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MICROBIOLOGY EXAM II STUDY GUIDE 1. 2. 3. Fungi are what type of cell? Describe the nucleus of these cells. Fungi may occur in two forms - name them. What is dimorphism? Describe structural differences between yeast, filamentous molds and complex molds. Describe the colony morphology of a filamentous mold; yeast. How does morphology of a filamentous mold colony differ from that of a bacterial colony? What are hyphae? Septate, nonseptate (coenocytic) hyphae? Aerial mycelium? Vegetative mycelium? What are the functions of aerial and vegetative mycelium? Identify parts of a mold cell. Describe the composition/structure and function of each cell part. Describe (identify) the cell structure of yeast; composition/structure & function. How do fungi reproduce? Describe general characteristics of spores. Describe the asexual and sexual formation of fungal spores. List and describe (identify) the asexual spores; the sexual spores (see figures on pg. 53 in lab manual). In what kingdom are fungi classified? Name 3 criteria used for classification and identification of fungi. What types of infections do pathogenic fungi cause? Compare fungal requirements for culturing with those of bacteria. (generation time, oxygen, nutrients, pH, temperature, moisture, osmolarity, radiation) Of what ecological importance are fungi? Their economical importance? What organisms are classified in the Kingdom Protista? Briefly describe them. Briefly describe algae. What is an algae bloom? Name an algae of medical importance; how and what does it cause? Name an algae beneficial in the microbiology lab; its use. Briefly describe general characteristics of protozoans. How are they classified? List classes and give an example of disease causing organism in each class. Briefly describe characteristics of helminths. In what kingdom are they classified? Describe differences in the Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes. Give examples and briefly describe disease causing organisms in each class.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

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17.

Identify parts of a virus particle: capsid, capsomeres, core, envelope, spikes. Be able to label these parts on a drawing of a virus. Describe the composition and function of viral parts. Describe the structure of the capsid and explain how it determines the shape of the virus. Describe/identify 3 different viral shapes. In what units are viruses measured? What is their average size? Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites? Describe (in detail) the steps involved in the replication of animal viruses . How is the replication of DNA and RNA animal viruses different? Describe the Retroviruses and how they replicate. What limits viral adsorption to a specific type cell? Describe two ways mature virus particles are released from host cells. How does replication of the bacteriophage differ from replication of the animal viruses? What is a provirus? Describe (in detail) lysogeny in animal cells - include the 4 characteristics associated with lysogeny occurring in animal cells. How (discuss in detail) are recurrent infections produced? Give examples. How (discuss in detail) is transformation (neoplasms) produced? What are oncogenes? What is a prophage? Describe how lysogeny occurs in bacteria. Describe lysogenic conversion (in bacteria)? What is its medical significance? What is antigenic drift in viruses? What is the medical significance? What are attenuated strains? How are they produced? Name a practical application. What is viral teratogenesis? Give examples. Describe types of diseases produced by viruses. Give examples. What are prions? What type disease do prions produce? List 3 methods of viral cultivation. Name a common use of lab animals. What is a cell line? Briefly describe the preparation of tissue cultures. What is CPE? Describe types of CPE that indicate viral growth in tissue cultures.

18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

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36.

Name the sites of viral growth in an embryonated egg. How is an embryonated egg inoculated? How is viral growth detected in eggs? Name an important application of viral cultures grown in eggs. What criteria is used to group (classify) viruses? In what kingdom are viruses classified? Describe system of scientific nomenclature used to name viruses. Define (describe) normal flora, resident flora, transient flora, commensalism (commensals), mutualism and opportunistic (opportunists). Define pathogens and carriers. When and how does our normal flora become established? Under normal conditions, which areas of the body possess a normal flora; which areas should remain free of normal flora? Define microbial invasiveness. Describe the factors that influence an organisms invasiveness (ability to produce disease). Define virulence. Describe the invasive mechanisms that determine a bacterium's ability to produce disease (its virulence); viruses; fungi; protozoans; helminths.

37. 38. 38. 40. 41. 42. 43.