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CE3003 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING I Module 1 (10 hours) Introduction

Water resources projects Introduction- Water resources of IndiaRange of water resources projects General planning philosophyWater allocation priorities - Water Supply Irrigation - Flood controlHydropower. Data requirement and data collection for different projects - Water availability studies. Environmental checklist for Water Resources projects. Irrigation - Development of Irrigation in India- Major-Medium and minor irrigation schemes Command area development and participatory irrigation management. Planning of Irrigation projects. Traditional systems of irrigation and water harvesting in India. Reference: NPTEL web course on Water Resources Engineering by Dr.Dhrubajyoti Sen and various other internet resources
8/22/2013

Diagram Showing Two Catchments

Water Availability

Total Global water content

Saline water 97.5%

Global fresh water distribution


Surface water 0.4%

Fresh water 2.5%

Groung water 25.6%

Ice and glaciers 74%

Distribution of population and water resources

Water Availability

Water Availability

Water Availability

1. Indus 2. Ganges 3. Brahmaputra 4. Krishna 5. Godavari 6. Mahanandi 7. Sabarmati 8. Tapi 9. BrahmaniBaitarani 10. Narmada 11. Pennar 12. Mahi Average annual surface flow (utilizable surface water potential) is estimated as 1869 cubic km.

Rechargeable ground water estimated by Central Ground Water Board is 432 cubic km

Water Availability
Water resources are being overexploited by the rapid growth of the population reducing the per capita availability of water
Agriculture, industry, and domestic uses are competing for the limited supply

Present water utilization

Irrigation use is 84% of total water use in India. The worlds average, is about 70 %. In US Irrigation use is 33%

Water Allocation Priorities

1. Domestic consumption
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing of clothes and utensils and flushing of toilets.

2. Irrigation
for growing crops in a systematic and scientific manner in areas with deficit rainfall.

3. Hydropower
This is the generation of electricity by harnessing the power of flowing water.

4. Industries
The industries require water for various purposes and that by thermal power stations is quite high.

5. Navigation
Navigation possibility in rivers may be enhanced by increasing the flow, thereby increasing the depth of water required to allow larger vessels to pass.

6. Other uses
Like entertainment of scenic natural view.

Red shows Predicted water shortage in 2025

The water availability issue is amplified by the monsoon season


Some regions are subject to severe droughts and others are frequently flooded

Groundwater Over exploitation

Challenges to Water Quality


1. Sediment Runoff

Particles of soil or rock transported by water Construction activities Land erosion

How do we pollute our environment?

Municipal waste disposal

Sewage outfall

Suspended solids BOD Coliform bacteria Nitrogen Phosphorus

Fertilizers and Pesticides from Agricultural fields

Nitrogen Phosphorus Sediments

Industrial Effluents

High organic load - distilleries High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides, rayon, dye Noise and Vibration

Textiles

BOD, COD Dissolved solids/ Suspended solids Sulphide Dyes/ colour Synthetic fibers polymers

Paint Industry

Zinc Chromium mercury Lead Iron phosphate

Car wash
HEAT (THERMAL POLLUTION) Electric power plants Industrial plants Soap, dirt, oil and antifreeze pollute water

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Examples: Radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and thorium Nuclear and coal-burning power plants Mining

Sources of water pollution


Point sources
specific, confined pollution source Comes from a pipe, discrete point or ditch. Industry is the leading source (eg. sewage outfalls, factory outlets)

Non-point sources
diffuse, intermittent pollution source
Difficult to control, contains multiple pollutants Agriculture is the leading source of nonpoint source pollution (eg. runoff from agricultural field, livestock feedlots, storm water runoff)

Agricultural field

Storm water runoff

Impact on water bodies (Eutrophication)

Algae Bloom

Aquatic Weeds

Dental Flurosis

Skeletal flurosis

Skin disorder high Arsenic content

Water Conservation
Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.

What you can do to conserve water?


Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well after use. While brushing or other use, do not leave the tap running, open it only when you require it. See that there are no leaking taps. Use a washing machine that does not consume too much water. Do not leave the taps running while washing dishes and clothes.

Water Conservation
Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants. At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over some plants. Re-use water as much as possible Change in attitude & habits for water conservation Every drop counts!!!

Watershed management
Soil conservation methods used to reduce soil erosion, to prevent depletion of soil nutrients and soil moisture, and to enrich the nutrient status of a soil. Catchment area treatment Different methods like protection for degradation and treating the degraded areas of the catchment areas, forestation of catchment area. Methods of retaining groundwater/reducing runoff Check dams Percolation tanks Ponds Water-harvesting structures

WATERSHEDSHED MANAGEMENT

Balancing the Needs


Environmental

Agricultural

Domestic

Sustainable water utilisation and also should be an integrated approach

Importance of Watershed Projects


The depth of groundwater in wells is the most widely used parameter for estimating the level and ability of groundwater

Although groundwater levels continue to diminish, treated watersheds show higher groundwater levels than untreated watersheds

Ways to minimise Pollution


House hold
Reduce usage eg. Avoid wastage, set right leakages Reuse eg. Kitchen wastewater for gardening,
Promote Rainwater harvesting

Recycle the waste as far as possible


Organization
Treat polluted water before letting it out Scientific solid waste disposal at municipal level Promotion of Rainwater harvesting/ Groundwater recharge

Segregating waste Vermi-composting

Conclusions Impact on people


(according to WHO 1996)

1 billion people lack safe water 2 billion inadequate excreta disposal Every 8 seconds 1 child dies as a result of water-related illness 5 million people die per year as a result of water-related illness Eighty percent of the diseases (cholera, typhoid, amoebic dysentery) in under developed countries are linked with contaminated water

Tasks for planning a water resources project for flood control


EXPLAIN WITH SKETCH

Analysis of basic data like maps, remote sensing images, geological data, hydrologic data, and requirement of water use data, etc. Studies for dam, reservoir Selection of alternative sites based on economic aspects generally, but keeping in mind environmental degradation aspects Selection of capacity. Selection of type of dam and spillway. Analysis of foundation of structures. Development of construction plan. Cost estimates of structures, foundation strengthening measures, etc. Studies for local protective works levees. Economic analyses Environmental impact assessment.

Levees

Project planning for flood control Data requirement


maximum possible stream flow hydrograph. a flood of a certain probability of occurrences (say 1 in 100 years) is estimated from past peak stream flow records and a corresponding hydrograph constructed. Construction Topography, geology and materials.

Topographic details
Elevation contour maps the area (toposheet) The Survey of India prepares and publishes such maps scale of 1:50,000 Contour interval 20m Resolution 15 minutes of latitude and longitude The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) has acquired a Lidar(Light Detection And Ranging) with a topographic precision of 0.01m. The elevation contour map of a region is useful to decide Height of storage structures (dam) and elevation of its spillway. Extent of inundation due to reservoir formation behind a dam. Amount of storage possible in the reservoir. Alignment of canals and their branches.

Geological characteristics
The Geological Survey of India has produced maps showing geological structure of the country. A detailed geological investigation is carried out by drilling Bore Holes at required number of places and taking a Boring Log. Strength Parameters of rock/soil layers are investigated by extracting cores of samples and taken to laboratory for Strength Tests. In-situ Laboratory Tests are conducted that avoids disturbing the foundation material in its original form. The geological tests of the foundation material allow the determination of the following major parameters. Base width of a dam or a barrage so that the Bearing Pressure is within safe limits. Degree of protection required for prevention of seepage below the hydraulic structure. ( grout holes for dams and sheet piles for barrages)

Environmental data and Socioeconomic


Benefits of people downstream free movement of fish along the river submergence of valuable forest and human habitation water logging in the area behind the embankment unless proper drainage is provided, thus leading to breeding of mosquitoes and other disease carrying vectors. relevant data on environment and ecology has to be collected for analysis.

Data collection
IMD a) flood forecasting. b) Rainfall monitoring on daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual basis. c) Weather forecasting services to general public, Government agencies and other users for research and planning purposes. d) Implementation of District-wise Rainfall Monitoring Scheme(DRMS) of all states under the region and proving necessary inputs to user agencies. e) Earthquake Monitoring. CWRDM, CGWB, PWD

HYDROPOWER

Project planning for domestic water supply

Data requirement for domestic water supply project


Demand of water Urban water supply and rural water supply Future projection of population based on Arithmetic increase method. Geometric increase method. Incremental increase method. Design period 30 years Availability of water Data for constructing the structures Topography for locating the structure Geology for finding foundation characteristics Materials required for construction of the structure

Project planning for irrigation water supply


project may consist of supplying water to irrigate an area through a network of canals, by diverting some of the water from a river by constructing a barrage for water diversion and head regulator for water control. Command Area. Conjunctive use - combination of surface and ground water for irrigation

Data requirement for water supply to an irrigation project


Demand of water for irrigation water supply Cropping schedule Field requirement Availability of water and other data

Central agencies in water resources sector


Some of the important offices working under the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India (http://wrmin.nic.in) which plays key role in assessing, planning and developing the water resources of the country are Central Water Commission (CWC) Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) National Water Development Agency (NWDA) Brahmaputra Board Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) Central Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS) National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) Ganga Flood Control Commission (GFCC) Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) ltd (WAPCOS) National Projects Construction Corporation ltd (NPCC)

Home work We all are living in a watershed. Identify the watershed you belong to and Identify the major problems in your watershed. What you can do in solving the problems in your watershed?.

THANK YOU

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