ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors Purpose: The goal of this exercise

se is to determine the operating characteristics of three-phase squirrel cage induction machines. You will use the four-pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module. The speed-torque, speed-current, power factor, and efficiency of the machine will be determined. In addition, the effect of changes in the stator voltage on the machine operation will be studied. Theory: Ac motors produce torque by creating two synchronously rotating magnetic fields resulting in a torque between them. The three-phase stationary windings (stator) produce a continuously rotating magnetic field, with a constant magnitude, which rotates at the excitation frequency (60 Hz) divided by the number of pole-pairs. The rotor also produces a rotating magnetic field at the same speed. The induction motor consists of a stationary and a rotating member; each has an electric circuit and a laminated magnetic circuit. The stationary outside member of the motor is called the stator and it carries a three-phase winding. The inside rotating member is called the rotor and it consists of a cage of bars. The bars are joined together at each end by a copper end-ring and it looks like the classic squirrel cage. The rotor bars are tear drop shaped; narrow towards the outside, wide on the inside. The shape of the rotor bar determines the shape of the Torque vs. Speed curve of the motor. The rotor bar shape also determines the value of starting current that the motor will draw at start up. Alternating current is supplied to the stator winding directly and to the rotor winding by induction from the stator. The three-phase stator currents set up a flux pattern that rotates around the inside of the motor, thereby cutting the rotor conductors and so inducing voltages in them. Whether the machine is a two-, four-, six- or eight- pole machine (or any other even number of poles) depends simply on the number of slots and type of winding. The series of diagrams in Fig. 1 illustrates how the stator winding is able to produce a revolving field in a two pole machine. The stator winding consists of three coils, one for each phase. Each coil has its axis about 120 degrees in space with respect to the other two. At time instant t, the current in phase B is zero, positive in A, and negative in C, and the resultant flux produced by all three coils appears in the first flux pattern below. Our convention is to point the flux arrow in the direction of the maximum value of flux. In the next two flux diagrams, the currents have changed direction as time has gone by and the flux has revolved first through 120 degrees from the first to the second, and again 120 degrees from the second to the third flux diagrams. If we continue drawing such diagrams, we discover that when the phase B current again reaches zero going positive (thereby having completed one full cycle), the flux has revolved right around and is back to its position shown in the first flux diagram.

ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors

Figure 1: Rotating Field Produced by Stator Direction of flux rotation depends on the phase sequence of the three windings. The sequence in Fig. 1 is ABC since the three winding currents reach their maximum values in that order. A sequence of ACB can be obtained by interchanging any two supply lines. This revised sequence will reverse the rotational direction of the magnetic field and therefore of the rotor. If the exercise in the above diagram were repeated for a four-pole machine, the flux would complete only half a revolution as each current completes a full cycle. In fact the speed of the rotating field, denoted as synchronous speed is given in general by n1 =120 f/p where n1= synchronous speed, f = 60 Hz is the applied stator frequency, and p is the number of poles. Induction motors differ from other synchronous motors only in the way the rotor magnetic field is produced. The squirrel cage induction rotor is best thought of as a set of multi-phase windings that are all short-circuited. The rotor produces its magnetic field by having current induced in the windings from the rotating stator field. If the rotor is standing still, the stator induces current in the rotor windings at a frequency of 60 Hz. This 60 Hz current produces a rotating magnetic field at the same frequency as the stator field. The two fields interact with each other producing torque (either in clockwise or counter- clockwise direction). The amount of torque depends on the angle between the fields and their relative strength. Once the rotor begins to rotate, the current induced in the rotor is no longer 60 Hz. It is now at a frequency, known as slip frequency, equal to the difference between 60 Hz, and the rotating speed. We define the slip as, S= (n1-n)/n1 where n1 is the synchronous speed in rpm, and n is the speed of the rotor also in rpm.

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors Therefore, the frequency of the rotor current is S*n1 rpm. The speed of the rotating rotor magnetic field is still equal to the synchronous speed n1, however, since it is the sum of the rotor field with respect to the rotor (S * n1 ) plus the rotating speed of the rotor itself [(1 - S) * n1]. The operating characteristics of the induction machine can be estimated from the equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit is similar to that of a transformer. It differs only in that the effect of the rotating "secondary," (i.e. the rotor) must be considered. The per-phase wye equivalent circuit is shown below.

Figure 2: Per-phase wye equivalent circuit V1 is the applied stator line-neutral (per phase) voltage I1 is the stator line current R1 is the stator resistance per phase R2 is the rotor resistance per phase referred to the stator X1 is the stator leakage reactance per phase X2 is the rotor leakage reactance per phase referred to the stator Xm is the magnetizing reactance The torque produced by the induction machine is equal to the output mechanical power divided by the speed. The internal mechanical developed power Pm for all three phases is equal to the total power in the resistor R2 / S minus the total power loss in R2 (the rotor loss). That is Pm =3*I22(R2/S- R2) = 3*I22* R2 [(1-S)/S] The mechanical power output Po that is available in mechanical form at the shaft for useful work is given by: Po = Pm Prot Where Prot equals the rotational losses The total developed motor torque is then obtained as mechanical power output divided by the rotor speed r . r = (1 - S)s/(p / 2) in rad/sec , where s = 2f . Thus we have Te = Po/r

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors The speed vs. torque characteristic of the machine operating at a constant voltage V1, can be found by using the equivalent circuit to calculate the rotor current, I2 at each value of slip, and then using the above equation to find the torque. A typical speed-torque curve is shown in Fig. 3

Figure 3: A typical torque vs. speed characteristic for an induction motor. The section of the speed torque-curve where the speed is below the speed at maximum ("breakdown") torque, is an unstable operating region. This is due to the fact that the torque decreases as the speed decreases. Therefore, the machine only operates in this region under transient conditions. The normal steady-state operating section of the speed-torque curve, from no load where S = 0 until just before the maximum torque where S = SmaxT is a relatively linear region. It can be seen from the equivalent circuit that the stator current (and the power factor angle) is completely determined by the slip. As the slip gets larger the stator current continues to increase, since R2 / S gets smaller. The current-speed characteristic is shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4: Typical current vs. speed characteristic

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors In an actual machine, as you will discover in the lab, the no-load speed of the motor is actually slightly less than the synchronous speed. This is due to the fact that there are internal mechanical losses in the motor (friction and windage) that the motor must supply. Variable Voltage Operation To study the effects of changes in the line voltage on the operation of the induction motor, it is helpful to ignore the effect of the magnetizing inductance, and assume that Xm . With this assumption, I1 I2. From the equivalent circuit, it can be seen that the magnitude of I1 is now directly proportional to the magnitude of the voltage for any fixed slip (speed). Therefore, the torque, which is proportional to the current squared, will be proportional to the voltage squared at any value of slip, as is shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5: Speed vs. Torque for various values of the applied voltage.

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors Laboratory Procedure CAUTION! High voltages are present in this laboratory. Do not make or modify any connections with the power on. All connections should be checked prior to energizing the circuits.

Figure 6: Induction Motor driving the dynamometer load. 1. Using the variable three-phase supply, set up the circuit shown in Fig. 6 to record the motor voltage, line current, total three-phase real power, speed, torque, mechanical output power, and overall efficiency. Be sure to set the torque and mechanical power meters to their compensated settings in order to instrument the corresponding values out of the motor. Note the two-wattmeter connection to measure total three-phase power into the induction motor. Apply the rated voltage (208 V line-to-line) to the motor. Set the dynamometer control to manual. Record all data with the load control adjusted so that the motor current is equal to its rated value of 1.2 A. This data represents rated motor operation. Set the load control to zero, and switch off the supply. Now interchange any two of the input three phase leads to the motor. Now switch the supply voltage back on and make a note of the direction of rotation. Reversing a three-phase induction motor is thus a very simple matter. 2. Apply the nominal (208 V line-to-line) voltage to the motor using the original stator connections. Record the speed of the motor with the dynamometer load set to zero. Increase the mechanical load on the motor in 0.3 N-m increments, up to approx. 1.8 N-m. Above this point increase the torque in 0.1 N-m increments until the motor speed starts to decrease fairly rapidly (breakdown torque region). Carefully increase the torque near the breakdown torque. Continue to increase the torque until the motor reaches its minimum speed. For each torque setting, record the data. Note that the nominal line current will be exceeded when the torque is above the rated value. Therefore, any readings above rated torque should be taken as quickly as possible - within a period less than 5minutes. 3. Set the load control so that the motor is again at its rated speed at rated voltage. Decrease the voltage on the motor in 10 V increments, until a minimum voltage is reached. At each voltage level, readjust the load to keep the speed at its rated value. Record the data at each voltage level 4. Set the load control to zero. Apply 70% of the nominal voltage to the motor. Increase the mechanical load on the motor, again being careful to capture the breakdown torque. For each torque setting, record the data. 5. We now run three tests to determine the equivalent circuit parameters:

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors Equivalent Circuit from test Data: The parameters of the equivalent circuit of an induction machine can be obtained from the no load and block-rotor tests and the measurements of the DC resistance of the stator windings. These tests correspond to the no-load and short-circuit tests on the transformer. a) NO LOAD TEST: Related balanced voltage at rated frequency is applied to the stator, and the motor is allowed to run on no-load. Input power, voltage, and current are measured and then reduced to per p No-load test is run to determine an approximate value for the magnetizing reactance Xm. Remove the belt coupling the induction motor to the dynamometer. Apply rated stator voltage and note that the speed is very near synchronous speed, thus giving a slip S 0. Thus from measurements of VL, I1, and PT, the magnetizing reactance is given by Xm = (QT/3) /I12 X1 where QT = [(3VLI1)2-PT2] b) BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: A blocked rotor (i.e. zero speed, so slip S = 1.0) test can be used to determine approximate values for the rotor resistance R2 and leakage reactances X1 and X2 . Using the variable voltage three-phase 0-208 V supply on the wye-connected stator, slowly increase the voltage until rated stator current is obtained. With the dynamometer belted to the induction motor, the rotor should not turn. Now record the line voltage VL = 3V,line current I1, and total three-phase input power PT. Assuming that the magnetizing reactance Xm is very large, the stator and rotor resistances R1, R2, and leakage reactances X1, X2 are computed from these three measurements as follows: R2 = (PT/3)/I12 R1 An improved value for R2 can now be computed from R2 = [(X2 + Xm )2/ Xm2]R2 (Check equation 7.3.14 in the text)

X1 = X2 = 1/2 (QT/3)/I12 where QT = [(3VLI1)2-PT2] (See page 308 in the text for more explanation) c) THE STATOR RESISTANCE R1: The stator resistance is determined by averaging the dc-resistance of the three stator windings at running temperature. Insert rated dc-current into each stator winding. The stator resistance is given by the dc divided by the current. The resistance also can be measured by an ohmmeter. The stator resistance is the average of the three winding resistances

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ENEE 3800L Electrical Machines Laboratory Laboratory #5 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors Laboratory Report: The following data analysis should be included in your report: 1. Give the rated values of speed, torque, voltage, current, efficiency, and power factor. Note: The plots for Parts 2 - 6 can all be put on one full page with speed on the X-axis, and a normalized Y-axis. Be sure to state on the plot the base value used. 2. Plot the torque vs. speed of the machine at rated voltage. Note the values of breakdown torque, and starting torque (torque at minimum speed) on your plot. Also note the no-load speed on the graph. Most standard industrial induction motors have a breakdown torque around 2-2.5 times the rated torque. How does this machine compare? 3. Plot the current magnitude vs. speed at rated voltage. Note the rated current, the no load current and the starting current on the plot. Most standard industrial induction motors have a starting current around 6 times the rated current. How does this machine compare? 4. Plot the efficiency of the motor vs. speed at rated voltage. Note the speed at the maximum efficiency. Most standard industrial induction motors have an efficiency at rated speed around (1 - Srated) *100%, where Srated is the rated slip. How does this machine compare? 5. Plot the power factor of the motor vs. speed at rated voltage. Note the speed at maximum power factor, and compare this speed to the speed at maximum efficiency. 6. Plot the torque vs. speed for 70% voltage operation. Compare this plot to data obtained by taking the torque at rated voltage (part 2 of this section). How does this result compare to what is shown in Fig. 5? 7. Plot the motor torque vs. stator voltage squared for this motor at a constant speed. Compare these results to predicted values, whereby the torque is supposed to be proportional to the square of the voltage. 8. Compute the parameter values for the per-phase equivalent circuit. Using these computed parameter values, and assuming the same rated voltage and speed as in Part 1, compute the stator current, torque, efficiency, and power factor. Present these values in the same table as prepared for Part 1, comparing these computed values to those measured. Does the equivalent circuit reasonably predict rated motor operation?

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