Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Water resources projects Introduction- Water resources of IndiaRange of water resources projects General planning philosophyWater allocation priorities - Water Supply Irrigation - Flood controlHydropower. Data requirement and data collection for different projects - Water availability studies. Environmental checklist for Water Resources projects. Irrigation - Development of Irrigation in India- Major-Medium and minor irrigation schemes Command area development and participatory irrigation management. Planning of Irrigation projects. Traditional systems of irrigation and water harvesting in India. Reference: NPTEL web course on Water Resources Engineering by Dr.Dhrubajyoti Sen and various other internet resources
8/22/2013
Water Availability
Water Availability
Water Availability
Water Availability
1. Indus 2. Ganges 3. Brahmaputra 4. Krishna 5. Godavari 6. Mahanandi 7. Sabarmati 8. Tapi 9. BrahmaniBaitarani 10. Narmada 11. Pennar 12. Mahi Average annual surface flow (utilizable surface water potential) is estimated as 1869 cubic km.
Rechargeable ground water estimated by Central Ground Water Board is 432 cubic km
Water Availability
Water resources are being overexploited by the rapid growth of the population reducing the per capita availability of water
Agriculture, industry, and domestic uses are competing for the limited supply
Irrigation use is 84% of total water use in India. The worlds average, is about 70 %. In US Irrigation use is 33%
1. Domestic consumption
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing of clothes and utensils and flushing of toilets.
2. Irrigation
for growing crops in a systematic and scientific manner in areas with deficit rainfall.
3. Hydropower
This is the generation of electricity by harnessing the power of flowing water.
4. Industries
The industries require water for various purposes and that by thermal power stations is quite high.
5. Navigation
Navigation possibility in rivers may be enhanced by increasing the flow, thereby increasing the depth of water required to allow larger vessels to pass.
6. Other uses
Like entertainment of scenic natural view.
Sewage outfall
Industrial Effluents
High organic load - distilleries High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides, rayon, dye Noise and Vibration
Textiles
BOD, COD Dissolved solids/ Suspended solids Sulphide Dyes/ colour Synthetic fibers polymers
Paint Industry
Car wash
HEAT (THERMAL POLLUTION) Electric power plants Industrial plants Soap, dirt, oil and antifreeze pollute water
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Examples: Radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and thorium Nuclear and coal-burning power plants Mining
Non-point sources
diffuse, intermittent pollution source
Difficult to control, contains multiple pollutants Agriculture is the leading source of nonpoint source pollution (eg. runoff from agricultural field, livestock feedlots, storm water runoff)
Agricultural field
Algae Bloom
Aquatic Weeds
Dental Flurosis
Skeletal flurosis
Water Conservation
Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
Water Conservation
Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants. At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over some plants. Re-use water as much as possible Change in attitude & habits for water conservation Every drop counts!!!
Watershed management
Soil conservation methods used to reduce soil erosion, to prevent depletion of soil nutrients and soil moisture, and to enrich the nutrient status of a soil. Catchment area treatment Different methods like protection for degradation and treating the degraded areas of the catchment areas, forestation of catchment area. Methods of retaining groundwater/reducing runoff Check dams Percolation tanks Ponds Water-harvesting structures
WATERSHEDSHED MANAGEMENT
Agricultural
Domestic
Although groundwater levels continue to diminish, treated watersheds show higher groundwater levels than untreated watersheds
1 billion people lack safe water 2 billion inadequate excreta disposal Every 8 seconds 1 child dies as a result of water-related illness 5 million people die per year as a result of water-related illness Eighty percent of the diseases (cholera, typhoid, amoebic dysentery) in under developed countries are linked with contaminated water
Analysis of basic data like maps, remote sensing images, geological data, hydrologic data, and requirement of water use data, etc. Studies for dam, reservoir Selection of alternative sites based on economic aspects generally, but keeping in mind environmental degradation aspects Selection of capacity. Selection of type of dam and spillway. Analysis of foundation of structures. Development of construction plan. Cost estimates of structures, foundation strengthening measures, etc. Studies for local protective works levees. Economic analyses Environmental impact assessment.
Levees
Topographic details
Elevation contour maps the area (toposheet) The Survey of India prepares and publishes such maps scale of 1:50,000 Contour interval 20m Resolution 15 minutes of latitude and longitude The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) has acquired a Lidar(Light Detection And Ranging) with a topographic precision of 0.01m. The elevation contour map of a region is useful to decide Height of storage structures (dam) and elevation of its spillway. Extent of inundation due to reservoir formation behind a dam. Amount of storage possible in the reservoir. Alignment of canals and their branches.
Geological characteristics
The Geological Survey of India has produced maps showing geological structure of the country. A detailed geological investigation is carried out by drilling Bore Holes at required number of places and taking a Boring Log. Strength Parameters of rock/soil layers are investigated by extracting cores of samples and taken to laboratory for Strength Tests. In-situ Laboratory Tests are conducted that avoids disturbing the foundation material in its original form. The geological tests of the foundation material allow the determination of the following major parameters. Base width of a dam or a barrage so that the Bearing Pressure is within safe limits. Degree of protection required for prevention of seepage below the hydraulic structure. ( grout holes for dams and sheet piles for barrages)
Data collection
IMD a) flood forecasting. b) Rainfall monitoring on daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual basis. c) Weather forecasting services to general public, Government agencies and other users for research and planning purposes. d) Implementation of District-wise Rainfall Monitoring Scheme(DRMS) of all states under the region and proving necessary inputs to user agencies. e) Earthquake Monitoring. CWRDM, CGWB, PWD
HYDROPOWER
Home work We all are living in a watershed. Identify the watershed you belong to and Identify the major problems in your watershed. What you can do in solving the problems in your watershed?.
THANK YOU