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Show Forces Stresses Shells

Show Forces/Stresses - Shells

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Form: Member Force Diagram Use the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Shells command to display internal area object forces and stresses on the active window. 1. 2. Define an analysis case (or use the default DEAD or MODAL cases) and run an analysis. Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Shells command to display the Member Force Diagram form. Use the form to specify the parameters for the display. Important note: The internal shell element forces are forces per unit length acting along the midsurface of the shell element (area object). The internal shell element stresses are stresses acting on the edges (not positive 3-axis face and negative 3-axis face) of the shell element (area object). See Sign Conventions for more information about the faces of shell objects. Case/Combo Name edit box. Choose the analysis case or combination whose shell element forces or stresses are to be displayed. Multivalued Options: For multi-mode cases, choose the mode number for which results are to be shown. For multi-step cases, choose the step number, time step, or frequency step; or choose Envelope to view the maximum or minimum results over all steps. Component Type options. Specify display of shell element internal forces or the internal stresses. Component options. Specify which component of force or stress is to be displayed. Click here for information about possible components of the shell element internal forces. Click here for information about the possible components for shell element internal stresses. Contour Range: The shell element internal forces and stresses are displayed as colored contours. Specify two values: Min: Any element with a force or stress less than the value shown here is displayed in the color associated with Min in the Contours area of the Assign Output Colors form. Note that the color associated with Min is the top color in the form. Max: Any element with a force or stress greater than or equal to the value shown here is displayed in the color associated with Max in the Contours area of the Assign Output Colors form. Note that the color associated with Max is the top color in the form. The program spaces the intermediate range values equally between the specified Min and Max values. If the Min and Max values are set to zero, SAP2000 will automatically create a contour range that includes all values. This is the default. Stress Averaging: Specify if stress averaging is to be used when displaying the forces or stresses. Consider the four elements labeled A, B, C and D shown in the sketch at right. These four elements all have a common point, labeled 1, in the sketch. Each of the elements has an associated internal force or stress at joint 1. Typically the forces or stresses at common points in different elements are different. The finer the mesh the closer the values become.
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Show Forces Stresses Shells

The options available for stress averaging are None for no stress averaging, At All Joints for stress averaging at all joints or over Objects & Groups for stress averaging at points selected just before plotting the shell forces or stresses, or for stress averaging of groups selected using the Set Groups button. If the None option is used so that the force or stress contours are plotted with no stress averaging at the common points, the changes in force or stress from element to element typically will appear abrupt. Large stress variations between elements may indicate that the model is not properly meshed and may need to be refined to properly capture the variation in stress. Therefore, use this option to determine if the model is meshed properly. Stress averaging using the At All Joints or over Objects & Groups option tends to eliminate abrupt changes in the plot and smoothes the contours. Thus, after the meshing of the model has been shown to be acceptable using the None option, the At All Joints option will give better results of the stress in the elements by averaging the stress between elements and reducing the error because of the stress on each individual element. The over Objects & Groups option should be used if a discontinuity, such as two planes meeting at an angle, is included in the model. In that case, each plane should be averaged independently using the over Objects & Groups option. This will avoid the problem of averaging across the two planes, which would give incorrect result. The results would be incorrect because the stress along the two planes is not continuous relative to the elements' local axes. Show Deformed Shape check box. When this check box is checked, SAP2000 will display the model using color-coded contours with distortions to show where the model is subject to the effects of the forces and stresses. Show as Arrows check box. When this check box is checked, the shell principal stresses will be displayed as arrows rather than contours. Note: Shell element stresses (not forces) actually have different values at the top and bottom of the shell elements as a result of bending. Thus, depending on which side of the object is being displayed, different stresses will be shown. Twodimensional views always look at area objects from the same side. To view stresses on the other side of the area object, switch to a 3D view or right click on the object while stresses are displayed to access the Shell Diagram form and click the Switch Face button. Note: When forces or stresses are plotted for multi-valued combinations, SAP2000 displays whichever of the maximum and minimum values has the largest absolute value. Example: Use of this command is demonstrated in Problem S. See Also Shell Element Internal Forces/Stresses Output Convention Return to SAP2000 Index

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Show Forces Stresses Shells

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