Laser Engineering Assignment-2 Date 09- 08-13 Max.

Marks:65 Date of submission: 14-08-13

1. Consider a collection of identical two-level atoms in thermal equilibrium. The population distribution between the two states Sg (the ground state) and Se (the excited state) is given by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution discussed in the class. (i) With Ng and Ne denoting population densities corresponding to states Sg and Se, calculate Ne/Ng for an optical transition of wavelength = 500 nm and a temperature of 300 K. (h = 6.6x10-34 J s, and kB = 1.4x10-23 J/K). (ii) At what temperature will Ne be equal to 0.1Ng? (iii) Is there any realistic temperature for which Ne can exceed Ng for this two-level system? (5) 2. Optical emission is taking place between two energy levels and the central frequency of emission is 600nm and spectral width is 1GHz. The spontaneous emission life time of the upper level is 0.1s. What are the values of Einsteins A and B coefficients? What is the probability of emission at the central frequency? Estimate the decay time of the upper energy level due to nonradiative processes. (5) 3. A laser operating at 488nm wavelength gives out 5mW power in TEM 00 mode beam of 2mm beam waist. Estimate laser beam divergence, the solid angle in which beam is emitted and the brightness of the laser source; and compare the brightness with that of the Sun. (5) 4. The spectral width of the above laser (sr. no. 3) is 100 MHz. Estimate the coherence time and coherence length of the laser. (2) 5. A 500 W CO2 laser beam (wavelength=10.6m) of beam diameter 6mm and M2 value of 4 is focused with a 100mm focal length lens. What will be the laser power density at the focal point and depth of focus? (4) 6. A medium absorbs 1% of the light incident on it over a distance of 1.5mm in the medium. Determine (i) The mediums absorption co-efficient. (ii) The length of the medium if it transmits 75% of the light. (4) 7. Estimate the threshold gain and the cavity photon decay time constant of the laser shown below: (5)

R1 = 98%
Laser Medium L1 = 30cm Refractive Index-1.5

R2 = 80%
L2 =5cm Absorption, a = 0.01cm-1 Refractive index =2

8. Consider a He-Ne laser with a laser wavelength of 632.8nm and a linewidth of 1.5 GHz. Assume the length of the gain region is 30cm long, the index of refraction of the cavity is1.0, the spontaneous upper-state lifetime is 20ms, the population in the upper-levele laser state is 1x10 16 atoms/cm3, and the population in the lower laser state is 5x1014atoms/cm3. i. Calculate the stimulated emission cross-section at the line-centre. ii. Calculate the small signal gain at the line centre. iii. Calculate the single pass gain, G = exp(0.L) (5)

9. Consider a CO2 Laser with an operating wavelength of 10.6 micron and a stimulated emission cross-section of 3x10-18 cm2. The spontaneous decay lifetime of upper state is 4s. Assume a length of 100 cm of the laser gain medium and small signal gain of 0.009 cm -1. Assume the unintentional loss is a = 0.00015 cm -1. Assume that the laser beam area is 1cm 2. Calculate the optimum out put coupler transmittance and the laser power at that transmittance. Calculate the saturation intensity and saturated / threshold gain also. (10) 10. Consider a laser system with a small signal gain of 0.015cm -1. Assume that a ray of the intensity 1pW/cm2 is injected into the cavity immediately in front of the rear mirror. Assume that the resonator is 50cm long, that no additional rays are propagating in the resonator, and no saturation mechanism exists. i. Assuming that both mirrors have a reflectivity of R=100%, calculate the intensity after three round trips of the resonator. ii. Assuming that front mirrors has a reflectivity of R=80% and rear mirror has 100% reflectivity calculate the intensity after three round trips of the resonator. (6) 11. A Nd:YAG laser has the following parameters: Laser wavelength = 1.06 micron, Spectral line width = 1.4x1011 Hz, Upper laser lifetime = 230 microsec., refractive index =1.8, Ground state population density = 5x1020 /cm3, Estimate the stimulated emission cross-section. If we want to create a small signal gain of 0.1/cm what should be the pump rate? What will be the saturation intensity of the laser? (6) 12. A Nd:YAG laser is made with a 5cm long and 4mm diameter rod having above (sr.no. 11) characteristics. A plano-concave optical resonator of 10cm length with one mirror of 99% reflectivity is formed. The out put mirror tnasmissivity is optimized for maximum laser power and maximum laser power of 40 Watt is obtained at 5% slop efficiency with 80% reflecting mirror. Estimate the small signal gain, threshold gain, cavity loss and threshold input power. (8)