Medical Terminology 2.

0: Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System: Lesson 2: Pathologic Conditions

Purpose The purpose of this online course is to assist healthcare professionals to easily dissect and understand medical terms used in today's healthcare arena. Abstract This lesson introduces medical terms related to pathophysiology and diseases of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems, and includes medical terms used to describe the functional changes associated with diseases of the blood, lymphatic, and immune system. Objectives After completion of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Identify word parts used to build terms associated with diseases of the blood, lymphatic, and immune system. 2. Define disease terms related to the blood, lymphatic, and immune system. 3. Pronounce and spell terms related to blood, lymphatic, and immune system diseases. How to Earn CEU Credit This course has more than one lesson. You must complete all lessons in the course to earn a certificate of completion and CEU credit. Click here to see the complete list of Medical Terminology 2.0 courses and lesson titles with CEU credit. For each lesson 1. Complete the lesson and the post test 2. Score 70% on the post test Approval for CEU AAPC: The course has prior approval of AAPC for Continuing Education Units. The period of approval is February 14, 2012 to February 14, 2013. Granting of this approval in no way constitutes endorsement by the Academy of the program content or the program source. AHIMA: This course has been approved for continuing education units for use in fulfilling the continuing education requirements of the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA). The period of approval is February 14, 2012 to February 14, 2013.

Introduction

In this lesson, you will learn medical terms related to pathological conditions affecting the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. When you have completed this lesson, you will be familiar with medical terms used to describe diseases and conditions associated with the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems.

Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Define word parts used to describe the pathology of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Identify terms used to describe the pathology of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Pronounce and spell terms related to the pathology of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Define terms that cannot be analyzed and are related to the pathology of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Use terms related to the pathology of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems

ReviewSuffix, Prefix, and Combining Forms

Please review some of the prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms before going through this lesson.

Plas/o development, formation, growth Poly- - many Thym/o thymus gland -pathy disease Myel/o bone marrow Hyper- - excessive Lymph/o lymph Leuk/0 white Cyto/o cell Auto- - self Immune/o protection Slpen/o spleen Ic,-tic pertaining to -emia blood condition -penia deficiency -ism condition -phylaxis protection -lytic reduce, destroy Thromb/o clot Lymphaden/o lymph gland (node) Hem/o blood An-,a- - no,not,without Post- - after

-edema swelling -it is inflammation Non- - not -ataion process -rrhagic excessive flow -oma tumor Pan- - all Neutr/o neutral Lymphangi/o lymph vessel Dys- - abnormal -crasia mixture -cytosis increased number of cells Erythr/o red -philia attraction for Coagul/o clotting Eosin/o red, rosy, dawn-colored Granul/o granule Mon/o single, one Ana- - up, apart, backward Sider/o iron Hypo- - deficient -volemia (condition of the) volume of plasma in the body Thallas/o - sea Case Study: Sarah Barney
Sarah Barney is a 21-year-old female student at Regency University. She and her friends were attending an afternoon football game when she was suddenly stung by a bee on her left arm. She immediately complained of weakness, anxiety, nausea, shortness of breath, and a "racing" heartbeat. Her friends rushed her to the nearby student health clinic. The nurse practitioner on duty examined Sarah and found edema at the site of the sting, around her lips, her tongue, and in the oropharynx. She immediately administered epinephrine to combat the allergic reaction and provided Sarah with an inhaler to ease the bronchospasm. She summoned the physician on call.

Blood Disorder
Blood dyscrasia (dys-=abnormal, -crasia=mixture) is a medical term used to describe blood disorders or problems with blood components. Conditions affecting the formation of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, and clotting factors result in blood dyscrasia. In addition, diseases affecting the spleen, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system can cause blood dyscrasia. Blood dyscrasia can be genetic or acquired.

Disorders of the BloodAnemia

Blood, Lymphatic and Immune System: Lesson 2: Pathologic Conditions Types of Anemia
Anemia (an-=no, not, without, -emia=blood condition) occurs when the number of red blood cells is abnormally low. Anemia is also known as erythrocytopenia or erythropenia. The combining form erythr/o means red; cyt/o means cell; and -penia means decreased or deficient. Click the More Information tab to learn about the types of anemia. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia (post-=after, hem/o=blood, -rrhagia=excessive flow, -ic=pertaining to) is a red blood cell (RBC) deficiency caused by blood loss. Hypovolemia (hypo-=deficient, -volemia=(condition of the) volume of plasma in the body) is a deficient volume of circulating blood. Iron deficiency anemia refers to a reduced number of RBCs in the blood. It can be caused by chronic blood loss, inadequate iron intake, or other causes. o Sideropenia (sider/o = iron; -penia=deficiency) is one type of iron deficiency anemia.

Types of AnemiaHemolytic Anemia

Hemolytic anemia (-lytic=reduce or destroy) is a disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them. Types of hemolytic anemia include: Aplastic anemia (a-=without, plas/o=formation, -tic=pertaining to), which is characterized by deficient red blood cell production. Pancytopenia (pan-=all, cyt/o=cell, -penia=deficiency), which is characterized by dysfunctional stem cells that cause deficiency of all blood cells. Autoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia (auto-=self, immun/o=protection), in which the body destroys its own RBCs by serum antibodies. Nonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemia (non-=not), which is drug-induced or caused by an infectious disease.

Click the More Information tab to learn about thalassemias. Thalassemias (thalass/o=sea) are a group of inherited disorders seen in people of African, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent. These disorders cause a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis and production and increased destruction of RBCs.

Polycythemia

Polycythemias (poly-=many) are blood disorders in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells.

Coagulation Disorders
Coagulation (coagul/o=clotting, -ation= process) disorders affect the body's ability to control blood clotting. Some examples of coagulation disorders include: Purpura is a bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues. Thrombocytopenia (thromb/o=clot) is a deficiency of platelets and is the most common cause of bleeding disorders. Hemophilia (-philia=attraction for) is a group of inherited bleeding disorders that all have a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for blood coagulation.

Leukocytic Disorders
A large category of blood disorders includes those associated with white blood cells. Leukopenia (leuko=white,-penia=deficiency) is a deficiency in the number of white blood cells (WBCs). There are several types of leucopenia.

neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood. eosinopenia: Abnormal decrease of eosinophils in the blood. monocytopenia: Abnormal decrease of monocytes in the blood. leukocytosis: An abnormal increase in the number of circulating leukocytes (white blood cells). eosinophilia: An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, accompanying inflammatory conditions. basophilia: An abnormal increase in basophils in the blood. neutrophilia: Abnormal increase in neutrophils in the blood. agranulocyte: Nongranular leukocyte. lymphocytosis: An increase in lymphocytes. monocytosis: Increase in the proportion of monocytes in the blood.

Lymphatic Disorders
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. Lymphedema (lymph/o=lymph, -edema=swelling) is an accumulation of lymphatic fluid. It can result from obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia (hypo-=deficient, below, under, plas/o=development, formation, growth, -ia=condition) of lymph vessels. Lymphadenopathy (lymphaden/o=lymph gland (node), -pathy=disease) is a localized or generalized disease of the lymph glands (nodes).

hypersplenism: An increased function of the spleen resulting in hemolysis. lymphadenitis: Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes, most commonly the result of a primary infection elsewhere in the body. lymphangitis: Inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessels, most commonly caused by an acute streptococcal infection in one of the extremities. lymphocytosis: An increase in lymphocytes. lymphocytopenia: Deficiency of lymphocytes due to infectious mononucleosis, malignancy, nutritional deficiency, or a hematologic disorder.

Immune Disorders
Click the image to enlarge

Immune system disorders include:

Allergies: Overreactions to irritants that are perceived as antigens, or allergens. Immediate-reaction allergy: Hypersensitivity of the immune system caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE), such as in insect bites and pollen from trees or grass. Delayed-reaction allergy: Hypersensitivity caused by activated T cells that respond to skin exposure to a chemical irritant. It is called delayed because the reaction can appear up to two days after the initial exposure. Anaphylaxis (ana-=up, apart, backward, -phylaxis= protection): An extreme allergic response in which the patient experiences severely decreased blood pressure and constricted airways.

Benign NeoplasmsThymoma
Thymoma (thym/o=thymus gland, -oma=tumor) is a benign tumor of the thymus. It should not be confused with malignant thymoma, also called thymic carcinoma, which is not associated with autoimmune disorders.

Malignant Neoplasm: Leukemia

Leukemia (leuk/o=white, -emia=blood condition) is a general term that refers to a variety of malignant white blood cell diseases. All of the diseases cause an increase of immature WBCs at the expense of normal blood cells. Leukemic cells leave the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and infiltrate the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other parts of the body.

Malignant Neoplasm: Multiple Myeloma

Myeloma (myel/o=bone marrow) is a tumor composed of cells of the type normally found in bone marrow. The myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow. The cells damage the solid part of the bone. When myeloma cells collect in several bones, the disease is called "multiple myeloma." Myeloma will damage tissues and organs such as the kidneys.

Case Study: Sarah Barney

After recieving the epinephrine, Sarah begins to feel her symptoms easing. The physican has arrived and orders an additional medication, Benadryl, to help fight the massive release of histamines that occurred during the hypersenitivity reaction. The nurse practitioner explains to Sarah that she experienced an immediate reaction to the bee sting caused by release of IgE in response to hypersensitivity of her immune system. The nurse practitioner further explains that Sarah's symptoms were characteristic of a life-threatening immune system response known as anaphylaxis. The physician prescribes an autoinjector of epinephrine for Sarah to carry with her when she is at risk of exposure to bees. Epinephrine can slow allergic reactions fast, giving Sarah the time she needs to get emergency medical help. Sarah is grateful that her frightening experience is over. She now understands that she is at risk for this type of reaction and promises to keep her emergency medication injector close by her side. Summary This lesson presented the medical terms used to describe pathological conditions affecting the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. Terms used to classify blood dyscrasias, types of anemias and coagulation disorders were introduced. Lymphatic disorders were presented. Terms used to describe malignant and benign neoplasms of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems were explained.

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