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Landscape architecture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve [1] environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes: urban design;site planning; stormwater management; town or urban planning; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a landscape architect.
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4.1 Australia 4.2 Canada 4.3 Italy 4.4 New Zealand 4.5 Republic of Ireland 4.6 United Kingdom 4.7 United States
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, established 1759 The Palm House built 18441848 by Richard Turner toDecimus Burton's designs
The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some [2] examples of project types include: The planning, form, scale and siting of new developments Civil design and public infrastructure Sustainable development Stormwater management including rain gardens, green roofs, groundwater recharge, and treatment wetlands Campus and site design for public institutions and government facilities Parks, botanical gardens, arboretums, greenways, and nature preserves Recreation facilities; i.e.: playgrounds, golf courses, theme parks and sports facilities Housing areas, industrial parks and commercial developments Estate and residence landscape master planning and design Highways, transportation structures, bridges, and transit corridors Urban design, town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and parking lots Large to small urban renewal planning and design Natural park, tourist destination, and recreating historical landscapes, and historic garden appraisal and conservation studies Reservoirs, dams, power stations, reclamation of extractive industry applications or major industrial projects and mitigation Environmental assessment and landscape assessment, planning advice and land management proposals. Coastal and offshore developments and mitigation Ecological Design any aspect of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with natural processes and sustainability
Landscape managers use their knowledge of landscape processes to advise on the long-term care and development of the landscape. They often work in forestry, nature conservation andagriculture. Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of particular species in a given area. Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use. Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning. Green roof designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo[citation needed] transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation.
Main article: History of landscape architecture For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning andgarden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by Andr Le Ntre at Vaux-le-Vicomte and for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of "making" a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term "landscape architecture" was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. During the latter 19th century, the term "landscape architect" became used by professional people who designed landscapes. This use of "landscape architect" became established afterFrederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Farrand with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe and North America. Later, in [3][4][5] 1978, IFLA's Headquarters were established in Versailles. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a more important need. The combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and emerging city planning that gave Landscape Architecture its unique focus to serve these needs. In the second half of the century,Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have a huge influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system. Jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point. One of the original ten founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), and the only woman, was Beatrix Farrand. She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts. Her numerous private estate projects [6] include the landmark Dumbarton Oaks in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.. Since
that time, other architects most notably Ruth Havey and Alden Hopkinschanged certain elements of the Farrand design. Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Thomas Churchwas a mid-century landscape architect significant in the profession. His book, Gardens Are For People, and numerous campus master planning and residential design projects influenced environmental design in California, and so the country. Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic. Innovation continues today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes, and gardens. Ian McHarg was emeritus professor of landscape architecture the founder of the Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning Department at Penn and was known for introducing environmental [8] concerns in landscape architecture. He was the author of such books as Design with Nature and To Heal the Earth an important influence on the modern Landscape Architecture profession and land planning in particular. With his book Design with Nature, he popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system became the foundation of today's Geographic Information Systems (GIS). McHarg would give every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is ubiquitously used in the landscape architecture profession today to analyze materials in and on the Earth's surface and is similarly used by Urban Planners, Geographers, Forestry and Natural Resources professionals, etc.
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qualification, two years of practice and a record of Continuing Professional Practice. The application is in two stages: (1) A minimum 12 months of mentoring and assessment (2) Oral assessment/interview. Professional recognition includes a commitment to continue professional development. AILA Registered [10] Landscape Architects are required to report annually on their Continuing Professional Development.
Landscape Architecture (EFLA) and IFLA. The ILI was formed in 1993 to merge the disciplines of landscape architecture and landscape horticulture. It continues to promote the profession by its accreditation of the degree programme in Dublin, certification of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for landscape architects, administration of professional practice examinations, advice on development of policy at national level and organisation of conferences, lectures and design awards. The ILI is a member institute of the Urban Forum, representing professional bodies involved in urban spatial disciplines of engineering, architecture, planning, quantity surveying and landscape architecture. The profession has gained in status and numbers due to the construction boom of the past decade and raising of standards of Irish design. There is still no registration of title in Ireland and the profession is unregulated, but there is increasing awareness of the profession and of status of the ILI. Landscape architects in Ireland work in private practice, public sector bodies at local government level and in some bodies such transport and national heritage and in the academic sector. The demand for landscape architects is often associated with strategic infrastructure projects due to Ireland's recent major infrastructural investments. Landscape architects are employed in design of: green infrastructure, public realm, institutional/medical/industrial campuses and settings, parks, play facilities, transport (road/rail/cycle/port) corridors, retail complexes, residential estates (including plans for remediation of now-abandoned housing 'ghost' estates), village improvements, accessibility audits, graveyard restoration schemes, wind farms, wetland drainage systems and coastal zones. They are also significantly employed in preparation/review of statutory impact assessment reports on landscape, visual and ecological impacts of design proposals.
the American Society of Landscape Architects. The average salary for landscape architecture [15] professionals in the U.S. is $71,000.