PEDS2009

ZVS-ZCS Bidirectional Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter

Ching-Lung Chu

Yi Chen

Department of Electrical Engineering Southern Taiwan University Tainan, TAIWAN. R.O.C. 710
AbstractA bidirectional zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zerocurrent-switching (ZCS) full-bridge dc-dc converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed full-bridge converter topology with low ripple input current, which converts the energy from battery to DC bus (or load) and vice versa. In order to improve the overall efficiency, the proposed bidirectional converter uses the leakage inductance of the transformer and a capacitor to achieve circuit resonance. The resonant frequency is operated in about double frequencies of the primary switch. In this paper, the main switches and output synchronous rectifiers are operated in ZVS and ZCS when being switched on and switched off. Converter description and operating principles of the proposed converter are discussed in this paper. Finally, a laboratory prototype with output power 250W in both buck/charge operation mode and boost/discharge operation mode is implemented to validate the theoretical analysis. Keywords- full-bridge DC/DC Converter, ZCS, ZVS, bidirectional Converter.

can achieve both small ripple of the input current and small ripple of the output voltage. Furthermore, the main switches and output synchronous rectifiers are operated in ZVS and ZCS when being switched on and switched off.
Lin1
vcr1 Q1 I in Vin icr1 C S1 vds1
Q3

io vcr 2

CS 3 DS 3
L lkp

Qa1
L lks

CSa1
DSa1

vdsa1

Qa 3

CSa 3 DSa3

Lin 2
ibatt

DS 1
ip

is im
vp
vs

icr 2

Cr1
Q2

Cr 2

Vbatt

CS 2
vds 2
DS 2

Q4

CS 4

N p Ns

Qa 2

CSa 2

Qa 4 vdsa 2

CSa 4

DS 4

DSa 2

DSa 4

Fig. 1 Proposed ZVS-ZCS Bidirectional Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Bidirectional dc-dc converters allow transfer of power between two dc sources, in either direction. There are increasing demands of bidirectional dc-dc converters in applications like dc uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) , battery charger circuits, telecom power supplies, distribution systems and computer power systems[1-8]. The control technology in bi-directional converter utilizes mostly pulse width modulation (PWM) control technology [37]. Because the hard switching PWM technology leads the efficiency of converter cant increase [9]. In the recent years, the possible implementations of bidirectional converters using soft switching are employed in the technology, such as zerovoltage-switching converters [5, 10-11], series L-L-C resonant converters [12, 13], and parallel resonant converters [14, 15], they can achieve zero-voltage-switching and increase power conversion efficiency. There are shortcomings of variable frequency in quasi-resonant converter (QRC) and multiresonant converter (MRC) [16, 17], to solve the problems the zero-switching PWM converter is proposed. This paper proposes a ZVS- ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter for application as fuel cell system, battery charger circuits and distribution systems etc. In order to improve the overall efficiency, decrease the circuit complexity and have a simple control circuit, it can be implemented in the proposed topology. The leakage inductance of the transformer and a capacitor are utilized to achieve circuit resonance. The proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter

II.

CONVERTER DESCRIPTION

The power stage diagram of the proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter is shown in Fig. 1. The converter has two modes of operation. When power flows from the low voltage side to the high voltage side, the circuit works in discharge operation (boost mode) to power the high voltage side load; otherwise, it works in charge operation (buck mode) to charge the low voltage side battery. In the buck / charge operation mode, the energy from the dc mains charges the battery. It consists of MOSFET main switches Q1 ~ Q4 , input inductor Lin1 , resonant capacitor C r1 . The shunt capacitors Cs1 ~ Cs 4 and the shunt body diodes Ds1 ~ Ds 4 are the parasitic drain-to-source capacitance and body diode of the MOSFET, respectively. The series inductor L lkp is the leakage inductor of the main side of the

transformer. The series inductor L lks is the leakage inductor of the secondary side of the transformer. The parameter values of the transformer are measured by a LCR meter, and the equivalent leakage inductor is calculated by (1).
NP Lr = Llkp + N S
2 L lks

(1)

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In the boost/discharge operation mode, the switches Qa1 ~ Qa 4 are as main switches. The shunt capacitors Csa1 ~ Csa 4 and the shunt body diodes Dsa1 ~ Dsa 4 are the parasitic drain-to-source capacitance and body diode of the MOSFET respectively. Switches Q1 ~ Q4 are the output synchronous rectifiers.
Np
Lin1 v cr1 ids1 C DS1 ids3 C D S1 S3 S3 Q1 Q3 vds 3 vds1
icr1 Vin
ip
im

io vcr 2 Lin 2

Qa1
L lks

Iin

L lkp
vp

is vs

vdsa1 CSa1DSa1

Qa 3

CSa 3 DSa3 idsa 3

CSa 4

icr 2 ibatt

Ns

Llkp ip im Lp 137.5u

1 : 1.83 Llks

Cr 1 ids 2 C S2 Q2

vds 2 DS 2

ids 4 C S4 Q4

Cr 2
CSa 2
idsa 2

Vbatt

N p Ns

vds 4

Qa 2

DS 4

vdsa 2 DSa 2

Qa 4

DSa 4

Fig. 3 buck / charge operation mode

1 23 4 56

Ls

462.2u

Vgs1 ,Vgs 4 (Vgsa1 ,Vgsa 4 )

V gs 2 ,Vgs 3 (Vgsa 2 ,Vgsa 3 )
vds1 , vds 4
vds 2 , vds 3
ids1 , ids 4
ids 2 , ids 3

Fig. 2 Transformer model

In the charge/discharge mode, utilizing the magnetizing current of the transformer and the parasitic drain-to-source capacitors, the voltage of main switches will fall to zero before the main switches are turned on. Therefore, the main switches can be operated under ZVS. When the switches are turned off, a resonant circuit is formed through the equivalent leakageinductance and the resonant capacitor. Thus, both the main switches and the output rectifier can be operated under ZCS. The overall efficiency of the converter will increase. III. Description of Operating Principle

vcr1
vcr1

ip
vcr1
vs
vdsa 2
vp Ns Np vp Ns Np

The gate signal of the ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter is symmetric switching. Before the main switches are turned on, the switches voltage is discharged to zero, it can make the main switches turn-on under ZVS. At the same time, the resonant circuit is composed of the resonant capacitor and the resonant inductor, the current of the circuit is activated in a sinusoidal waveform that is raised from zero and falls to zero. Therefore, before the switch is turned off and the current falls to zero, both the main switches can be operated under ZCS. The following assumptions are made to simplify the analysis of the proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter. 1. 2. 3. Input suppressed inductance Lin1 , Lin 2 is large, therefore, the input current ripple is small. The inductors and capacitors are ideal, series equivalent resistance doesnt be considered. Output capacitances are large enough, so can be considered as voltage sources.

idsa 2
im

t0
Tr

t1t2 t3
Ts

t4t5 t6

Fig. 4 key waveforms during the buck / charge operation mode

A. Buck / charge operation mode

In this mode, Fig. 3, the dc mains Vin , powering the load, provides the battery charging current io . Fig. 4 depicts the key waveforms of the proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter that is operated in buck / charging mode. Fig. 5 shows the six stages occur over one switching cycle in the

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Lin1 vcr1 ids1 Q1 Iin icr1 Vin Cr1 ids2 Q2 ids3 C S3 Q3 vds3 ip im CS 2 vds2 ids4 Q4 vp vs CSa2 Qa2 Llkp Qa1 Llks is Vbatt Cr 2 Qa4 idsa4
Lin1

io idsa1 Qa3 CSa3

vcr2

Lin2

Lin1

vcr1 ids1
Q1

io

vcr2

Lin2

CS1

ids3

icr2

ibatt

Iin
icr1

vds1

Q3

CS 3
vds3

Qa1
Llkp vp
vs

idsa1

vdsa1
CSa1

Qa3

CSa3
icr2 ibatt

Llks
is

ip
im

Vin

Vbatt
Cr 2

Np Ns

Cr1 ids2

Q2

CS 2

ids4 Q4

CS 4
vds4

Np Ns

vds2

Qa2

CSa2

vdsa2

Qa4

CSa4

idsa4

vcr1
ids1

io CS1
vds1

vcr2

Lin2

Lin1

vcr1

io ids1 CS1 vds1 ids3 Q3

Llkp ip im ids4

vcr2

Lin2

ids3 Q3

Q1
Iin icr1

DS 3

Qa1

idsa1 vdsa1

Qa3
DSa3

Q1
icr2 i batt Vbatt
Cr 2

Qa1
Llks is

Llkp ip im
ids4

Llks

is
vp

CSa1

Iin icr1

vdsa1

Qa3
icr2 i batt idsa3

CSa1

Vin

Cr1 ids2
Q2

vs

Vin

Q4 DS 2

CS 4
vds4

Np Ns

Qa2

Qa4

CSa4

Cr1 ids2

vp

vs

Vbatt
Cr 2

Q2

Q4

CS 4
vds4

Np Ns

Qa2
idsa2

Qa4

CSa4

DSa2

idsa4

Lin1

vcr1
ids1
Q1

io
CS1 vds1

vcr2

Lin2

Lin1

vcr1 ids1
Q 1

io DS1 ids3
Q3

vcr2

Lin2

ids3
Q3

CS 3

Iin icr1
Vin

vds3 ip

Qa1

Llkp
vp

Llks is vs

vdsa1
CSa1

Qa3

CSa3
icr2 i batt

CS 3 vds3 ip im vp vs Llkp Llks

Qa1

Qa3

CSa3 icr2 i batt idsa3

Vbatt

Iin icr1

idsa3
Vbatt

is

DSa1

Cr1 ids2
Q2

im
CS 2 vds2
ids4

Cr 2
Qa2 CSa2 vdsa2 Qa4 CSa4

Vin

Q4

CS 4

Np Ns

Cr1 ids2
Q2

Cr 2
Qa2

CS 2 vds2

ids4 Q4 DS 4

Np Ns

CSa2 vdsa2 idsa2

vds4

Qa4

idsa2

DSa4

Fig. 5 Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter in buck / charging mode: (a) stage1

[t

t t1 ] , (b) stage2 [t1 t t 2 ] , (c) stage3 [t 2 t t3 ] ,(d) stage4 [t 3 t t 4 ] , (e) stage5 [t 4 t t5 ] , (f) stage6 [t 5 t t 6 ] .
very small compared with the resonant current. To simplify this circuit for analysis, the magnetizing current is neglected in this stage. The equivalent resonant circuit is shown in Fig. 5(a). The resonant inductor current i p ( s) , resonant capacitor voltage vc r1 ( s ) , resonant capacitor current icr1 ( s ) , can be written as:
ip(s) = +Vcr1)s3 s(s4LinCr1LrCr0Lo +s L C L +s L LC +s L C L +s2LrCr0Lo + Lin + Lr + Lo ) s(s LinCr1LrCr0Lo +s L C L +s L LC +s L C L +s LC L + Lin + Lr +Lo )
4

steady state operation in charge operation (buck mode).

Stage 1: [t 0 t t1 ]

At t = t0 , the parasitic capacitor voltage of main switch Q 1 and Q 4 are completely discharged and vds1 (t ) and

vds 4 (t ) decreases to zero. Q 1 and Q 4 are then turned on, as shown in Fig. 5(a), and operated under ZVS. At the same time, the parasitic capacitor voltage vds1 (t ) and vds 4 (t ) of the main switch Q 2 and Q 3 was approximately charged to v cr1 . The
input current I in continues to charge the resonant capacitor Cr1 , and the resonant inductor current i p (t ) forms a parallel LC resonant circuit loop through the equivalent leakage-inductance of the transformer. The resonant inductor current i p (t ) is in a sinusoidal waveform and falls to zero at

(L C LC Li )s +L C LC (V
o r0 in L 2 in r1 r in r1 o Lo 2 in o r0

+ +

[LC L i + L C Li +(LC + L C )Li ]s

cr1 in r1 cr0 o 2 2 in r1 r in o r0

4 in r1 o r0 r Lr in r1 o r0 cr0 2 2 2 in r1 r in o r0 in r1 o

V ) +(LoCr0 +LinCr1)(Vcr0 +Vcr1)]s s(s4LinCr1LrCr0Lo +s L C L +s L LC +s2LinCr1Lo +s2LrCr0Lo +Lin +Lr +Lo )

r0 o in

[C L (V V ) +L C (V

2 o r0 in r1 r Lr 2 2 in r1 o r r0 o

(2)

t = t1 , which causes the main switch Q 1 and Q 4 to be turned

off along with ZCS. When the gate signal is removed at t = t1 , this stage is finished. In this state, the resonant inductor current i p (t ) includes the magnetizing current im (t ) , which is

Vin Vo s + 4 s(s LinCr1LrCr0Lo +s2LinCr1Lr +s2LinLoCr0 +s2LinCr1Lo +s2LrCr0Lo + Lin + Lr + Lo ) LiniLin+ LriLr + LoiLo +

icr 1 (s ) = iin (s ) i p (s )

(3)

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PEDS2009

vcr1 (s ) = icr1 (s ) Stage 2 [t1 t t 2 ]

1 V (0) + cr1 sC r1 s

(4)

At the beginning of this stage, the resonant circuit is finished and only the magnetizing current remains in the circuit. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 5(b). At the same time, the main switch Q 1 and Q 4 are turned off, and the main switch Q 2 and Q 3 are not turned on. Subsequently, the magnetizing current i m (t ) charges the parasitic capacitor Cs1 and C s 4 , Thus, the parasitic capacitor Cs 2 and Cs 3 voltage v ds 2 (t ) and v ds 3 (t ) is reduced to zero, and the parasitic diode Ds 2 and Ds 3 become forward-biased. The parasitic capacitor Cs1 and C s 4 voltage v ds1 (t ) and v ds1 (t ) are increased to vc r1 (t ) , and this stage finishes. In this state, the equations of the parasitic capacitor Cs1 and C s 4 changes and Cs 2 and Cs 3 discharges can be written as:
1 Vds1 (t ) = C t1 I m dt s1 1 Vds 2 (t ) = vc r (t1 ) C s2 1 V (t ) = v (t ) cr 1 ds 3 Cs 3 t2 1 V (t ) = I m dt ds 4 Cs1 t1

B. Boost / discharge operation mode The converter operates in this mode, Fig. 6, on failure of the dc mains. The battery discharges to supply the load power. The drive method of the switch and the operation mode of the converter in the circuit are the same as buck / charge operation mode, so we dont discuss here.
Lin1 v cr1

iload
icr1

ids1 C D S1 S 1 Q1 Q vds1 3

idsa1
CS 3 DS 3
L lkp N p N s
ip

Qa1
L lks
is

Qa 3 vdsa1 CSa1DSa1

L idsa3 vcr 2 in 2 DSa 3 ibatt

CSa3
icr 2

C r1
Q2

vp

vs

im

Cr 2
Qa 2

Vbatt

CS 2DS 2 ids 4 CS 4 Q4 vds 2

CSa 2

DS 4

idsa 2

vdsa 2 DSa 2

Qa 4

CSa 4

DSa 4 idsa 4

Fig. 6 boost / discharge operation mode

IV.

Experimental results

t2

t2 t1 t2 t1

I m dt I m dt

(11)

In order to verify the proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter theoretical analysis, a 250W output power charge mode (buck mode) and a 250W output power discharge mode (boost mode) will be built and tested in the laboratory. The configuration of the proposed converter is shown in Fig 1. The experimental results are obtained with the following parameters as table 1:
Table 1 Experimental parameters Input DC voltage Buck/Charge mode Output DC voltage Resonant Output Resonant equivalent Power capacitor inductor

Stage 3 [t 2 t t3 ] The magnetizing current im (t ) passes through the parasitic diode Ds 2 and Ds 3 , while the main winding N p and resonant capacitor form a circuit loop. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 5(c). At the same time, the input current I in charges the resonant capacitor Cr 1 , and the resonant capacitor voltage vc r1 (t ) increases linearly. The v p (t ) voltage is nearly equal to vc r1 (t ) and increases linearly. When vs (t2 ) Vbatt and Q a 2 ,

45.4 ~ 56.5 24.6 ~ 28.3 250 W 1.004 H 10 F

Boost/Discharge 24.3 ~ 25.2 mode

39.3 ~ 46.3 250 W 0.42 H

11 F

Q a 3 is not turned on, and the vds1 (t2 ) is equal to vds 4 (t 2 ) . The
secondary side voltage v s (t 2 ) of the transformer can be written as: vs (t 2 ) = Ns vc r 1 (t 2 ) Np

A. Buck/charge operation mode The experimental results in charging mode at full load are shown in Fig. 7 to Fig. 9. Fig. 7 shows the waveforms of the drain-to-source voltages v ds1 and the switch current ids1 of power MOSFET Q 1 at the full load. It is observed that, before

(12)

current ids1 starting to rise from zero, the drain-to-source voltage vds1 is also zero. Thus, the main switches Q 1 ~ Q 4 are turned on under ZVS. Due to a greater equivalent induction leakage of the transformer, the switches current cant fall to zero, as shown in fig. 7. Fig. 8 shows the waveforms of the output synchronous rectification switches voltage vdsa1 and the current idsa1 at the full load, where the switch current idsa1 starts to rise from zero. As shown, the output synchronous rectifiers are turned on by ZVS.

The models of stage 4 [t3 t t 4 ] , stage 5 [t 4 t t5 ] and stage 6 [t5 t t 6 ] are similar to the models of stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Therefore, the explanations are omitted in this paper.

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PEDS2009

Fig. 9 shows the waveforms of the dc source input current iin , resonant current of transformer i p , and resonant capacitor voltage vcr1 at the full load. The proposed converter can achieve a steady state and small ripple input current iin without adding any extra filter. The efficiency of proposed converter in charging mode is shown in Fig. 10. The proposed converter has the maximum efficiency of 89% at full load condition from 50 W to 250 W.
v gs1
vds1

() 100% 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% 84% 82% 0 50

buck/charge mode of efficiency Duty = 45.4%

100

150 200 Power (W)

250

300

Fig. 10 measured efficiency at different load levels at charging mode

ids1

B. Boost/discharge operation mode The experimental results in discharging mode at full load are shown in Fig. 11 to Fig. 13. Fig. 11 shows the turned-on transient waveforms of Q a1 including v gsa1 , vdsa1 and idsa1 ,and we

confirmed that Q a1 is turned-on in ZVS condition. The drainv gs1 = 10V / div , vds1 = 50V / div , ids1 = 10 A / div , time = 10 s / div
Fig. 7 Experimental waveforms of the ZVS-ZCS for

Q1 at the full load.

source voltage vdsa1 and drain current idsa1 of MOSFET Q a1 at the full load are shown in Fig.11, as shown, when the drain current idsa1 of switch decreases to zero, the drain-source voltage vdsa1 is turned on. Thus, the main switches Q a1 ~ Q a 4 are turned on under ZVS. Due to a greater equivalent induction leakage of the transformer, the switches current cant fall to zero, as shown in fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the waveforms of the output synchronous rectification switches voltage vds1 and the current ids1 at the full load, where current ids1 starts to rise from zero. As shown, the output synchronous rectifiers are turned on by ZVS. Fig.13 shows the waveforms of the battery current ibatt , resonant current of transformer is , and resonant capacitor voltage vcr 2 at the full load. The proposed converter can achieve a steady state and small ripple input current ibatt without adding any extra filter. The efficiency of proposed converter in discharging mode is shown in Fig. 14. The proposed converter has the maximum efficiency of 86% at full load condition from 50 W to 250 W.
v gsa1

vdsa1

idsa1

vdsa1 = 20V / div , idsa1 = 10 A / div , time = 10 s / div

Fig. 8 ZCS operations for output synchronous rectifiers Qa1 at the full load.

vcr1 iin

ip
vdsa1

vcr1 = 40V / div , iin = 2 A / div , i p = 5 A / div , time = 10 s / div

Fig. 9 Waveforms of

vcr1 , iin , and i p at the full load.

idsa1

v gsa1 = 10V / div , vdsa1 = 50V / div , idsa1 = 20 A / div , time = 10 s / div
Fig. 11 Experimental waveforms of the ZVS-ZCS for Q a1 at the full load.

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It was observed that the operation principles and the theoretical analysis of this converter were exactly verified by the prototype of a 250 W in both discharge operation and charge operation. REFERENCES
ids1
1. 2. 3. Lon-Kou Chang, Ru-Shiuan Yang, An isolated full-bridge DC/DC converter with bidirectional communication capability, IEEE Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 320-325, 2008 M. Jain, M. Daniele and P. K. Jain, A Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Topology for Low Power Application, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.15, No.4, pp.595-606 July 2000. K. Yamamoto, E. Hiraki, T. Tanaka, M. Nakaoka, and T. Mishima, Bidirectional DC-DC converter with full-bridge / push-pull circuit for automobile electric power systems, IEEE Proc. PESC06, pp. 1-5, Jun. 2006. B. Ray, Bidirectional dcdc power conversion using quasi-resonant topology, in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp.617-624, June 1992. G. Hua and F. C. Lee, Soft-switching techniques in PWM converters, IEEE Transactions Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, pp. 595603, 1995. E. S. Kilders, J. B. Ejea, A. Ferreres, E. Maset, V. Esteve, J. Jordan, A. Garrigos and J. Calvente, Bidirectional Coupled Inductors Step-up Converter for Battery Discharging-Charging, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 64-68, 2005. K. Venkatesan, Current mode controlled bidirectional flyback converter, in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 835-842, JuneJuly 1989. H. S.-H. Chung, Wai-Leung Cheung, and K. S. Tang, A ZCS Bidirectional Flyback DC/DC Converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.19, pp1426-1434, Nov 2004. K.-W. Ma and Y.-S. Lee, An integrated flyback converter for DC uninterruptable power supplies, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 11, pp. 318327, Mar. 1996. Quan Li and P. Wolfs, A leakage-inductance-based ZVS two-inductor boost converter with integrated magnetics, IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 3, pp. 6771, 2005. Tiecheng Sun, Xueqin Zhu, Hongpeng Liu, Lian Liang, and Peng Gao, A Novel ZVS PWM FB DC/DC Converter Using Auxiliary Resonant Net, in Proc. 12th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 728732, 2006. K. Siri and C. Q. Lee, Constant switching frequency LLC-type series resonant converter, in Proc. 32nd Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, pp. 513516, 1989. Yilei Gu, Zhengyu Lu and Zhaoming Qian, A Novel LLC Resonant Converter Topology: Voltage Stresses of All Components in Secondary Side Being Half of Output Voltage, in Proc. of CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, vol. 1, pp. 15, 2006. C.Q. Lee, R. Liu, and I. Batarseh, Parallel resonant converter with LLC-type commutation, IEEE Transactions Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 25, pp. 844847, 1989. Bucher, T. Durbaum, D. Kubrich, and A. Stadler, Comparison of Different Design Methods for the Parallel Resonant Converter, in Proc. 12th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 810815, 2006. Yang B., Lee F. C., A. J. Zhang, and G. S. Huang, LLC resonant converter for front end dc/dc conversion, IEEE APEC, 2002, pp. 11081112. Lu B., Liu W., Liang Y., Lee F. C., Van Wyk J. D., Optimal design methodology for LLC resonant converter, IEEE APEC, 2006, pp. 533 538.

vds1

vds1 = 40V / div , ids1 = 10 A / div , time = 10 s / div

Fig. 12 ZCS operations for output synchronous rectifiers Q1 at the full load

4. 5.

vcr 2
ibatt

6.

7.

is

8. 9.

vcr 2 = 20V / div , ibatt = 10 A / div , is = 20 A / div , time = 10 s / div

Fig. 13 Waveforms of
()

10. 11.

vcr 2 , ibatt , and is at the full load

95%

boost/discharge mode of efficiency

12.
90%

85%

13.

80%

75% Duty = 43% 70%

14. 15.

50

100

Power (W)

150

200

250

300

Fig. 14 measured efficiency at different load levels at discharging mode. 16.

V.

Conclusion
17.

We proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter utilizing the leakage inductance of the transformer and a capacitor to achieve circuit resonance. The bidirectional full-bridge converter uses only an input inductor to obtain the small ripple of the input current, and an output capacitor to obtain the small ripple of output voltage. From the experimental results, the main switches and output synchronous rectifiers are operated in ZVS and ZCS when being switched on and switched off. The main switch voltage stress can be suppressed effectively and the switching loss can be reduced. The overall conversion efficiency in this proposed ZVS-ZCS bidirectional full-bridge dc-dc converter increased.

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