Exercise

Table B.2: Properties of a

Ground reflectivity:
Plate emissivity = plate absorpt
Glass emissivity:
Glass transmissivity:
Glass surface reflectivity:
Ambient air temperature:
Sky temperature:
Window temperature:
Mean plate temperature:
Wind heat transfer coefficient:
Convective heat transfer between plate and glass
Collector panel area:


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Exercise B.2: Flat-Plate Collector

Figure B.2
Table B.2: Properties of a single- layer flat plate collector
0.2
= plate absorptivity: 0.95
0.88
0.92
Glass surface reflectivity: 0.05
Ambient air temperature: 15
10
30
Mean plate temperature: 70
Wind heat transfer coefficient: 10
Convective heat transfer between plate and glass cover: 4
3

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0.2 [-]
0.95 [-]
0.88 [-]
0.92 [-]
0.05 [-]
15 [C]
10 [C]
30 [C]
70 [C]
0 [W/m
2
K]
[W/m
2
K]
[m
2
]




1) Total solar irradiance on
A south-facing FPC located in Zrich (
pyranometer measurements
respectively, are recorded at solar noon
a. Determine the hour angle and
b. Determine the total

2) Absorbed solar irradiance
Assume a total solar radiation of
glazing given in Table B.
a. Calculate transmittance, absorptance and reflectance of the single
b. Calculate the Tau
c. Calculate the average Tau
an incident angle modifier K
d. Calculate the absorbed solar radiation.

3) Useful energy from the
Use the FPC properties provided
a. Calculate the top loss coefficient.
b. Calculate the useful energy for total
bottom and edge losses.

4) FPC heat losses (15 p)
In Figure B.2, identify at least
radiative energy losses due to absorption of incoming solar


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on a tilted flat plate collector (FPC) (28 p)
located in Zrich ( = 47.22) has a 45 tilt
measurements with a shade disc of I
DN
=800 W/m
2

respectively, are recorded at solar noon on a clear day on April 28 (n=118)
hour angle and the solar declination.
the total solar radiation on the tilted FPC.
nce for a tilted FPC (32 p)
radiation of I
T
=900 W/m
2
with optical properties measured normal to the
B.2.
transmittance, absorptance and reflectance of the single
Calculate the Tau-alpha product of the collector for normal incident radiation.
Calculate the average Tau-alpha product assuming high direct solar radiation an
an incident angle modifier K

=0.98 valid for direct solar radiation.

Calculate the absorbed solar radiation.
the FPC (25 p)
provided in Table B.2.
Calculate the top loss coefficient.
Calculate the useful energy for total absorbed solar irradiance of 6
bottom and edge losses.
at least five different losses in a FPC and give a brief description (e.g.
radiative energy losses due to absorption of incoming solar irradiance in the glazing).

Renewable Energy Technologies I HS09
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. Pyrheliometer and
and I
d
=150 W/m
2
,
(n=118).
s measured normal to the
transmittance, absorptance and reflectance of the single layer glazing.
collector for normal incident radiation.
alpha product assuming high direct solar radiation and
for direct solar radiation.
of 650 W/m
2
neglecting
and give a brief description (e.g.
in the glazing).



Solution B.2: Flat
1) Total solar irradiance on
a. equations:
hour angle:
solar declination:
results:
local solar noon
April 28 n = 11

b. equations:
radiation on tilted surface:
where
D DN z
I I cos =
for south facing surface located in northern hemisphere:

zenith angle:

results:
T,north
cos(47.22 45 ) cos 13.95 cos 0 sin(47.22 45 )sin 1
R
cos 47.22 cos 13.95 cos 0 sin 47.22 sin 13.95
1.17
=
=
or with angle of incidence and zenith angle:
south-facing collector
(
1
z
cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 3

=

(
1
cos cos 33.27 cos 45 sin 33.27 sin 45 cos(0 0 ) 11.7

=

T
z
cos cos(11.73 )
R 1.17
cos cos 33.27

= = =

(
1
z
cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 3

=

D DN z
I I cos 800 cos(33.27 ) 668.88 W/m = = =
D d
I I I 668.88 150 818.88 W/m = + = + =
T
I 668.88 1.17 150 818.88 0.2 934.61 W/m = + + =
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Solution B.2: Flat-Plate Collector
on a tilted flat plate collector (FPC)
( ) = 15 AST 12
solar declination:
s
360 (284+n)
= 23.45 sin
365
| |

|
\

local solar noon AST

= 12 ( ) = 15 12 12 = 0
n = 118
s
360 (284+118)
= 23.45 sin 13.95
365
| |
=
|
\
radiation on tilted surface:
T D T d g
1 cos 1 cos
I I R I I
2 2

+ | | | |
= + +
| |
\ \
D DN z
I I cos = and
D d
I I I = +
for south facing surface located in northern hemisphere:

s s
T T,north
s s
cos( ) cos cos sin( )sin
R R
cos cos cos sin sin


+
= =
+

z s s
cos sin sin cos cos cos = +
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos(47.22 45 ) cos 13.95 cos 0 sin(47.22 45 )sin 1
cos 47.22 cos 13.95 cos 0 sin 47.22 sin 13.95
+
+
or with angle of incidence and zenith angle:
facing collector

= 0, local solar noon
s
= 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 3 +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos cos 33.27 cos 45 sin 33.27 sin 45 cos(0 0 ) 11.7 +

( )
cos cos(11.73 )
R 1.17
cos cos 33.27

= = =

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 3 +

2
I I cos 800 cos(33.27 ) 668.88 W/m = = =
2
I I I 668.88 150 818.88 W/m = + = + =
( ) ( 1 cos 45 1 cos 45
I 668.88 1.17 150 818.88 0.2 934.61 W/m
2 2
| + | |
= + + =
| |
\ \
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= 23.45 sin 13.95 =
1 cos 1 cos
2 2
+ | | | |
| |
\ \


s s
s s
cos( ) cos cos sin( )sin
cos cos cos sin sin


+
+

z s s
cos sin sin cos cos cos = +
( )
( )
cos(47.22 45 ) cos 13.95 cos 0 sin(47.22 45 )sin 13.95
cos 47.22 cos 13.95 cos 0 sin 47.22 sin 13.95
+
+

) cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 33.27 + ( =

cos cos 33.27 cos 45 sin 33.27 sin 45 cos(0 0 ) 11.73 + ( =

) cos sin 47.22 sin 13.95 cos 47.22 cos 0 cos 13.95 33.27 + ( =


)
2
1 cos 45 1 cos 45
I 668.88 1.17 150 818.88 0.2 934.61 W/m
|
= + + =
| |
\ \




2) Absorbed solar irradiance for a
a. equations:
overall transmittance:
overall absorptance:
overall reflectance:
results:
1 0.05
T 0.92 0.83
1 0.05
| |
=
|
+
\

(1 0.05)(1 0.92)
A 0.08
1 0.05 0.92

= =

(1 0.05) 0.92
R 0.05 1 0.09
1 0.05 0.92
(
= + =
(

or R 1 0.83 0.08 0.09 = =

b. equations:
Tau-alpha product:
results:
( )
(
N
0.83 0.95
1 1 0.95 0.09
= =

Note: ( )
N
means the Tau

c. equations:
incident angle dependent Tau
For high direct solar radiation:
results:
With K

=0.98 given for direct radiation:

( )
D
0.79 0.98 0.77 = =
Note: ( )
D
means the Tau
( )
av
0.96 0.77 0.74 =

d. equations:
Absorbed solar radiation:
results:
S 900 0.74 666 W/m = =
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nce for a tilted FPC
overall transmittance:
1
T
1

| |

|
+
\

overall absorptance:
(1 )(1 )
A
1

overall reflectance:
2 2
2 2
(1 )
R 1 1 T A
1

(
= + =
(

1 0.05
T 0.92 0.83
1 0.05
| |
=
|
\

(1 0.05)(1 0.92)
A 0.08
1 0.05 0.92

= =


2 2
2 2
(1 0.05) 0.92
R 0.05 1 0.09
1 0.05 0.92
(
= + =
(



R 1 0.83 0.08 0.09 = =
alpha product: ( )
( )
T
1 1 R

=


)
0.83 0.95
0.79
1 1 0.95 0.09

= =


means the Tau-alpha product based on properties for normal incident angles.
incident angle dependent Tau-alpha product: ( ) ( )
N
K =
For high direct solar radiation: ( ) ( )
av D
0.96
=0.98 given for direct radiation:
0.79 0.98 0.77 = =
means the Tau-alpha product valid for direct radiation.
0.96 0.77 0.74 =
Absorbed solar radiation: ( )
T
av
S I =
2
S 900 0.74 666 W/m = =

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R 1 1 T A = + =
alpha product based on properties for normal incident angles.
K

=





3) Useful energy from the
a. equations:
Top loss coefficient
Radiative heat transfer coefficients:

results:
r,w-a
5.67 10 0.88 273 30 273 10
h 6.70 W/ m K

+ +
= =
r,p-w
5.67 10 273 30 273 70 273 30 273 70
h 6.45 W/ m K

+ + + + + +
= =

t
1 1
U 6.43 W/ m K
12 6.70 4 6.45
| |
= + =
|
+ +
\

b. equations:
useful energy:
overall heat transfer coefficient:
results:
with negligible edge and bottom losses:
(
u
Q 3 650 6.43 70 15 889.05 W = =

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the FPC
Top loss coefficient:
t
c,w-a r,w-a c,p-w r,p-w
1 1
U
h h h h
| |
= + |
|
+ +
\
Radiative heat transfer coefficients:
( )
( )
4 4
w w s
r,w-a
w a
T T
h
T T

=

( )(
2 2
w pm w pm
r,p-w
p w
T T T T
h
1 1
1

+ +
=
+
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
4 4
8
5.67 10 0.88 273 30 273 10
h 6.70 W/ m K
273 30 273 15

+ +
= =
+ +
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( (
2 2
8
5.67 10 273 30 273 70 273 30 273 70
h 6.45 W/ m K
1 1
1
0.95 0.88

+ + + + + +
= =
+
( )
1
2
1 1
U 6.43 W/ m K
12 6.70 4 6.45

| |
= + =
|
+ +
\

( ) ( ) u C L pm a
Q A S U T T =
overall heat transfer coefficient:
L t e b
U U U U = + +
with negligible edge and bottom losses:
L
U 6.43 0 0 6.43 W/m K = + + =
( ))
Q 3 650 6.43 70 15 889.05 W = =

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1
c,w-a r,w-a c,p-w r,p-w
1 1
h h h h

| |
|
|
+ +
\

)
w pm w pm
T T T T
1
+ +
+

)
2
h 6.70 W/ m K
))
( )
2
5.67 10 273 30 273 70 273 30 273 70
h 6.45 W/ m K
+ + + + + +
= =
2
U 6.43 0 0 6.43 W/m K




4) FPC heat losses

a) Radiative energy losses due to reflection of incoming radiation on the glazing
b) Radiative energy losses due to absorption of
c) Radiative energy losses due to reflection of
()]). Note: a part of these losses will be recovered by subsequent reflections from the
glazing.
d) Radiative energy losses due to emission from hot absorber plate
e) Radiative energy losses due to emission from glazing
f) Convective heat loss from hot absorber plate to glazing
g) Convective heat loss from glazing to ambient
h) Convective and conductive heat losses through the edges and the back of the collector
e b
U U + ).


c)

a)

I
T
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Radiative energy losses due to reflection of incoming radiation on the glazing
Radiative energy losses due to absorption of incoming radiation in the glazing
Radiative energy losses due to reflection of incoming radiation on abso
. Note: a part of these losses will be recovered by subsequent reflections from the
Radiative energy losses due to emission from hot absorber plate (~
r,p w
h
Radiative energy losses due to emission from glazing (~
r,w a
h

).
Convective heat loss from hot absorber plate to glazing (~
c,p w
h

).
Convective heat loss from glazing to ambient (~
c,w a
h

).
e and conductive heat losses through the edges and the back of the collector
h)

g)

e)

d)

b)

f)

T
S

q
u
Renewable Energy Technologies I HS09
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Radiative energy losses due to reflection of incoming radiation on the glazing (~R).
incoming radiation in the glazing (~A).
incoming radiation on absorber plate (~[1-
. Note: a part of these losses will be recovered by subsequent reflections from the
r,p w
h

).
e and conductive heat losses through the edges and the back of the collector (~