rma asti
Hnd: vaiha_k iya rma hai
gloss: vaiha_of disciple rama is
Eng: Rama is the disciple of Vaiha.
Here both the languages take the default sixth case sux.
In [7], where, in the exceptional cases dierent vibhaktis are applied in Sanskrit
while Hindi uses the default vibhakti, e.g.,
the stra pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym (P-2.3.32) states the optional
usage of third case sux alongwith the second and fth case sux in conjunc-
tion with the words pthak, vin and nn (without)
Skt: dharmea/dharma/dharmt vin na obhate vidy)
Hnd: dharma_ke bin vidy obh nah det
gloss: dharma_without knowledge suit not give
Eng: Knowledge does not suit without Dharma.
It is seen that the word dharma alternately takes the third, second or fth case
sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the sixth case sux.
If a parallel grammar for Hindi in the Adhyy style were available, it
would have been a simple task to arrive at the divergence cases. In the absence
of such grammar, the grammar rules corresponding to exceptional cases and
cases which can not be captured by linguistic generalisations, were all checked
for corresponding vibhaktis in Hindi. Leaving aside those cases where vibhakti
is the same in Sanskrit and Hindi and taking up those cases where it diverges,
we found that the cases of divergences may be classied into seven types, viz.,
1. Optional Divergence : Vibhaktis optionally found in Sanskrit but absent
in Hindi. For instance, in Sanskrit the object of the verb is expressed
by the default second case sux and optionally the fourth case sux
(blak vidylayya/vidylaya gacchanti) but in Hindi it takes only
the default second case sux (blaka vidylaya jte_hai = Boys go
to school).
2. Exceptional Divergence : Sanskrit has certain exceptional rules which
15
block the default suxes but Hindi uses only the default suxes. For
example, in Sanskrit the object of the verb exceptionally takes the sixth
case sux (akuni atasya dvyati) but in Hindi it takes the default sec-
ond case sux (akuni sau_rupae jtat_hai = Shakuni wins hundred
rupees).
3. Dierential Divergence : Sanskrit and Hindi use dierent nominal suf-
xes. For example, in Sanskrit due to the verbal root druha, the person
against whomthis feeling is directed takes the fourth case sux (durjan
sajjanya druhyanti) while in Hindi it takes the fth case sux (durjan
sajjana_se droha karte_hai = The wicked hate the good).
4. Alternative Divergence : Sanskrit uses more than one vibhaktis but
Hindi takes only a few among them. For instance, in Sanskrit alternately
the sixth as well as the seventh case sux is used after a word in conjunc-
tion with yukta (yukta haripjane/haripjanasya) but in Hindi only
the seventh case sux is applicable (hari_k_ pj_me lna = Deeply
absorbed in the worship of Hari).
5. Non-kraka Divergence : Divergences at the level of non-kraka nom-
inal suxes, such as upapada vibhaktis, sambandha vibhaktis, etc. For
instance, in Sanskrit the word takes fth case sux when governed by the
karmapravachaniya prati (pradyumna kt prati asti) while in Hindi it
takes the sixth case sux (pradyumna ka_ke pratinidhi hai =Pradyumna
is the representative of Krishna).
6. Verbal Divergence : Divergences due to the special demand of certain
verbs. For example, the object of the verb +ruh in Sanskrit (vnara
vkam rohati) becomes locus taking the seventh case sux in Hindi
(bandara pea_para cahat_hai = Monkey climbs on the tree).
7. Complex-Predicate Divergence : This divergence results when a San-
skrit verb is mapped to a complex predicate in Hindi. For instance, the
object of the verb anu+s in Sanskrit (rmam anusarati st) is expressed
by the genitive case in Hindi (rma_k st anusaraa karat_hai = Sita
follows Rama).
These cases are elaborated in detail in the following chapters.
16
Chapter 3
Optional Divergence
When a stra assigns optionally two dierent vibhaktis in Sanskrit but Hindi
allows only one vibhakti, we term the resulting divergence as Optional Diver-
gence.
3.1
(diva karma ca P-1.4.43)
A
1
= sdhakatamam and krake
That kraka which is supplemental in the accomplishment of the action of the
verbal root diva
2
(to play) is termed as karma, in addition to karaa. e.g.,
Skt: , (akn dvyati) / (1)
, (akai dvyati)
Hnd: !_ _ (pso_se khelat_hai)
gloss: dice_with plays
Eng: (He) plays with dice.
In the above example (1), the word aka is the instrument of the verbal
root diva expressed through the third case sux derived from the default rule
sdhakatamakaraam (P-1.4.42) but due to the optional rule diva karma ca,
1
Here A stands for Anuvitti
2
TT TTI Dh- 4.1
17
aka optionally takes the second case sux. Whereas in Hindi this optional rule
does not apply and thus Hindi allows only the third case sux.
3.2 7 9
(parikrayae sampradnamanyatarasym P-1.4.44)
A = sdhakatamam and krake
In the case of hiring on wages, that which is supplemental in the accomplish-
ment of the action of the verb pari+kr
3
(employing on stipulated wages), is
optionally treated as sampradna in addition to karaa. e.g.,
Skt: 7 q T (2)
(dhanika dhanya trn sevakn dve vare yvat parikrti)/
7 q T
(dhanika dhanena trn sevakn dve vare yvat parikrti)
Hnd: _ I_ _ _ (_) _
(dhanika dhana_se tna sevako_ko do vara_ke_liye
(naukar_para) rakhat_hai)
gloss: wealthy wealth_with three servants_to
two years_for (job_on) keeps
Eng: The wealthy (man) hires three servants for two years
on stipulated wages.
Parikrayaa here means to hire someone for a limited period on xed wages
and not permanently. In the example (2), the word dhana is supplementary in the
accomplishment of parikrayaa, thus taking the fourth case-sux optionally in
addition to the third case-sux from the default rule sdhakatama karaam
(P-1.4.42). But in Hindi only the default rule is taken into account and thus the
word dhana takes the third case-sux.
3
T_T Dh- 9.1
18
3.3 7
(hkronyatarasym P-1.4.53)
A = ai kart sa au, karma and krake
The kart of the verb in its non-causal form, in the case of h
4
(to carry)
and k
5
(to make, to do), is optionally termed as karma when these verbs in
causative form. e.g.,
(h) =
Skt: T (svm bhtya bhra hrayati) / (3)
T (svm bhtyena bhra hrayati)
Hnd: _ _
(mlika naukara_se bhra uhavt_hai)
gloss: master servant_from load lift
Eng: (The) master causes the servant to lift/take the load.
(k) =
Skt: T (svm bhtya kaa krayati) / (4)
T (svm bhtyena kaa krayati)
Hnd: _ _
(mlika naukara_se ca banavt_hai)
gloss: master servant_from mat make
Eng: (The) master causes the servant to make the mat.
In examples (3) and (4), the kart bhtya in the non-causal form of the ver-
bal roots h and k as in bhtya bhra harati and bhtya kaa karoti
respectively takes the second case-sux optionally in addition to the default
third case when the verbal roots are in the causative form. Whereas in Hindi,
the word naukara takes only the third case-sux.
4
_ Dh- 1.640
5
_ Dh- 1.642
19
3.4 !! '
(gatyarthakarmai dvitycaturthyau ceymanadhvani
P-2. 3.12)
A = anabhihite
In the case of roots implying motion (such as gam
6
, cal
7
, vraj
8
, i
9
, y
10
, etc.),
the place, to which motion is directed, is expressed by the second as well as
the fourth case-sux, in denoting the object, when physical motion (ce) is
meant, and the object is not a word expressing pathway (adhvan). e.g.,
Skt: T I (blak vidylayya gacchanti)/ (5)
T I (blak vidylaya gacchanti)
Hnd: T _ (blaka vidylaya jte_hai)
gloss: boys school go
Eng: Boys go to school.
In example (5), the word vidylaya takes the fourth case-sux from the
above optional rule and from the default rule karturpsitatama karma (P-
1.4.49) it takes the second case-sux in Sanskrit. But this optional rule is not
applicable in Hindi and hence the word vidylaya is karma with zero case-sux.
3.5 T
(sajonyatarasy karmai P-2. 3.22)
A = tty and anabhihite
In denoting the object of the verb sam + j
11
(to know, recognise), the third
case-sux is optionally employed in addition to the second case-sux. e.g.,
6
Dh- 1.710
7
Dh- 1.574
8
7 Dh- 1.154
9
Dh- 2.38
10
9 Dh- 2.42
11
T Dh- 9.39
20
Skt: (pitr sajnte)/ (6)
(pitara sajnte)
Hnd: _ ___
(pit_ko vaha acch_taraha_jnat_hai)
gloss: father_to he well way knows
Eng: He knows his father well.
In the above example (6), the word pit is the object of the verbal root sam
+ j expressed through the second case-sux from the default rule karturp-
sitatama karma (P-1.4.49) but due to the optional rule, the object takes the
third case-sux. Whereas in Hindi it will take the second case-sux from the
default rule.
3.6 !
(enap dvity P-2. 3. 31)
The second as well as the sixth case-suxes are employed after a word in con-
junction with another word ending in the sux enap (P-5.3.35). e.g.,
Skt: H TI (7)
(rjabhavanam dakiena uttarea ca udynni santi)
T H TI
(rjabhavanasya dakiena uttarea ca udynni santi)
Hnd: _ H _
(rjabhavana_ke dakia aura uttara_me bagce hai)
gloss: palace_of south and north_in gardens
Eng: (There) are gardens in the south and north of the palace.
In example (7), in conjunction with the words dakiena and uttarea formed
with the sux enap, the word rjabhavana takes the second case-sux option-
ally from the above optional rule and from the default rule ah ee (P-
2.3.50) it takes the sixth case-sux. Whereas in Hindi it takes only the sixth
case-sux from the default rule.
21
3.7
(vibhopasarge P-2. 3.59)
A = divastadarthasya, karmai, ah ee and anabhihite
The object of the verbal root diva
12
preceded by an upasarga (prex), when
having the sense of dealing or staking, optionally takes the sixth case-sux in
addition to the second case-sux. e.g.,
Skt: T 9 (akuni atasya prati dvyati) / (8)
9 (akuni ata prati dvyati)
Hnd: _T _ (akuni sau_rupae jtat_hai)
gloss: shakuni hundred_rupees wins
Eng: Shakuni wins hundred rupees.
In example (8), the object ata of the verbal root diva with the prex prati
optionally takes the sixth case-sux from the above rule and from the default
rule karturpsitatama karma (P-1.4.49) takes the second case-sux. But in
Hindi, only the default rule is considered and so the word sau_rupae is karma
with zero case-sux.
3.8 H
(ktyn karttari v P-2. 3. 71)
A = ah ee and anabhihite
The sixth case-sux is optionally employed in denoting the unexpressed kart,
(but not karma) in addition to the third case-sux, in conjunction with the word
ending in the sux ktya (P-3.1.95). e.g.,
Skt: (may hari sevya) / (9)
(mama hari sevya)
Hnd: _ (mujhase hari sevita_hai)
gloss: by_me hari worshipped is
12
TT TTI Dh- 4.1
22
Eng: Hari is worshipped by me.
In example (9), the word sevya has the sux ktya due to which the word
mama takes the sixth case-sux optionally from the above rule and the third
case-sux from the default rule kartkarmao kti (P-2.3.65). In Hindi this
optional rule does not apply and hence the word mujhase takes only the default
third case-sux.
3.9 Summary
Table 3.1 lists the stras which account for an additional optional vibhakti in
Sanskrit either on account of imposed kraka (Nos.1-3) or on account of special
vibhakti assignment. In all these cases Hindi allows only the default kraka and
hence the default vibhakti.
Sr.No. Stra Default Optional
Kraka Vibhakti Kraka Vibhakti
1 1.4.43 Diva karma ca karaa 3 karma 2
2 1.4.44 Parikrayae. karaa 3 sampradna 4
3 1.4.53 Hkronyatarasym kart 3 karma 2
4 2.3.12 Gatyarthakarmai. karma 2 - 4
5 2.3.22 Sajonyatarasy. karma 2 - 3
6 2.3.31 Enap dvity - 6 - 2
7 2.3.59 Vibhopasarge karma 2 - 6
8 2.3.71 Ktyn karttari. kart 3 - 6
Table 3.1: Optional Divergence
23
Chapter 4
Exceptional Divergence
When stras give exceptional rules for cases by restricting the general rules but
these rules are not applicable in Hindi, the divergence is termed as Exceptional
Divergence.
4.1
(adhisths karma P-1.4.46)
A = dhra and krake
That kraka which is the locus of the verbal roots
1
(to lie down), sth
2
(to
stand) and sa
3
(to sit), when preceded by the prex adhi is termed as karma.
Although these verbs are intransitive but due to the application of the term
karma to the locative form and when compounded with the prex, they be-
come transitive.
4
e.g.,
(adhi+) =
Skt: } (blaka paryakam adhiete) (11)
Hnd: _ _ (laak palaga_para sot_hai)
gloss: boy bed_on sleeps
1
T Dh- 2.25
2
Dh- 1.663
3
Dh- 2.11
4
I I
(akarmak api vai sopasarg sakarmak bhavanti) -M.Bh on P-1.4.46
24
Eng: Boy sleeps on the bed.
T (adhi+sth) =
Skt: (blaka grmam adhitihati) (12)
Hnd: _ _ (laak gva_me rahat_hai)
gloss: boy village_in stays
Eng: Boy stays in the village.
] (adhi+sa) =
Skt: T (blaka macam adhyste) (13)
Hnd: _ _ (laak maca_para baihat_hai)
gloss: boy stage_on sits
Eng: Boy sits on the stage.
In examples (11) to (13), the loci paryaka, grma and maca of the verbal
roots adhi + (, sth and sa) respectively are termed as karma and thus take
the second case sux. But this rule does not apply in Hindi and hence the words
paryaka, grma and maca which are the loci and thus adhikaraa by the rule
dhrodhikaraam (P-1.4.45) take the seventh case sux.
4.2
(abhiniviaca P-1.4.47)
A = karma, dhra and krake
That kraka which is the locus of the verbal root vi
5
(to enter) preceded by the
prexes abhi and ni, is also termed as karma. e.g.,
Skt: (sa guhm abhiniviate) (14)
Hnd: _ _ (vaha guph_me ghusat_hai)
5
9 Dh- 6.132
25
gloss: he cave_in enters
Eng: He enters the cave.
In example (14), in Sanskrit the word guh is karma in conjunction with the
verb abhi-ni+vi due to the above exceptional rule but in Hindi this rule does
not apply and hence guh takes the seventh case-sux.
4.3
(upnvadhyvasa P-1.4.48)
A = karma, krake and dhra
That kraka which is the locus of the verbal root vas
6
(to dwell), when preceded
by upa, anu, adhi and , is termed karma. e.g.,
] (upa + vas)=
Skt: (sen kaakam upavasati) (15)
Hnd: _ _ (sen chvan_me rahat_hai)
gloss: army tent_in stays
Eng: Army stays in the tent.
] (anu + vas)=
Skt: 7 T (chtr gurukulam anuvasati) (16)
Hnd: 7 T _ _ (chtra gurukula_me rahate_hai)
gloss: students gurukul_in stays
Eng: (The) students stay in the gurukul.
] (adhi + vas)=
Skt: ? (hari vaikuham adhivasati) (17)
Hnd: ?_ _ (hari vaikuha_me rahate_hai)
6
Dh- 1.732
26
gloss: hari vaikuntha_in resides
Eng: Hari resides in Vaikuntha.
] ( + vas)=
Skt: (iva himlayam vasati) (18)
Hnd: _ _ (iva himlaya_me rahate_hai)
gloss: shiva himalaya_in resides
Eng: Shiva resides in the Himalaya.
In the examples (15)-(18), the locus of the verbal root vas, when preceded
by the verbal prexes upa, anu, adhi, and , the words kaaka, gurukula,
vaikuha and himlaya respectively are termed karma and take the second
case-sux due to the above rule. But this rule does not apply in Hindi, thus
they take the seventh case-sux. Also in Hindi the prexes upa, anu, adhi, and
+ vas all have the same meaning.
4.4
(akathita ca P-1.4.51)
NT9!7
(duhycpacdaarudhipracchicibrsujimathmum |)
'
(karmayuk sydakathita tath synnhkvahm ||) S.K
That kraka which is not intended by the speaker as coming under any one of the
special relations of ablative etc., is also termed as karma. The following verbal
roots aects that noun, other than the principal object, which takes the second
case-sux by the rule karmai dvity (P-2.3.2) viz., duh
7
(to milk), yc
8
(to
beg), pac
9
(to cook), da
10
(to punish), rudh
11
(to obstruct/conne), pracch
12
7
9 Dh- 2.4
8
Dh- 1.605
9
Dh- 1.723
10
" Dh- 10.353
11
T{ Dh- 7.1
12
9T Dh- 6.121
27
(to ask), ci
13
(to collect), br
14
(to tell), s
15
(to instruct), ji
16
(to win as a
prize of wager), math
17
(to churn), mu
18
(to steal), and also in the case of the
four verbs n
19
, h
20
, k
21
, and vah
22
all meaning to take or carry and their
synonyms. These verbs are known as dvikarmaka (di-transitive/bi-transitive)
and the most desired object is termed as the principal object (pradhna karma)
while that object where no kraka role is specied is termed secondary object
(apradhna/ gaua karma). e.g.,
{ (duh) =
Skt: : I (gopla: g paya dogdhi) (19)
Hnd: _ _ (gvl gya_se ddha duhat_hai)
gloss: cowherd cow_from milk extracts
Eng: Cowherd extracts milk from the cow.
(yc) =
Skt: (bali vasudh ycate) (20a)
Hnd: _ _ (bali_se pthv mgat_hai)
gloss: bali_from earth asks
Eng: (He) asks for the earth from Bali.
Skt: (avinta vinaya ycate) (20b)
Hnd: _ _ __
(avinta_se vinaya_k ycan_karat_hai)
gloss: impolite_with polite to-be of pleads
13
_ Dh- 10.95
14
7_ Dh- 2.37
15
Dh- 2.68
16
Dh- 1.679
17
Dh- 9.43/1.35
18
T Dh- 1.454
19
9 Dh- 1.643
20
_ Dh- 1.640
21
Dh- 1.717/6.6
22
9 Dh- 1.731
28
Eng: (He) pleads the impolite to be polite.
(pac) =
Skt: ? (tauln odana pacati) (21)
Hnd: _ _ (cval_se bhta pakt_hai)
gloss: rice-grains_with boiled-rice cooks
Eng: (He) cooks the boiled-rice from the rice-grains.
" (da) =
Skt: ! " (gargn ata daayati) (22)
Hnd: !_ T_ "_ _
(gargo_ko sau rupaye_k daa_det_hai)
gloss: gargas_to hundred rupees_of fine gives
Eng: (He) nes the Gargas a hundred rupees.
T (rudh) =
Skt: TIT (vrajam gm avaruaddhi) (23)
Hnd: _ _ _ (goshl_megya_ko rokat_hai)
gloss: cow-shed_in cow to stops
Eng: (He) connes the cow to the cow-shed.
9_ (pracch) =
Skt: (mavaka panthna pcchati) (24)
Hnd: _ T _ (laake_se rst pchat_hai)
gloss: boy_from path asks
Eng: (He) asks the boy the path.
29
_ (ci) =
Skt: , (vka phalni avacinoti) (25)
Hnd: _ I_ _ (pea_se phalo_ko toat_hai)
gloss: tree_from fruits plucks
Eng: (He) plucks/gathers the fruits from the tree.
7 (br) =
Skt: 7 (26a)
(blaka mtara kath brte)
Hnd: _ _
(blaka mt_se bta kahat_hai)
gloss: boy mother_with something tells
Eng: (The) boy tells something to (his) mother.
] (s) =
Skt: T IT (26b)
(guru mavaka dharma sti)
Hnd: T _
(guru laake_ko dharma sikht hai)
gloss: teacher boy_to dharma teaches
Eng: Teacher teaches dharma to the boy.
(ji) =
Skt: (devadatta ata jayati) (27)
Hnd: _ T _ (devadatta_se sau rupaye jtat_hai)
gloss: devadatta_from hundred rupees wins
Eng: (He) wins hundred rupees from Devadatta.
(math) =
30
Skt: , (kranidhi sudh mathnti) (28)
Hnd: ,_ _ (krasgara_se amta mathat_hai)
gloss: milk-ocean_from ambrosia churns
Eng: (He) churns the ambrosia (nectar) from the milky-ocean.
(mu) =
Skt: (devadatta ata muti) (29)
Hnd: _ T _ (devadatta_se sau rupaye curt_hai)
gloss: devadatta_from hundred rupees steals
Eng: (He) steals hundred rupees from Devadatta.
(n) =
Skt: (grmam aj nayati) (30)
Hnd: _ _ __ (gva_mebakar_ko le_jt_hai)
gloss: village_in goat to leads
Eng: (He) leads the goat to the village.
(h) =
Skt: (sa grmam aj harati) (31)
Hnd: _ _ __
(vaha gva_me bakar_k haraa_karat_hai)
gloss: he village_in goat of steals
Eng: He steals and brings the goat to the village.
(k) =
Skt: (sa grmam aj karati) (32)
Hnd: _ _ _
31
(vaha gva_me bakar_ko ghasat_hai)
gloss: he village_in goat to drags
Eng: He drags the goat in the village.
{ (vah) =
Skt: (grmam aj vahati) (33)
Hnd: _ _

_
(gva_me bakar_ko pahuct_hai)
gloss: village_in goat_to carries
Eng: (He) carries the goat to the village.
The above examples are represented in the following table,
Sr.No. Dhtus Sanskrit =Hindi
pradhna-karma gaua-karma
1 duh paya g = gya_se
2.1 yc vasudh bali = bali_se
2.2 yc vinaya avinta = avinta_se
3 pac odana tauln = cval_se
4 da ata gargn = gargo_ko
5 rudh g vrajam = gol_me
6 pracch panthna mavaka = laake_se
7 ci phalni vka = pea_se
8 br, s dharma mavaka = laake_ko
9 ji ata devadatta = devadatta_se
10 math sudh kranidhi = krasgara_se
11 mu ata devadatta = devadatta_se
12 n aj grma = gva_me
13 h aj grma = gva_me
14 k aj grma = gva_me
continued on the next page
32
Sr.No. Dhtus Sanskrit =Hindi
15 vah aj grma = gva_me
Here, in the example (19), paya (milk) is the most desired object while go
(cow) is the most aected object in the sense go has to be acquired rst in or-
der to get the most desired paya (Deshpande [1991]). Another explanation is,
sometimes it so happens that the cow having recently delivered, its milk cannot
be taken for consumption for few days but nevertheless it has to be milked for
the sake of her health and hence the cow takes the second case sux instead
of the fth.
23
But in Hindi there cannot be two objects simultaneously in such
cases. The usage _ _ (gvl gya_ko ddha duhat_hai)
is incorrect. You can separately say either gvl gya duhat_hai or gvl
ddha duhat_hai.
Thus it is clearly noticed in Hindi, that instead of karma there is apdna in the
case of those words aected by the verbal roots duh, yc, pac, pracch, ci, ji,
math and mu whereas adhikaraa in the case of those words aected by the
verbal roots rudh, n, h, k, and vah.
4.4.1 [ ! T
j.]]
(akarmakadhtubhiryoge dea klo bhvo gantavyodhv ca kar-
masajaka iti vcyam [v.])
The intransitive verbs govern the accusative case of dea (place), kla (time),
bhva (condition) and gantavya adhv (length of road to be gone over). e.g.,
(dea) =
Skt: T T (kurn svapiti) (34)
Hnd: T- _ _ (kuru-dea_me sot_hai)
gloss: kuru-land_in sleeps
Eng: (He) sleeps in the land of the Kurus.
23
I am grateful to Prof.Vineet Chaitanya for throwing light on this subject.
33
(kla) =
Skt: T (msam ste) (35)
Hnd: _ _ (mahne_bhara rahat_hai)
gloss: month_long stays
Eng: (He) stays for a month.
(gantavya) =
Skt: 7 T (kroam ste) (36)
Hnd: _ _ (eka kosa_taka jt_hai)
gloss: one kosa_uptil goes
Eng: (He) goes over one kosa.
In the examples (34)-(36), the verbal root svap
24
(to sleep) is intransitive
and hence combined with the word kuru which denotes a place takes the second
case-sux but in Hindi, it is the locus of the action of sleeping and thus takes
the seventh case-sux. Similarly in the case of the verbal root s
25
which is
intransitive when combined with the words msa and kroa denoting time and
length respectively, they take the second case-sux but in Hindi they take the
suxes bhara and taka respectively.
4.5
(diva tadarthasya P-2. 3.58)
A = karmai, ah ee and anabhihite
The object of the verbal root diva
26
, when having the sense of dealing or staking
(pa and vyavah), takes the sixth case-sux. e.g.,
Skt: T (akuni atasya dvyati) (37)
Hnd: _T _ (akuni sau_rupae jtat_hai)
24
Dh- 2.61
25
] Dh- 2.11
26
TT TTI Dh- 4.1
34
gloss: shakuni hundred_rupees wins
Eng: Shakuni wins hundred rupees.
In the example (37), in Sanskrit in conjunction with the verbal root diva, the
word ata takes the sixth case-sux but in Hindi it remains karma with zero
case-sux.
4.6 9'7 9
(preyabruvorhavio devatsampradne P-2. 3.61)
A = brhmae, karmai, ah ee and anabhihite
The object of the verbal roots preya and brhi
27
(in the sense send and ut-
ter), denoting oblations in a ritual, takes the sixth case-sux, when making
oerings to deity is meant or when deity is the recipient and it is not expressed
otherwise. e.g.,
Skt: 7T ! T 9 (38)
(he maitrvaruau!agnaye chgasya havio vapy medasa preya)/
7T ! T 7
(he maitrvaruau!agnaye chgasya havio vapy medasa anubrhi)
Hnd: 7T! I_ ,
(he maitrvarua! agni_ko chga sambadh havi, vap
nmaka meda djie)
gloss: o maitravaruna! agni_to goat related
offerings vapa named fat give
Eng: O Mitra and Varuna! Oer to Agni as oblation the goat and its
fat called vapa.
The ritual oerings to the deities are known as havi. In the example (38),
chga related oerings are the object of the verbal roots preya and brhi and
thus take the sixth case-sux but in Hindi they are karma with zero case-sux.
27
7_ Dh- 2.37
35
4.7 9
(ktvorthaprayoge kledhikarae P-2. 3.64)
A = ah ee and anabhihite
The sixth case-sux is employed to express the locus after a word denoting time
when used in conjunction with a word ending with a sux having the sense of
ktvasuc (P-5.4.17) that is to mark the time during which an action is repeated.
e.g.,
Skt: T T (39)
(ete dhanhy dinasya pacaktva bhujate)
Hnd: _ _ _
(ye dhanika dina_me pca_bra khte_hai)
gloss: these wealthy_people day_in five_times eat
Eng: These wealthy people eat ve times in a day.
In the above example (39), due to the word pacaktva formed by combin-
ing the word pacan with the sux ktvasuc, the word dinam which is the locus
takes the sixth case-sux but in Hindi this rule is not applicable and hence it
takes the seventh case-sux.
36
4.8 Summary
Table 4.2 lists the stras which account for non-default vibhaktis in Sanskrit by
imposing a new kraka (as in Nos. 1-3) or by imposing an altogether dierent
vibhakti for the kraka. In all these cases, Hindi however takes the default
kraka and hence default vibhakti.
Sr.No. Stra Default Exceptional
Kraka Vibhakti Kraka Vibhakti
1 1.4.46 Adhisths karma adhikaraa 7 karma 2
2 1.4.47 Abhiniviaca adhikaraa 7 karma 2
3 1.4.48 Upnvadhyvasa adhikaraa 7 karma 2
4 2.3.58 Diva tadarthasya karma 2 - 6
5 2.3.61 Preyabruvorhavio. karma 2 - 6
6 2.3.64 Ktvorthaprayge. adhikaraa 7 - 6
Table 4.2: Exceptional Divergence
37
Chapter 5
Dierential Divergence
All those cases where Pinis rule assigns a certain vibhakti either through
kraka or by direct case assignment and Hindi uses altogether dierent vib-
hakti are termed as the case of Dierential Divergence.
5.1 TH
(dhreruttamara P-1.4. 35)
A = sampradnam and krake
In the case of the verb dhri
1
(to owe) which is the causative of the verbal root
dh (to hold), the creditor is termed sampradna while the debtor is kart. e.g.,
Skt: T T T (40)
(adharmaa narendra surendrya pacata rpyaki
dhrayati)
Hnd: T_ T_ _T _
(karjadra narendra_ne surendra_ke pacsa_rupaye liye_hai)
gloss: debtor narendra surendra_of fifty_rupees takes
Eng: Narendra owes fty rupees to Surendra.
The word uttamara is compounded of two words uttama (best) and a
(debt). Hence whose debt is best is termed creditor, as opposed to adhamara
1
_ Dh- 1.641
38
(debtor who borrows money on loan). In the above example (40), Narendra is
a debtor while Surendra being a creditor is termed sampradna and takes the
fourth case-sux in Sanskrit. But in Hindi there is sva-svmi bhva (possesee-
possessor relation) between money and Surendra and to showthis relation there
is sixth case-sux in the word Surendra.
5.2 7 # '!! 9
(krudhadruherysyrthna ya prati kopa P-
1.4. 37)
A = sampradnam and krake
In the case of the verbs having the sense of krudha
2
(to be angry, wrathful),
druha
3
(to injure, hate), ry
4
(to envy), asy
5
(to detract, invent fault), the
person against whomthe feeling of anger is directed is termed sampradna.Thus
the word kopa includes all the four actions. e.g.,
T (krudha) =
Skt: ' T (npa duya krudhyati) (41)
Hnd: '_ T__ (rj dua_para krodha_karat_hai)
'_ T__ (rj dua_se krodha_karat_hai)
gloss: king wicked_with anger is
Eng: (The) King is angry with the wicked.
T (druha) =
Skt: T PI (42)
(durjan sajjanya druhyanti)
Hnd: _ T_ _
(durjana sajjana_se droha_karate_hai)
gloss: wicked good_with hates
2
T Dh- 4.78
3
T Dh- 4.86
4
I Dh- 1.341
5
_ Dh- 9.5
39
Eng: The wicked hates the good.
I (ry) =
Skt: I I (mrkh caturya ryanti) (43)
Hnd: _ I_ _ (mrkha catura_se ry_karate_hai)
gloss: foolish wise_with jealous is
Eng: Foolish are jealous of the wise.
(asy) =
Skt: I ' (44)
(duryodhana yudhihirya asyati)
Hnd: I '_
6
__
(duryodhana yudhihira_se asy_karat_hai)
gloss: duryodhana yudhisthira_in fault brings out
Eng: Duryodhana nds/invents fault in Yudhisthira.
From the above examples (41)-(44), due to the verbal root krudha, the word
catura takes the fourth case-sux from the above rule whereas in Hindi it takes
the fth case-sux. In the same way those words combined with the verbal
roots druha, ry and asy take the fourth case-sux from the above rule
whereas in Hindi they take the fth case-sux.
5.3 7 # T'
(krudhadruhorupasayo karma P-1.4. 38)
A = ya prati kopa and krake
In the case of the verbal roots krudh
7
and druh
8
, when preceded by the pre-
x, the person against whom the feeling of anger and the like, is expressed is
6
- ( I )
7
T Dh- 4.78
8
T Dh- 4.86
40
termed as karma. The word upasa here means with upasarga (prex). e.g.,
T (abhi+krudha) =
Skt: - T (yma goplam abhikrudhyati) (45)
Hnd: -_ T__
(yma gopla_para krodha_karat_hai)
gloss: shyam gopal_on anger does
Eng: Shyam is angry on Gopal.
T (abhi+druha) =
Skt: T T P (46)
(duoya bhrtaram abhidruhyati)
Hnd: T_ T__
(yaha dua bhrt_se droha_karat_hai)
gloss: this wicked brother_with hate does
Eng: This wicked (person) hates (his) brother.
In the examples (45) and (46), due to the verbal root krudh preceded by
abhi, the word gopla is karma and takes the second case-sux but in Hindi,
it takes the seventh case-sux. Similarly due to the verbal root druh with the
prex abhi, the person against whomthe feeling of hatred is expressed is termed
karma but in Hindi it takes the fth case-sux.
5.4 9H
(rdhkyoryasya viprana P-1.4. 39)
A = sampradnam and krake
In the case of the verbal roots rdh
9
(to propitiate, to predict), and k
10
(to look
to, observe), the person about whom various enquiries (viprana) regarding
his fortune are made is termed sampradna. e.g.,
9
T Dh- 5.17
10
H Dh- 1.405
41
(rdh) =
Skt: (pit putrya rdhyati) (47)
Hnd: _ _ _ (pit putra_ke viaya_mepchat
_hai)
gloss: father son_of subject_on asks
Eng: Father asks regarding (his) son.
H (k) =
Skt: ' H (gopik kya kate) (48)
Hnd: '_ _ _ (gop ka_ke bre_me pchat
_hai)
gloss: gopi krishna_of subject_on asks
Eng: Gopi asks regarding Krishna.
Here the father inquires about his sons good and bad fortunes to the as-
trologer upon which the astrologer contemplates and hence in example (47),
the word putra takes the fourth case-sux due to the verbal roots rdh in San-
skrit while in Hindi it takes the sixth case-sux. Similarly so in the case of
example (48).
5.5
(apavarge tty P-2. 3.6)
A = kldhvano atyantasayoge
The third case-sux is employed after the words denoting the duration of time
or place (adhvan), when accomplishment of the desired object (apavarga) is
meant to be expressed. e.g.,
Skt: R (ahn anuvka adhta) (49)
Hnd: _
11
_
11
(veda k eka bhga)
42
(dinabhara_me anuvka paha_liy)
gloss: whole day_in anuvaka read
Eng: Anuvaka was perseverely and eectually read (by him) in
one day.
In example (49), the person not only studied anuvka but completely un-
derstood and memorised them. Attainment of knowledge is the fruitful result
and hence the word ahn which denotes the duration of time takes the third
case-sux. But in Hindi it takes the seventh case-sux in conjunction with the
sux bhara which indicates the total duration without any intervention.
5.6 9
(manyakarmayandare vibhpriu P-2. 3.17)
A = caturth and anabhihite
In denoting the indirect object, which is not a living being, of the verb manya
12
(to think, consider), the fourth case-sux is optionally employed, when con-
tempt or disregard is expressed. According to Siddhnta Kaumudi the word
apriu means leaving aside the words nau, kka, anna, shuka and gla
13
(ship, crow, food, parrot and jackal). e.g.,
Skt: (aha tv tya manye) (50)
(aha tv ta manye)
Hnd: _ _ _

(mai tumhe tinake_ke_samna mnat_h)
gloss: i you straw_like think
Eng: I consider you as worthless as a blade of grass.
In example (50), the object ta of the verb manya expresses derogation and
takes the fourth as well as second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes
the compound vibhakti ke_samna.
12
T Dh- 4.65
13
S.K. v.
43
5.7
(hetau P-2. 3.23)
The sense of hetu (cause) and not the grammatical hetu (P-1.4.55)
14
takes the
third case sux. That which is capable of bringing about result but where the
action is not primarily considered is termed as hetu. e.g.,
Skt: " (sa adhyayanena vasati) (51)
Hnd: _ _ _ (vaha pahane_ke_liye rahat_hai)
gloss: he read_for stays
Eng: He dwells with the object of learning.
In example (51), the word adhyayana is the cause/purpose of the verb vasati
in Sanskrit and thus takes the third case sux but in Hindi it takes the fourth
case sux.
5.7.1 ' 9 j.]
(aiavyavahre da prayoge caturthyarthe tty [v.] (P-
2. 3.23))
The instrumental has the force of the dative, in connection with the verbal root
d
15
(to give), when immoral conduct is implied. e.g.,
Skt: T (52)
(kmuka dsy dhana sayacchate)
Hnd: _ _ (km ds_ko dhana det_hai)
gloss: lustful female-servant to money gives
Eng: The lustful gives money to the servant.
In example (52), the lustful person gives money to the maid in return for
illicit favours which is against dharma and so the word ds takes the third case
sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the fourth case sux.
14
9
15
Dh- 1.665
44
5.8
(yasya ca bhvena bhvalakaam P-2. 3. 37)
A = saptam
When the action (bhva) of whatsoever characterizes another action, that word
takes the seventh case sux. The sux here is known as bhve saptam or sati
saptam. e.g.,
Skt: P (sa gou duhyamnsu gata) (53)
Hnd: !_ __
(vaha gyo_ke duhe_jne_para gay)
gloss: he cows_of milking_on went
Eng: The cows being milked, he went away.
In example (53), in Sanskrit the action of dohan (milking) marks another
action of going (denoted by gam) which is the lakya. Hence the object go of
dohan and the action both take the seventh case sux. But in Hindi it takes the
sixth case sux.
5.8.1 ! ! j.]
(arhkarttvenarhmakarttve tadvaipartye ca [v.] (P-
2. 3. 37)
The word arha refers to the one competent to perform the action. The seventh
case sux is applied to that akart of an action who is not competent to perform
it and to that kart of an action who is competent to perform it. On the contrary
the seventh case sux is also applied to that kart who can be competent to
perform the action but is taken as akart and that who cannot be kart but is
taken as kart. e.g.,
Skt: (satsu taratsu asanta sate) (54)
Hnd: !_ __ _
(sajjano_ke pra_hone_para durjana raha_gaye)
gloss: good_of cross being on bad left were
45
Eng: The good crossing over, the bad were left behind.
In example (54), the word sajjana who are competent for the performance
of the action of crossing (taraa) take the seventh case sux in Sanskrit but in
Hindi the word takes the sixth case sux.
5.9 +! '9
(sdhunipubhymarcysaptamyaprate P-2. 3.43)
The seventh case sux is employed in conjunction with the words sdhu (good,
well-behaved) and nipua (sincere, kind), when they denote respect or praise
(arc) provided the word prati is not used. e.g.,
(sdhu) =
Skt: I (55)
(santa blak pitro sdhava bhavanti)
Hnd: _-_ _ _
(acche_blaka mt-pit_ke_liye sdhu hote_hai)
gloss: good children mother-father_for
well-behaved
Eng: Good children are well-behaved towards their parents.
(nipua) =
Skt: T T7 T I (56)
(gurukulasya chtr gurujaneu nipu bhavanti)
Hnd: T _ 7 T!_ _F _
(gurukula_ke chtra gurujano_ke_prati nipua hote_hai)
gloss: gurukul_of students teachers_of_towards
sincere
Eng: (The) students of Gurukul are sincere towards the teachers.
In examples (55) and (56), in Sanskrit the words pitri and gurujana take
the seventh case sux when combined with sdhu and nipua respectively but
46
in Hindi they take the fourth case sux and the compound vibhakti ke_prati
respectively.
5.10 T!
(rujrthn bhvavacannmajvare P-2. 3.54)
A = karmai and ee ah
The object of verbs having the sense of ruj
16
(to aict, to break) takes the sixth
case sux, with the exception of the verbal root jvari (to have fever), when the
verb expresses a condition (i.e., when the agent is an abstract noun). e.g.,
Skt: T T TI (tasya kpaasya rog rujanti) (57a)
Hnd: _ _ _
(usa kajsa_ko roga sat_rahe_hai)
gloss: that miser_to diseases bother
Eng: Diseases are bothering that miser.
Skt: -,?T I (57b)
(vyyma - kuagtrasya may na mayanti)
Hnd: _

-_ _I_ _
(vyyma_se thakye hue arra-vle_ko roga taga_nah
_karate_hai)
gloss: exercise_by tired-body_to disease bother not
Eng: Disease do not bother that body which remains t
due to excercise.
In examples (57a) and (57b), the words roga and maya being the agent of
verbs ruj and maya respectively denote the action (bhva) in an accomplished
state and hence the objects kpaa and vyyma-kuagtra respectively take
the sixth case sux but in Hindi they take the second case sux.
16
TI Dh- 10.226
47
5.11 97 !
(jsiniprahaanakrthapihisymP-2. 3.56)
A = karmai and ee ah
The object of the verbal roots jsi
17
(to hurt), han
18
(to strike) preceded by ni
and pra, jointly, severally or in any order, n
19
(to injure), krath
20
and pi
21
,
when they mean, to injure, takes the sixth case-sux. e.g.,
(jsi) =
Skt: H T I (58)
(rakia dasynm ujjsayant)
Hnd: _ _ (siph kuo_ko mrate_hai)
gloss: soldier bandits_to beat
Eng: Soldiers beat the bandits.
9 (ni + pra + han) =
Skt: 9 (59)
(ngarik e ppin niprahanyu)
Hnd: !_ (ngarika ina ppiyo_ko mre)
gloss: citizens these sinners_to beat
Eng: Citizens beat these sinners.
(na) =
Skt: I q (60)
(kacidapi ete blakn na unnaye)
Hnd: !_ _ (ko ina blako_ko na_mre)
17
I Dh- 10.137 and Dh- 10.186
18
I Dh- 2.2
19
T Dh- 10.13
20
TI Dh- 1.542 and TI Dh- 10.251
21
Dh- 7.15
48
gloss: someone these children_to not beat
Eng: No one should beat these children.
T (kratha) =
Skt: T T T (61)
(ya nirapardhn krthayati tasya paramevara krthayati)
Hnd: !_ _
(jo bekasro_ko mrat hai use vara mrat_hai)
gloss: those innocent_to beat them god beats
Eng: God punishes those who beat the innocent.
(pia) =
Skt: I" (62)
(ete yautukalubdhn ghtakn pihi)
Hnd: _ !_ _
(ina daheja_ke lobh hatyro_ko psa_lo)
gloss: these dowry_of greedy killers_to crush
Eng: Crush these greedy killers who demand dowry.
In the examples (58) to (62), the objects dasy, pp, nirdhana, nirapardh
and yautukalubdha of the verbal roots jsi, ni+pra+han, na, kratha and pia
respectively take the sixth case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi these take the
second case sux.
5.12 H
(ktasya ca varttamne P-2. 3.67)
A = ah and anabhihite
The sixth case sux is employed to express the kart and karma when in con-
junction with another word ending in kta which denotes present tense (vart-
tamna) by the stra matibuddhipjrthebhyaca (P-3.3.128). e.g.,
49
Skt: T IT (aya rj pjita asti) (63)
Hnd: _ _Z
(yaha rj_ke_dvr pj jt hai)
gloss: he king_of_by worshipped is
Eng: He is worshipped by the king.
In example (63), in Sanskrit pjita ends in kta and hence the agent rj
takes the sixth case sux but in Hindi it takes the third case sux.
5.13 Summary
Table 5.1 lists the stras which describe cases where Hindi vibhakti diers from
the Sanskrit vibhakti.
Sr.No. Stra Sanskrit Hindi
Kraka Vibhakti Vibhakti
1 1.4.35 Dhreruttamara sampradna 4 6
2 1.4.37 Krudhadruherysy. sampradna 4 5,7
3 1.4.38 Krudhadruhorupasa. karma 2 5,7
4 1.4.39 Rdhkyoryasya. sampradna 4 6
5 2.3.6 Apavarg tty - 3 7
6 2.3.17 Manyakarmayandare. karma 2,4 6
7 2.3.23 Hetau - 3 4
8 2.3.37 Yasya ca bhvena. - 7 6
9 2.3.43 Sdhunipubhym. - 7 4
10 2.3.54 Rujrthn. - 6 2
11 2.3.56 Jsiniprahaana. - 6 2
12 2.3.67 Ktasya ca varttamne - 6 3
Table 5.1: Dierential Divergence
50
Chapter 6
Alternative Divergence
In case of Alternative Divergence Sanskrit allows more than one case suxes
and Hindi takes only few of them, and rarely an altogether dierent case sux.
6.1 !
(pthagvinnnbhisttynyatarasym P-2. 3. 32)
A = dvity and pacam
When in conjunction with the words pthak (without), vin (without) and nn
(without) the third case sux is optionally employed, (as well as the second
and the fth). This rule applies only to these three synonyms. e.g.,
Q (pthak) =
Skt: Q 9T (64)
(tva tena khalena pthak eva sukha prpsyasi)
Q 9T
(tva ta khala pthak eva sukha prpsyasi)
Tq q Q 9T
(tva tasmt khalt pthak eva sukha prpsyasi)
Hnd: '_ _ _
(tm usa dua_ke_bin h sukha_poge)
gloss: you that wicked_without stay only
happy get
51
Eng: You would get happiness only by staying away fromthat wicked.
(vin)=
Skt: T (dharmea vin na obhate vidy) (65)
T (dharma vin na obhate vidy)
!q T (dharmt vin na obhate vidy)
Hnd: _ _ T _I_
(dharma_ke_bin vidy obh_nah_det)
gloss: dharma without knowledge suit not give
Eng: Knowledge does not suit without Dharma.
(nn)=
Skt: H (66)
(nayanena nn nara na kimapi nirkitu aknoti)
H
(nayana nn nara na kimapi nirkitu aknoti)
q H
(nayant nn nara na kimapi nirkitu aknoti)
Hnd: _ _ I _
(kha_ke_bin manuya kucha nah dekha_sakat)
gloss: eyes without human something not see able
Eng: Human is unable to see anything without eyes.
It is seen from examples (64) to (66), the words khala, dharma and nayana
take either the second, third or fth case sux in conjunction with pthak, vin
and nn respectively in Sanskrit but in Hindi they always take the compound
vibhakti ke_bin.
52
6.2 ! '
(drntikrthai ahyanyatarasym P-2. 3. 34)
A = pacam
When in conjunction with dra (distant, far), and antika (near) and their syn-
onyms, the sixth case sux is optionally employed and alternately the fth. e.g.,
(dra) =
Skt: T IT (grmasya vana dram asti) / (67)
q IT (grmt vana dram asti)
Hnd: _ (gva_se jagala dra hai)
gloss: village_from forest far is
Eng: Forest is far from the village.
I (antika) =
Skt: T IT (grmasya vana nikaam asti) / (68)
q IT (grmt vana nikaam asti)
Hnd: _ (gva_se jagala sampa hai)
gloss: village_from forest near is
Eng: Forest is near/close to the village.
In example (67), in Sanskrit the word grma takes optionally the sixth case
sux as well as the fth when combined with dra but Hindi takes only the
fth case sux. Similarly so in the case of antika in example (68).
6.3 ! + !
(drntikrthebhyo dvity ca P-2. 3. 35)
A = anyatarasym pacam and tty
After dra (distant), and antika (near) and their synonyms, the second case suf-
x is used as well as alternately the third and the fth.
53
6.3.1 '
(saptamyadhikarae ca P-2. 3. 36)
A = drntikrthebhya and anabhihite
The seventh case sux is employed when adhikaraa is not expressed. It also
occurs after dra and antika from the preceding rule. Either of the four case
suxes namely, the second, third, fth and seventh can alternately apply after
the nominal stems dra and antika and their synonyms. e.g.,
Skt: H7 Fq q (69)
(mama ketra grmt dra/ drea/ drt/ dre varttate)
Hnd: _ (mer kheta gva_se dra hai)
gloss: my field village_from far is
Eng: My eld is far from the village.
Skt: T q IT (70)
(sdho ku nady antikam/ antikena/ antikt/ antike asti)
Hnd: _ (Sdhu k kuiy nad_ke psa hai)
gloss: ascetic of hut river of near is
Eng: The hut of the ascetic is near the river.
In examples (69) and (70), the nominal stems dra and antika take either
the second, third, fth or seventh case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi they do
not take any case sux.
6.4 99
(svmvardhipatidydaskipratibhprastaica
P-2. 3. 39)
A = ah and saptam
The sixth as well as the seventh case sux is used after words when in conjunc-
tion with svm (master), vara (lord), adhipati (ruler), dyda (heir, descen-
dent), skin (witness), pratibh (warrantor, approver) and prasta (begotten,
54
ospring). The above senses should be taken in context with cow and no other
animal. e.g.,
T (svm) =
Skt: T (ka gav/ gou svm vartate) (71)
Hnd: !_ T (ka gyo_k svm hai)
gloss: Krishna cows_of master is
Eng: Krishna is the master/owner of cows.
9 (prasta) =
Skt: 9 (gav/ gou prasta) / (72)
Hnd: !_ _ _
(gyo_ke_liye janma_liy)
gloss: cows_for born
Eng: Born for the cows i.e., to help the cows.
In examples (71) and (72), the word go takes either the sixth or the seventh
case sux when combined with svm or prasta in Sanskrit but in Hindi it
takes the sixth case sux in the former case and fourth case sux in the latter.
6.5 +
(yuktakualbhy csevym P-2. 3.40)
A = ah and saptam
The sixth or the seventh case sux is used after a word in conjunction with
yukta (engaged), and kuala (skilled), when taken in the sense of sev (dili-
gence, complete absorption in some employment). e.g.,
(yukta) =
Skt: T (yukta haripjanasya) / (73)
(yukta haripjane)
Hnd: __ _ (hari_k_pj_me lna)
55
gloss: hari_of_worship_in absorb
Eng: Deeply absorbed in worship of Hari.
(kuala) =
Skt: T (kuala haripjanasya) / (74)
(kuala haripjane)
Hnd: __ _ (hari_k_pj_me kuala)
gloss: hari_of_worship_in absorb
Eng: Deeply absorbed in worship of Hari.
In both the examples (73) and (74), the word haripjan takes either the sixth
or the seventh case sux when combined with yukta and kuala respectively
in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes only the seventh case sux.
6.6 !
(yataca nirdhraam P-2. 3.41)
A = ah and saptam
The sixth or the seventh case sux is used after those words from which spec-
ication is made (selecting individual from the class). e.g.,
Skt: 7 (n brhmaa reha) / (75)
7 (nu brhmaa reha)
Hnd: '!_ 7
(manuyo_me brhmaa reha hai)
gloss: men in brahman best is
Eng: The spiritual man is the best among men or of men.
On the basis of class (jti), quality (gua), action (kriy) and nomenclature
(saj), singling out one fromany of the above basis is nirdhraa. In example
(75), from the classes of men the specic class brhmaa is singled out, and
hence it takes either the sixth or seventh case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it
takes only the seventh case sux.
56
6.7 9+
(prasitotsukbhy tty ca P-2. 3.44)
A = saptam
The third as well as the seventh case sux is used after a word in conjunction
with the words prasita (engaged, preoccupied) and utsuka (concerned). e.g.,
9 (prasita) =
Skt: 9 I? (76)
(keai prasit blak kad pahiyanti?) /
9 I?
(keeu prasit blak kad pahiyanti?)
Hnd: !_ 7 _ ?
(keo_ko savrane vle chtra kaba_pahege?)
gloss: hair_to style those students
when study?
Eng: When would those students study who vile away their time
styling their hair?.
(utsuka) =
Skt: I (77)
(calacitrai utsuk bl sadcria na bhavanti) /
I
(calacitreu utsuk bl sadcria na bhavanti)
Hnd: _ I _
(sinem_me utsuka blaka sadcr nah raha_sakate)
gloss: cinema_in addict child well-behaved not
remain able
Eng: The child who is addicted to cinema can not remain well-behaved.
In examples (76) and (77), the words kea and calacitra take the third or
the seventh case sux when combined with prasita and utsuka respectively in
Sanskrit but in Hindi they take the second and seventh case sux respectively.
57
6.8 +
(tulyrthairatulopambhy ttynyatarasym P-
2. 3. 72)
A = ah ee
The third case sux is optionally employed, when the word is in conjunction
with tulya (equal, resemblance) and its synonyms, excepting the words tul and
upam. Alternately the sixth case sux is used. e.g.,
Skt: ' / / IT (78)
(rma kena tulya/ sada/ sama nsti) /
'T / / IT
(rma kasya tulya/ sada/ sama nsti)
Hnd: '_ _ I_ (rma ka_k _taraha nah_hai)
gloss: ram krishna_of_like not is
Eng: Ram is not like Krishna.
In example (78), the word ka takes either the third or the sixth case sux
when combined with tulya or its synonyms in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes only
the compound vibhakti k_taraha.
6.9 ''##
(caturth ciyyuyamadrabhadrakualasukhrthahi-
tai P-2. 3. 73)
A = ah ee and anyatarasym
The fourth case sux is optionally employed as well as the sixth when benedic-
tion is intended in conjunction with the words yuya (longevity), madra (joy),
bhadra (good fortune), kuala (welfare), sukha (happiness, comfort), artha (pros-
perity), and hita (benet). e.g.,
(yuya) =
Skt: q (79)
(devadattya drgham yuya bhyt) /
58
T q
(devadattasya drgham yuya bhyt)
Hnd: _ (devadatta_k drgha yu ho)
gloss: devadatta long life may
Eng: May Devadatta live a long life.
T (madra) =
Skt: ! T q (dukhibhya madra bhyt) / (80)
T q (dukhinm madra bhyt)
Hnd: !_ (dukhiyo_ko nanda ho)
gloss: sad happy may
Eng: May the sad have happiness.
T (bhadra) =
Skt: F T q (primtrya bhadra bhyt) / (81)
FT T q (primtrasya bhadra bhyt)
Hnd: F_ (primtra_k bhal ho)
gloss: living-beings_of good may
Eng: May good be to living-beings.
(kuala) =
Skt: '! q (yumabhya kuala bhyt) / (82)
' q (yumka kuala bhyt)
Hnd: _ (tuma sabak kuala ho)
gloss: you_all_of prosper may
Eng: May you all be prosperous.
(sukha) =
59
Skt: ! (gobhya sukha bhavatu) (83)
(gav sukha bhavatu)
Hnd: !_ (gyo_ko sukha ho)
gloss: cows_to happy may
Eng: May the cows be happy.
(artha) =
Skt: T q (ghasthya artha bhyt) (84)
TT q (ghasthasya artha bhyt)
Hnd: T_ 9_T (ghastha_k prayojana_siddha ho)
gloss: householder_of prosper may
Eng: May the householder prosper.
(hita) =
Skt: ! (sarvabhtebhya hita bhavatu) (85)
(sarvabhtn hita bhavatu)
Hnd: F!_ (saba priyo_k hita ho)
gloss: all living-beings benefit may
Eng: May all the living-beings benet.
In examples (79) to (85), the words devadatta, primtra, yumad, ghastha
and sarvabhta take either the fourth or the sixth case sux when combined
with yuya, bhadra, kuala, artha and hita respectively in Sanskrit but in Hindi
these take only the sixth case sux. The remaining are the same in both the
languages.
60
6.10 Summary
Table 6.1 lists the stras where Sanskrit takes more than one vibhaktis but Hindi
takes only a few of them.
Sr.No. Stra Sanskrit Hindi
Vibhakti Vibhakti
1 2.3.32 Pthagvinnn. 2,3,5 5,6
2 2.3.34 Drntikrthai. 5,6 5
3 2.3.36 Saptamyadhikarae ca 2,3,5,7 0
4 2.3.39 Svmvardhipati. 6,7 6
5 2.3.40 yuktakualbhy. 6,7 7
6 2.3.41 Yataca nirdhraam 6,7 7
7 2.3.44 Prasitotsukbhy. 3,7 2,7
8 2.3.72 Tulyrthairatulopambhy. 3,6 6
9 2.3.73 Caturth ciyyuya. 4,6 2,6
Table 6.1: Alternative Divergence
61
Chapter 7
Non-kraka Divergence
Certain words known as upapada demand specic vibhaktis called Upapada
Vibhaktis for nouns with which they combine. These are all typically excep-
tions to the stra ah ee (P-2.3.50). In Hindi, however, in most of the
cases sixth case sux is used.
7.1 ! ! 7
!F 7 - j.]
(ubhasarvataso kry dhiguparydiu triu ||
dvitymreditnteu tatonyatrpi dyate [v.] (P-
1.4.48))
The word in conjunction with the following upapada words takes the second
case sux:
The words ubha and sarva ending in tas ax which become ubhayata and
sarvata, the word dhik and the indeclinables upari, adhi and adha in their
reduplicated forms in the sense of smpya (proximity, closeness) from the rule
uparyadhyadhvasa smpye (P- 8.1.7). e.g.,
(ubhayata) =
Skt: H I (grmam ubhayata vk santi) (86)
Hnd: _ I H (gva_ke dono ora vka hai)
62
gloss: village_of both side trees are
Eng: Trees are on both the sides of the village.
(sarvata) =
Skt: } T IT (lak sarvata samudra asti) (87)
Hnd: _ T (lak_ke saba ora samudra hai)
gloss: lanka_of every side sea is
Eng: There is sea on all the sides of Lanka.
Q (dhik) =
Skt: Q (88)
(dhik corn)
Hnd: !_ T_
(coro_ko dhikkra_hai)
gloss: thieves_to shame
Eng: Shame on the thieves.
(uparyupari) =
Skt: I (89)
(uparyupari grmn pacyatanni santi)
Hnd: !_ _ (gvo_ke_para pacyate hai)
gloss: village_of above panchayata is
Eng: Panchayata is above the villages.
(adhyadhi) =
Skt: (90)
(adhyadhi meghn vyuynni uyante)
Hnd: !_ _ _
63
(bdalo_ke_para vimna uate_hai)
gloss: clouds of above planes fly
Eng: Planes y above the clouds.
(adhodha) =
Skt: IT , (91)
(ete tapasvina adhodha vkn erate)
Hnd: T !_ _ _
(ye tapasv peo_ke_nce sote_hai)
gloss: these ascetics trees_of below sleep
Eng: These ascetics sleep below the trees.
In examples (86) to (91), the words grma, lak, cora, grma, megha and
tapasv in conjunction with the upapada words ubhayata, sarvata, dhik, up-
aryupari, adhyadhi and adhodha respectively take the second case sux in
Sanskrit but in Hindi except the word cora which like Sanskrit takes the sec-
ond case sux, other words always take the compound vibhaktis ke_X_ora,
ke_para, ke_nce.
7.2 9 - j.]
(abhita parita samaynikahpratiyogepi ca dy-
ate [v.] (P- 1.4.48)
That word in conjunction with the words abhita (both sides), parita (all sides),
samay and nika in the sense of proximity, the indeclinable h (sad expres-
sion) and the preposition prati takes the second case sux. e.g.,
(abhita) =
Skt: I (nagaram abhita giraya santi) (92)
Hnd: _ I
(nagara_ke dono ora parvata hai)
gloss: city_of both side hills are
64
Eng: There are hills on both the sides of the city.
(parita) =
Skt: ! "IT (93)
(pthiv parita vyumaalam asti)
Hnd: _ I "
(pthiv_ke cro ora vyumaala hai)
gloss: earth_of all sides atmosphere is
Eng: Atmosphere surrounds the earth.
(samay) =
Skt: T q (94)
(gurukula samay sarit vartate)
Hnd: T _ _
(gurukula_ke_sampa nad_hai)
gloss: gurukul_of near river is
Eng: There is a river near the Gurukul.
(nika) =
Skt: T IT (95)
(udyna nika cikitslaya asti)
Hnd: _ _ T (bagce_ke_sampa aspatla hai)
gloss: garden_of near hospital is
Eng: Hospital is close to the garden.
(h) =
Skt: ! q (96)
(h! rmam iti ktv daaratha aoct)
65
Hnd: ! _ _
(h rma! ais kahakar daaratha_ne oka_kiy)
gloss: ha rama! like say dasharatha mourned
Eng: Dasharatha mourned for Rama.
9 (prati) =
Skt: T q 9 Iq (97)
(adyatve te dhant jann na prati bhti kicit)
Hnd: !_ _ _ I
(jakala logo_ko dhana_ke_bin kucha acch nah lagat)
gloss: nowadays people to wealth of without anything
like not
Eng: Nowadays people do not like anything but wealth.
In examples (92) to (97), the words nagara, pthiv, gurukula and udyna
in conjunction with the upapada words abhita, parita, samay and nika re-
spectively take the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi they always take
the compound vibhaktis ke_X_ora, ke_sampa, ke_bin. Whereas in example
(), the word devadatta in conjunction with the word h takes the rst case suf-
x (sambodhana) in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the fourth case sux and in
example (), there is no divergence between Sanskrit and Hindi.
7.3
(anurlakae P-1.4. 83)
A = karmapravacany
The word anu in the sense of lakaa (characteristic mark) is termed karmaprava-
canya. Here anu distinguishes a special relationship (hetuhetumadbhva) i.e.,
cause-eect relationship with an action. e.g.,
Skt: 9q (japam anu prvarat) (98)
Hnd: _ _I_

(japa_ke_kraa var_hu)
gloss: chant_of_because rained
66
Eng: It rained due to chants.
In example (98), the word japa is the hetu (cause) and hence lakaa due to
which it rained (eect). Thus the word japa takes the second case sux when in
conjunction with the karmapravacanya anu but in Hindi it takes the compound
vibhakti ke_kraa.
7.4
(ttyrthe P-1.4. 84)
A = anu and karmapravacany
The word anu in the sense of alongwith, togetherness is termed karmaprava-
canya, when the third case in the sense of sahrtha (togetherness)
1
is denoted.
e.g.,
Skt: (IT) (99)
(nadm anu avasit (sthit) sen)
Hnd: _ __ IT_ (nad_ke_stha_stha sen sthita_hai)
gloss: river_of_with army situated
Eng: The army is camped alongwith the banks of the river.
In example (99), the word nad takes the second case sux when in con-
junction with the karmapravacanya anu in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the
compound vibhakti ke_stha.
7.5
(hne P-1.4. 85)
A = anu and karmapravacany
The word anu is termed karmapravachanya, when it is used in the sense of in-
ferior or subordinate to. e.g.,
1
akin to the rule 9 P- 2.3.19
67
Skt: (100)
(anu kayana anye vaiykara)
Hnd: _ _
(kayana_ke_bda anya vaiykaraa hai)
gloss: sakatayana_of after other grammarians is
Eng: All grammarians come next to Sakatayana.
Here there has to be two elements, one denoting the inferior sense while the
other superior amongst which the superior sense takes the second case sux.
Thus in (100), due to the karmapravacanya anu, kayana who is superior
to other grammarians takes the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi the
compound vibhakti ke_bda is applied.
7.6
(upodhike ca P-1.4. 87)
A = hne and karmapravacany
The indeclinable upa is termed karmapravachanya when adhika (superior) or
hna (inferior to) is denoted. The ca in this rule brings hne from the preceding
rule. Only in the sense of inferiority the second case sux applies here. e.g.,
Skt: (101)
(upa pinim anye vaiykara)
Hnd: _ _
(pini_ke_bda anya vaiykaraa hai)
gloss: panini_of after other grammarians are
Eng: All grammarians come after Panini.
In example (101), in conjunction with the karmapravacanya upa, the word
Pini takes the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the com-
pound vibhakti ke_bda.
68
7.7 '
(lakaetthambhtkhynabhgavpssu pratiparyanava
P-1.4. 89)
A = karmapravacany
The words prati, pari and anu are termed karmapravachanya when the sense
of lakaa (indicator, characteristic sign), itthambhtkhyna (statement of a
situation), bhga (share, part of) and vps (pervasion, entirety) is denoted. e.g.,
H (lakaa) =
Skt: , 9// T T q (102)
(vka prati/ pari/ anu vidyotate vidyut)
Hnd: _ _ (bijal pea_k _ora camakat hai)
gloss: lightning tree_of towards shines
Eng: There is lightning ash in the direction of the tree.
T (itthabhtkhyna) =
Skt: ' 9// (103)
(bhakto viu prati/ pari/ anu vasati)
Hnd: ' _ _ (bhakta viu_k _ora rahat hai)
gloss: devotee vishnu_of towards stays
Eng: Devotee is devoted to Vishnu.
(bhga) =
Skt: \ 9// IT (104)
(lakm hari prati/ pari/ anu asti)
Hnd: \ _ _ (lakm hari_k_bhga hai)
gloss: lakshmi hari_of part is
Eng: Lakshmi is a part of Hari.
69
(vps) =
Skt: ,_, 9// (105)
(vka_vka prati/ pari/ anu sicati)
Hnd: F_,_ I (pratyeka_vka_ko scat hai)
gloss: every_tree_to waters
Eng: (He) waters each and every tree.
In example (102), in the dark night due to the ash of lightning the tree lit up
and hence tree is the lakaa (indicator) of the illumination of lightning which is
the lakya. To show this lakya-lakaa relationship, karmapravacanyas prati,
pari and anu are used and thus vka takes the second case sux in Sanskrit
but in Hindi it takes the compound vibhakti k_ora. In (103), the viaya-viayi-
bhva relationship between viu and bhakta is stated through the karmaprava-
canyas. The bhakta who is lled with complete devotion is itthabhta i.e.,
characterised by an attribute and thus viu takes the second case sux in San-
skrit while the compound vibhakti k_ora in Hindi. In (104), lakm being a
part of hari there is sva-svm-bhva relationship and thus hari takes the sec-
ond case sux in Sanskrit but sixth case sux in Hindi. In (105), from the
stra nityavpsayo (P-8.1.4) in the sense of vps there is reduplication in the
word vka. The sdhya-sdhana-bhva relationship is due to the act of water-
ing (sdhana) which is to be accomplished (sdhya) and thus vka takes the
second case sux in Sanskrit as well as in Hindi.
7.8
(abhirabhge P-1.4. 90)
A = lakaetthambhtkhynabhgavpssu and karmapravacany
The indeclinable abhi is termed karmapravachanya, in the senses of lakaa,
itthambhtkhyna, or vps excluding bhga. e.g.,
Skt: T T (106a)
(hdayam abhi parava pyante)
70
Hnd: T_ _ _
(hdaya_k _ora pasaliy dukhat_hai)
gloss: heart_of side ribs pain
Eng: The ribs pain on the side of heart.
Skt: I (106b)
(bhraty g abhi daylava bhavanti)
Hnd: !_ _
(bhratya gyo_ke_liye daylu hote hai)
gloss: indian cows_of towards kind are
Eng: The Indians are kind towards the cows.
In examples (106a) and (106b), in conjunction with karmapravacanya abhi
in the sense of lakaa and itthambhta respectively, the words hdaya and go
respectively take the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi they take the
compound vibhakti k_ora and fourth case sux respectively.
7.9 7
(atiratikramae ca P-1.4. 95)
A = karmapravacany
The indeclinable ati, in the sense of atiratikramaa (exceling, surpassing) and/or
pj (praise) is termed karmapravachanya. e.g.,
Skt: (ati devn ka) (107)
Hnd: !_ (ka devo_ke pjya hai)
gloss: krishna gods_of worshipped
Eng: Krishna is worshipped by all gods.
In example (107), in conjunction with the karmapravachanya ati, the word
deva takes the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the sixth case
sux.
71
7.10
(antarntareayukte P-2. 3.4)
A = dvity
The word in conjunction with (or governed by) the indeclinables antar or
antarea in the sense of in between or without takes the second case sux.
e.g.,
(in the sense of between) =
Skt: / IT (108a)
(antar/ antarea tv mm vara asti)
Hnd: __ (tumhre_aura_mere bca vara hai)
gloss: your_and_mine between god is
Eng: God is between you and me.
(in the sense of without) =
Skt: / ! (108b)
(antar/ antarea devav m vyhr)
Hnd: T _ _ (samskta_ke_bin mata bolo)
gloss: Sanskrit_of without do_not speak
Eng: Do not speak without Sanskrit.
In examples (108a) and (108b), in Sanskrit in conjunction with antar or
antarea, the words asmat-yumat and devav take the second case sux but
in Hindi they take the sixth case sux and the compound vibhakti ke_bin re-
spectively.
7.11
(kldhvanoratyantasanyoge P-2. 3.5)
A = dvity
After a word denoting kla (unit of time), or adhvan (distance, length) of road,
72
in atyantasanyoga (continuous relationship) with its kriy (action), gua (at-
tribute) or dravya (substance) is signied, the second case sux is employed.
e.g.,
Skt: (sa msam adhte) (109a)
Hnd: _ _ (vaha mahine_bhara pahat_hai)
gloss: he month_full studies
Eng: He studies continuously for one month.
Skt: (msa kaly) (109b)
Hnd: _
(pr mahin magalamaya_hai)
gloss: month prosperous is
Eng: The month is prosperous.
Skt: 7 (kroa kuil nad) (110a)
Hnd: _ _ (eka kosa_taka nad eh_hai)
gloss: one kosa_till river crooked is
Eng: The river is winding for the entire distance of a kosa
without any break.
Skt: 7 (kroa giri) (110b)
Hnd: _ (eka kosa taka parvata hai)
gloss: one kosa_till hill is
Eng: The hill is through one full kosa.
In examples (109a) and (109b), the word msa which denotes time in close
relation with the action and attribute respectively takes the second and rst case
sux respectively, also in (110a) and (110b), the word kroa which denotes
measure of path in close relation with the attribute and substance respectively
takes the second case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi they all take the suxes
73
bhara, maya and taka.
7.12
(pacamyapparibhi P-2. 3.10)
A = karmapravacanyayukte
The fth case sux is employed when a word is governed by the karmapravachanya
apa, or pari. Here apa and pari is in the sense of varjana (exclusion) from
the rule apapar varjane (P-1.4.88) while is in the sense of maryd (ex-
clusion or inclusion) from the rule marydvacane (P-1.4.89). e.g.,
Skt: IT (apa hare sansra asti)/ (111)
IT (pari hare sansra asti)
Hnd: _ _ (hari_ko_choakara sansra hai)
gloss: hari_to leave world is
Eng: World is separate from Hari.
Skt: IT ( mukte sansra asti) (112)
Hnd: _ (mukti_taka sansra hai)
gloss: liberation_till world is
Eng: The world is till the liberation.
In example (111), the word sansra which means the cycle of birth and death
takes the fth case sux in conjunction with the karmapravacanyas apa and
pari in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the second case sux. Similarly in (112),
the word sansra which has the limits of life and death till the liberation, takes
the fth case sux in conjunction with the karmapravacanya in Sanskrit but
in Hindi it takes the sux taka.
74
7.13 99 q
(pratinidhipratidne ca yasmt P-2. 3.11)
A = pacam and karmapravacanyayukte
The fth case sux is employed after that which is governed by the karmapravachanya
prati when used in the sense of pratinidhi (substitute, representative) or pratidna
(interchange). e.g.,
Skt: 9T 'q 9 IT (pradyumna kt prati asti) (113a)
Hnd: 9T '_ 9 (pradyumna ka_k pratinidhi hai)
gloss: pradyumna krishna_of representative is
Eng: Pradyumna is the representative of Krishna.
Skt: ! 9 (113b)
(sa tilebhya mn pratiyacchati)
Hnd: !_ __ _
(vaha tila_ke_badale_me uada det_hai)
gloss: he sesamum_of exchange in beans gives
Eng: He exchanges beans for the sesamum.
In example (113a), the word ka is primary for whom pradyumna serves
as a representative and hence the word ka takes the fth case sux in con-
junction with the karmapravachanya prati and in (113b) too, the word tila takes
the fth case sux, as ma are given in exchange for them. But in Hindi both
the words ka and tila take the sixth case sux and the compound vibhakti
ke_badale_me respectively.
7.14 ! TT
(nama svastisvhsvadhlanvaadyogcca P-2. 3.16)
A = caturth
The fourth case sux is employed in conjunction with the indeclinables nama
75
(salutation, obeisance), svasti (peace, well-being), svh, svadh (terms used
in oering oblations to Gods and Pitris respectively), alam (equal to, sucient
for) and vaa (a term of oblation). The sense of ca here is for emphasis. e.g.,
(nama) =
Skt: (gurave nama) (114)
Hnd: T_ T (guru_ko namaskra)
gloss: teacher_to salutations
Eng: Salutations to the teacher.
TIT (svasti) =
Skt: ! TIT (sarvebhya svasti bhavatu) (115)
Hnd: _ (saba_k kalya ho)
gloss: all_of peace be
Eng: May all be peaceful.
T (svh) =
Skt: T! T (mitrvarubhy svh) (116)
Hnd: __T_ _ T (mitra_aura_varua_ke_liye svh)
gloss: mitra_and_varuna_for oblation
Eng: Oblations for Mitra and Varuna.
T (svadh) =
Skt: F T IT (117)
(pitmahya pitmahyai ca svadh asti)
Hnd: ___ _ T ()
(dd_aura_dd_ke_liye svadh (anna) hai)
gloss: grandfather_and_grandmother_for oblation
Eng: Oblations for grandfather and grandmother.
76
(alam) =
Skt: R! (ka ebhya mallebhya alam) (118)
Hnd: !_ _ I_
(ka ina pahalavno_ke_liye parypta_hai)
gloss: krishna these wrestlers_for sufficient is
Eng: Krishna is sucient for these wrestlers.
(vaa) =
Skt: (agnaye vaa) (119)
Hnd: _ _ (agni_ke_liye vaa)
gloss: agni_for oblation
Eng: Oblations for Agni.
In the above examples (114) to (119), in Sanskrit the word sarvam takes
the fourth case sux when combined with svasti whereas in Hindi it takes the
sixth case sux. Similarly in Sanskrit that word combined with naman takes
the fourth case sux but in Hindi it takes the second case sux. For the re-
maining four terms viz., svh, svadh, alam and vaa, in both the languages
the fourth case sux remains the same.
7.15 9
(sahayukte apradhne P-2. 3.19)
A = tty
The word denoting apradhna in conjunction with saha and its synonyms takes
the third case sux. e.g.,
Skt: (120)
(rmea saha st vana gacchati)
77
Hnd: _ _ (rma_ke_stha st vana jt hai)
gloss: rama_with sita forest goes
Eng: Sita goes to forest with Rama.
In example (120), in Sanskrit it is seen that the words st and vana are di-
rectly related with the verb in the form of kart and karma but the word rma
is not directly related with the verb and hence is called apradhna. The asso-
ciation of rma with st is denoted by the word saha due to which rma takes
the third case sux from the above rule. But in the case of Hindi, it takes only
the compound vibhakti ke_stha.
Similarly the above rule applies to the synonyms of (saha)
(skam), (srdham) and (samam) by the application of the word
yukte. e.g.,
(skam) =
Skt: T (121)
(vddha putrea ska gha gacchati)
Hnd: T _ _
(vddha putra_ke_stha ghara jt hai)
gloss: old_man son_with house go
Eng: (The) old man goes to house with his son.
(srdham) =
Skt: 7T T (122)
(mama mitra svaduhitr srdha yodhapura ysyati)
Hnd: 7 _ _
(mer mitra apan laak_ke_stha jodhapura jyeg)
gloss: my friend his daughter_with jodhpur go
Eng: My friend would go to Jodhpur with his daughter.
(samam) =
78
Skt: T H - I (123)
(asy ly ikak chtrai sama kmra
gamiyanta santi)
Hnd: _ , !_ _-
(isa l_ke adhypaka, chtro_ke_stha kmra jne vle hai)
gloss: this school teachers students_with kashmir go
Eng: The teachers of this school would go to Kashmir with
the students.
In examples (121) to (123), the words putra, svaduhitra and chtra take third
case sux in conjunction with the word skam, srdham and samam respec-
tively in Sanskrit but in Hindi they take the compound vibhakti ke_stha.
7.16 ' 9
(ah hetuprayoge P-2. 3.26)
A = hetau
The sixth case sux is employed after a nominal stem implying the cause of an
action, when the word hetu itself is used in conjunction with such a word. e.g.,
Skt: TT (annasya heto vasati) (124)
Hnd: T_ _ _ _ (anna_ke_hetu_se rahat_hai)
gloss: food_for dwells
Eng: He dwells for the sake of food.
In example (124), the word anna is the reason for living in a particular
place and hence there is hetuhetumadbhva between anna and the action. Thus
the word anna takes the sixth case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes the
compound vibhakti ke_hetu_se.
79
7.17
(sarvanmnastty ca P-2. 3.27)
After a sarvanman (pronominal stem) when it signies the cause of an action,
and the word hetu and its synonyms are used with it, the third case sux is
employed, as well as the sixth. e.g.,
Skt: _ ? (kena_hetun vasati?) / (125)
T_ ? (kasya_heto vasati?)
Hnd: _ _ _ ? (kisa_hetu_se rahat_hai?)
gloss: what_for lives
Eng: For the sake of what does he live?
In example (125), in conjunction with the word hetu the pronoun kim takes
either the third or the sixth case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi, the sux of the
pronoun is not seen since the pronoun is an adjective of hetu.
7.17.1 H!9 ! 9 j.]
(nimittaparyyaprayoge sarvs pryadaranam [v.] P-
2. 3.27)
When the words (nimitta) or (kraa) or its synonyms in the sense
of cause or motive are so used, almost all the case-suxes may be employed.
e.g.,
Skt: F ? (126)
(ki nimitta/ kraa/ prayojana vasati?) /
F ?
(kena nimittena/ kraena/ prayojanena vasati?) /
T F ?
(kasmai nimittya/ kraya/ prayojanya vasati?) /
Tq qqFq ?
(kasmt nimittt/ krat/ prayojant vasati?) /
TTTFT ?
(kasya nimittasya/ kraasya/ prayojanasya vasati?) /
80
TF ?
(kasmin nimitte/ krae/ prayojane vasati?)
Hnd: ___ _ ?
(kisa_liye/ kisa_kraa_se rahat_hai?)
gloss: what_for lives
Eng: For the sake of what does he live?
It is seen in example (126), in conjunction with either of the words nimitta,
kraa or prayojana the pronoun kim takes consequently the second, third,
fourth, fth, sixth and seventh case sux in Sanskrit but in Hindi it takes either
the third or the fourth case sux.
7.18 4 H
(anyrditarartedikchabdcttarapadjhiyukte P-
2. 3.29)
A = pacam
The fth case sux is employed when in conjunction with the words anya (other
than, distinct), rt (near, far), itara (dierent from), te (without), dikabda
(denoting directions), acttarapada (expressing direction which has acu (to
bend) as the nal member of the compound), c (word ending in ax c from
the stra dakic P-5.3.36) and hi (word ending in ax hi from the stra
hi ca dre P-5.3.37). e.g.,
(anya) =
Skt: Tq T IT (devendrt anya surendra asti) (127)
Hnd: T_ _ T (devendra_se_bhinna surendra hai)
gloss: devendra_from_different surendra is
Eng: Surendra is dierent from Devendra.
q (rt) =
Skt: T q q I (128)
(nimbasya pdap vant rt santi)
81
Hnd: _ _ /
2

(nma_ke pea vana_ke sampa/ dra hai)
gloss: neem of tree forest of near and far is
Eng: Neem trees are near and far from the forest.
(te) =
Skt: Tq I (te jnt na mukti) (129)
Hnd: T_ _ II (jna_ke_bin mukti nah)
gloss: knowledge_of without liberation not
Eng: (There is) no liberation without knowledge.
I (pacima) =
Skt: T !q IIT (130)
(gurukula durgt pacimam asti)
Hnd: T _ I (gurukula kile_ke pacima me hai)
gloss: gurukul fort of west on is
Eng: Gurukul is on the west of the fort.
(prva) =
Skt: I Tq IT (131)
(mandira vidylayt prva asti)
Hnd: I T_ _ (mandira vidylaya_ke_prva hai)
gloss: temple school_of before is
Eng: (The) temple is before the school.
(uttara) =
Skt: "q I (132)
(imni nagari vindhycalt uttari santi)
Hnd: "_ __
(ye nagara vindhycala_ke_uttara_me hai)
2
In Hindi rt has two senses - sampa as well as dra
82
gloss: these cities vindhyachala_of north on is
Eng: These cities are on the north of Vindhyachala.
H (dakia) =
Skt: q H " (133)
(aya taga grmt dakie araye varttate)
Hnd: _ _H_
(yaha tlba grma_ke_dakia vana_me hai)
gloss: this lake village_of south forest on is
Eng: This lake is on the southern forest of the village.
9Q, 9Q, Q (prk, pratyak, udak) =
Skt: Tq q 9Q, 9Q, Q I (134)
(asmt sarovart prk, pratyak, udak ca parvat santi)
Hnd: _ _ , I _
(isa tlba_ke_prva, pacima aura uttara_me paha hai)
gloss: this lake_of east, west and north on mountains
are
Eng: (There) are mountains on/to the east, west and north of this lake.
, H (uttar, daki) =
Skt: q H H7I (135)
(nagart uttar daki ca ketri santi)
Hnd: _ _ H_
(nagara_ke_uttara aura dakia_me kheta hai)
gloss: city_of north and south on fields are
Eng: (There) are elds on the north and south of the city.
H (dakihi) =
Skt: q H T IT (136)
(ramt dakihi vidylaya asti)
Hnd: _ _H_ T
83
(rama_ke_dakia_me vidylaya hai)
gloss: ashrama_of south on school is
Eng: School is on the south of the Ashrama.
(uttarhi) =
Skt: q IT (137)
(ramt uttarhi bhojanlaya asti)
Hnd: _ __
(rama_ke_uttara_me bhojanlaya hai)
gloss: ashrama_of north on canteen is
Eng: Canteen is on the north of the Ashrama.
In examples (128) to (137), the words vana, jna, durga, vidylaya, vin-
dhycala, grma, sarovara, nagara and rama in conjunction with the words
rt, te, pacima, prva, uttara, dakia, prk-pratyak-udak, uttar-daki,
dakihi and uttarhi respectively take the fth case sux in Sanskrit but in
Hindi they take the sixth case sux. While in example (127), the word deven-
dra takes the fth case sux in conjunction with the word anya in both the
languages.
84
7.19 Summary
Table 7.1 lists the stras where Sanskrit takes one vibhakti but Hindi in most of
the cases takes the sixth case sux.
Sr.No. Stra Sanskrit Hindi
Vibhakti Vibhakti
1 1.4.83 Anurlakae 2 6
2 1.4.84 Ttyrthe 2 6
3 1.4.85 Hne 2 6
4 1.4.87 Upodhike ca 2 6
5 1.4.89 Lakaetthambht. 2 6
6 1.4.90 Abhirabhge 2 6
7 1.4.95 Atiratikramae ca 2 5,6
8 2.3.4 Antarntareayukte 2 6
9 2.3.5 Kldhvanoratyantasanyoge 2 7
10 2.3.10 Pacamyapparibhi 5 2
11 2.3.11 Pratinidhipratidne ca yasmt 5 6
12 2.3.16 Nama svastisvh. 4 2,4,6
13 2.3.19 Sahayukte apradhne 3 6
14 2.3.26 ah hetuprayoge 6 4
15 2.3.27 Sarvanmnastty ca 3,6 4
16 2.3.29 Anyrditarartedik. 5 5,6
Table 7.1: Non-kraka Divergence
85
Chapter 8
Hindi Specic Divergences
All the divergences we covered so far were specic to the Adhyy, and
some of them might be attributed to the characteristic of Sanskrit. The default
vibhakti of karma in Sanskrit is dvity. But in Hindi, the karma takes vibhakti
other than dvity.
These divergences may be attributed to the nature of Hindi. On the face of
it divergences may be classied into two classes depending upon whether the
Sanskrit verb maps to a simple Hindi verb or a complex predicate.
8.1 Verbal Divergence
Consider the example,
Skt: , (vnara vkam rohati) (138)
Hnd: _ _ (bandara pea_para cahat_hai)
gloss: monkey tree_on climbs
Eng: Monkey climbs on the tree.
In the example (138), the karma of the verbal root + ruh is vka whereas
in Hindi the karma vka takes seventh case sux.
Skt: (sa panthna gacchati) (139)
86
Hnd: T _ _ (vaha rste_para jt_hai)
gloss: he path_on goes
Eng: He treads/goes on/along the path/road.
Skt: (dharma cara) (140)
Hnd: _ (dharma_para calo)
gloss: piety_on go
Eng: Follow piety.
Skt: FT } Tq (141)
(rma sugrvasya sahyatay lak abhyadravat)
Hnd: _ F_ _ _ T_
(rama_ne sugrva_k sahyat_se lak_para kramaa_kiy)
gloss: rama sugriva_of help_with lanka_on attacked
Eng: Rama attacked Lanka with the help of Sugriva.
Similarly in examples (139) to (141), the words panthna, dharma and lak
take the second case sux due to the verbs gam, cara and abhi+dru respec-
tively in Sanskrit but in Hindi they take the seventh case sux.
8.2 Complex Predicate Divergence
If a verb in Sanskrit maps to the complex predicate in Hindi in the sense there
is a nominal element which takes the light verb (verbalizers) like karan, hon,
then the karma of the verb takes the sixth case sux. e.g.,
Skt: (st rmam anusarati) (142)
Hnd: _ __
(st rma_k anusaraa_karat_hai)
gloss: sita rama_of follows
Eng: Sita follows Rama.
87
Here in example (142), rma which is the karma is expressed with the gen-
itive case in Hindi. This change is a systematic one which may be explained
through the rule kartkarmao kti (P-2.3.65). In Hindi anu + s is translated
as a complex predicate anusaraa_karan where anusaraa is the kdanta and
karan is the main verb.
It is necessary to study these divergences in karma vibhakti in detail. San-
skrit has approximately 2000 verbal roots and more with the upasargas. Map-
ping the corresponding verb-frames in Sanskrit to the Hindi verb-frames may
give some hints towards these divergences. Though it is a voluminous task, any
MT system requires this study.
88
Chapter 9
Conclusion
The cases of divergences may be summarised then as:
(A) Divergences originating from Sanskrit Grammar (as shown below)
Sr.No. Cases Sanskrit Hindi
1 Optional Sanskrit uses optional vibhakti
in addition to default vibhakti.
Hindi allows only the default
vibhakti.
2 Exceptional Sanskrit uses dierent vibhakti
than the default (Pini blocks
the default vibhakti assigned
by treating it as an exceptional
case).
Hindi uses the default vibhakti.
3 Dierential Sanskrit uses dierent vibhak-
tis.
Hindi uses dierent vibhaktis.
4 Alternative Sanskrit uses more than one al-
ternative vibhakti.
Hindi uses only one of them.
5 Non-kraka Sanskrit uses more than one al-
ternative vibhakti.
Hindi uses the sixth vibhakti.
(B) Divergences due to the idiosyncrasy of Hindi:
1. Special vibhakti expectancy of verbs
2. Complex Predicate
These seven cases of divergence may prove useful in resolving the ambiguities
at the level of nominal suxes in Machine Translation and may be taken as a
89
platform for looking at vibhakti level divergences between Sanskrit and other
Modern Indian Languages.
90
Chapter 10
Appendix:A
Acomplete list of dhtus which have been useful in my work has been provided
here for ready-reference.
Dhtu-List
Roots Meanings
Sanskrit Hindi English
(2.38) to go
H(1.4O5) to see
(1.341) I : , I

to envy
(1.1/6.6) ,
,
draw, to plough
T (4.8) T T to be angry
(1.1O) to go
(1.54) , ,

to move, to trem-
ble
_(1O.5) , ,
7
to collect, gather,
pluck
(1O.13) I , :

to hurt, to slight
continued on the next page
91
Dhtu-List(continued)
Roots Meanings
Sanskrit Hindi English
(1O.186) , H
,
to beat
(1.38) to win
T (.3) , to know, to under-
stand
(2.61) , T to sleep, to lie
down
(1.6O5) ,

to beg, to ask, to
solicit
_(8.1O) to do
T_(.1) T ,

to buy, to barter
_(3.) , I to give
(1.23) to cook,to bake, to
burn
_(1.643) 9 9 , ,

to lead, to carry
" (1O.353) " , "

to punish, to ne,
to subdue
(1.665) to give
continued on the next page
92
Dhtu-List(continued)
Roots Meanings
Sanskrit Hindi English
(4.1) T-
T T-
T-
I
,
,
, T
, ,
9 , T
, 9
, ,
, ,

to play; to desire;
to overcoem; to
deal, to shine; to
praise; to be glad;
to be mad; to be
sleepy; to love; to
go
(2.4) 9 ,

to milk, to yield
T (4.86) ,
9
to bear hatred, to
seek to hurt
9(6.121) T ,

to ask; to seek, to
desire, to know
7_(2.3) , to speak
(.43/1.35) to churn, to shake
(1.454) T to steal, to rob
(2.42) 9 to go, to pass away,
to elapse
(5.1) T , T

to accomplish, to
kill, to destroy
T(1O.226) I , I ,
:
to kill
T{ (.1) , ,

to oppose, to be-
siege, to enclose
(1.32)

to dwell, to live
continued on the next page
93
Dhtu-List(continued)
Roots Meanings
Sanskrit Hindi English
(1.31) 9 , , ,

to bear, to carry, to
ow as a stream
(6.132) 9 9 ,

to enter
7(1.154) to go, to pass away
(2.68) T ,
, ,
,
,

to govern, to in-
struct, to teach, to
inform; to advise;
to order; to enact
(2.25) T , to sleep, to lie
down
(1.663) IT , to stand, to stay, to
be
_(1.64O) , ,

to carry, to take, to
steal, to destroy
94
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