LM Class A Foam Edn1 June09 A4 0

Use of Class A Foam in Wildre Operations and Non Structural Applications
Learning Manual
SAFETY FIRST
Use of Class A foam in Wildre Operations and Non-structural Applications

Learning Manual
This learning manual has been published for use within CFA and is intended to be used in conjunction with a course of instruction. It supersedes and replaces Edition 1 of the Class A foam learning manual dated May 1997. Development has been undertaken having regard to relevant Chief Ofcers Standing Orders, Chief Ofcers Standard Operating Procedures, occupational health and safety legislation and guidelines, impact on the environment and CFAs Safety First principles.
Edition 1 June 2009
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CFA acknowledges the assistance and contributions of its members, volunteer and staff, in the development of this learning manual and related training resources.
First published June 2009 in Australia by Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151. CFA 2009 Other than that permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without written permission from the Country Fire Authority Victoria. Enquiries should be addressed to the publisher. For any matters relating to this publication, contact: Manager Learning Systems, Learning and Development, CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151.
SAFETY FIRST
Use of Class A foam in Wildre Operations and Non-structural Applications
Contents
Foreword...................................................................................................................................1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................3
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................3 Relationship to Competency Standards ...................................................................................................3 Pre-requisites ............................................................................................................................................3 Co-requisites ............................................................................................................................................3 Outcomes .................................................................................................................................................3 Related Resources ...................................................................................................................................4 How You Might Be Assessed ....................................................................................................................4
Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A foam ..................................................5

Classes of Fire .........................................................................................................................................5 Benets and Considerations of Using Class A Foam .............................................................................6 Properties of Class A Foam ......................................................................................................................6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................19
Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ........................................................................................................21
Health and Safety Precautions ...............................................................................................................21 Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ........................................................................................22 Safe Work Practices ................................................................................................................................22 Summary .................................................................................................................................................23 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 3: Class A foam and its Application .......................................................................27

Effects of Class A Foam on the Components of the Fire Triangle..........................................................27 Foam Types ............................................................................................................................................28 Proportioning Rate Versus Foam Type Versus Drain Time.....................................................................28 Foam Types and Their Use for Wildre Applications ..............................................................................29 Foam Types for Non-structural Applications ..........................................................................................38 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................43
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Use of Class A Foam in Wildre Operations and Non-structural Applications
Contents
Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels ....................................... 47

Important Note ........................................................................................................................................47 Understanding the Use of Class A Foam on Class B Fuels ...................................................................48 Foam Application Methods .....................................................................................................................49 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 51 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................53
Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling..........................................................55

Storage....................................................................................................................................................55 Spills........................................................................................................................................................56 Compatibility ...........................................................................................................................................56 Summary .................................................................................................................................................59 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................61
Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions .............................................................63

The Use of Class A Foam........................................................................................................................63 Potential Impacts of Class A Foam Use .................................................................................................64 Precautions ............................................................................................................................................65 Foam Storage, Mixing and Filling Sites ..................................................................................................66 Equipment Cleaning ...............................................................................................................................66 Summary .................................................................................................................................................67 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 7: Class A foam System Types and Their Operating Components ......................71
Low Energy Foam System .....................................................................................................................71 High Energy Foam System ....................................................................................................................71 Proportioning or Induction Methods .....................................................................................................72 Summary .................................................................................................................................................77 Self Assessment......................................................................................................................................79
Self Assessment Answers .....................................................................................................81

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam ..................................................................81 Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment ..........82 Chapter 3: Class A Foam and its Application .........................................................................................83 Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels ..........................................................87 Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling............................................................................88 Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions................................................................................89
Glossary .................................................................................................................................91
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Foreword
In the absence of an Australian Standard, CFA only uses Class A foam concentrates that are approved by The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). To gain approval under USDA Standards, a Class A foam (concentrate and solution) is tested to, and passed, specic minimum requirements with regard to:
F acute oral toxicity; F acute dermal toxicity; F primary skin irritation; F primary eye irritation; F corrosion of metals; F performance; and F the environment.
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Notes
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Overview
Introduction
The learning manual has been published to provide relevant information to assist personnel undertaking training in the safe effective and efcient use of Class A foam in wildre operations and non-structural applications. All personnel involved in handling foam concentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualied in proper procedures to protect both their own health and safety and that of others. This latest edition of the learning manual includes a range of improvements in personal health and safety, environment protection considerations and in Class A foam performance, technology, equipment and application techniques since the release of the 1997 learning manual. Topics covered in this learning manual include:
F benets and considerations when using
Relationship to Competency Standards

This learning manual is based on a competency statement developed by CFA (CFA 001 and CFA 003 Class A foam User and Facilitator) as no suitable competency currently exists in the Public Safety Training Package. For further information on the competency standards, refer to the Brigades Online website.
Pre-requisites
F CFAQ002 Wildre Fireghter Qualication.
Co-requisites
F Nil.
Outcomes
On successful completion of CFAs Class A foam training and assessment program, you will be able to:
F CFA 001.1 Identify the properties of
Class A foam;
F properties; F proportioning; F foam types; F occupational health and safety and
Class A foam;
F CFA 001.2 Identify the health, safety and
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment;

F application methods; F storage; F environmental care; and F proportioning and delivery systems and
environmental impact of Class A foam;

F CFA 001.3 Operate and maintain Class A
foam equipment; and

F CFA 001.4 Apply Class A foam for re
situations.
equipment.
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Overview
Related Resources
The following are current at the time of publication:
F Level 2 Class A foam System Information
How You Might Be Assessed

Below are some ideas of how a qualied Workplace Assessor might assess your competence in this unit. You may be assessed by:
F observation in a practical situation or
Package (Edition 1 2000);

F Class A foam Users Guide (Wildre); F Class A foam Users Guide (Specialist Use
simulated exercise;
F answering questions or demonstrating
Applications);
F Class A foam, Wetting Agent and
knowledge and skill in a given situation;

F completing assignments; F written report (Evidence book); or F a combination of the above.
Agricultural Land (2003);

F Class A foam Wetting Agent and Your
Property (2003);
F Chief Ofcers Standing Order 9.07 Foams
and Wetting Agents Fireghting (current version);

F CFA learning lanual Wildre Fireghter; F CFA Grassre Tanker Tactics Video/DVD
Chapter 5. Use of Class A foam; and

F Foam Handling Kit (provided on appliances
equipped with Class A and or B foam).
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Chapter 1 Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A foam

There are a number of benets to using Class A foam and also a number of factors to consider. To use Class A foam effectively and correctly, you need to understand what these benets and considerations are. This chapter covers: F classes of re; F benets and considerations of using Class A foam; and F properties of Class A foam including: concentrate; solution; expansion; density; surface tension; and foam proportioning/induction rates.
Classes of Fire
Fires are classied according to the type of fuel in which they are burning. This enables identication of the most appropriate type of agent that should be used for extinguishment. Classes of re include:
F Class A
Flammable solids (e.g. forest and grassland fuels, wood, paper, plastics, and rubber). Flammable liquids (e.g. petrol, diesel fuel, oils, acetone and ethanol).
Figure 1 Class A foam is specically formulated to extinguish Class A (carbonaceous solid) res
F Class B
F Class C
Flammable gasses (e.g. methane, propane, butane and acetylene).
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Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam
F Class D
Flammable metals (e.g. magnesium such as magnesium wheels, aluminum, potassium and sodium). Energized electrical equipment. Cooking oils and fats.
Considerations
F Competent training; F Use of appropriate personal protective
F Class E F Class F
clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE);

F Human health and safety impact and
precautions; and
F Environmental impact and precautions.
Class A and Class B foams are different

It should be clearly understood from the different classes of re (listed above) that Class A and Class B foams would need to be quite different as each type has been especially formulated to best extinguish their intended class of re. Where exceptions exist these have been clearly explained in chapter 4. Further information regarding Class B foam may be found in CFAs Structural Fireghting learning manual.
Risk assessment and the decision when to use Class A foam

Prior to implementing the use of Class A foam the Incident Controller needs to consider the following as part of their size up and risk assessment. Can we control, extinguish and/or black out with water alone or would the use of Class foam increase our capacity to safely effectively and efciently improve achievement of the desired operational objective?
Benets and Considerations of Using Class A Foam

Benets
There are a number of benets, these include:
F effective for use on all types of Class A fuel; F increases the effectiveness of water; F extends the useful life of water; F reduces suppression and mop-up time; F provides short-term re barrier; F application visible from ground and air; F easily proportioned; and F simple application.
Properties of Class A Foam

Concentrate
Class A foam concentrate is a combination of:
F surfactants (surface active agents that
reduce the surface tension of water);

F detergent foaming agents; F inhibitors (to minimise the effects of
corrosion on metals); and

F preservatives (to prolong shelf life).
Class A foam should not be confused with wetting agents whose only role is to reduce the surface tension of water.
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Solution
Class A foam solution is a mixture of water and Class A foam concentrate.
Lowering surface tension

The gure below shows water beading on cardboard just like it does on glass or on the duco of your car. In fact, you add a detergent similar to Class A foam to prevent this from occurring when washing the car to lower the surface tension of the water allowing it to spread out and penetrate dirt, road grime and grease. Note on the left how water beads due to its high surface tension and on the right how Class A foam solution spreads and penetrates.
Wetting properties
Class A foam versus water
Water has been used to extinguish re for thousands of years and still remains predominantly the rst choice for extinguishment of most Class A res. Until recently water has been the cheapest and most plentiful Class A extinguishing agent. Due to this no longer always being the case, i.e. in drought conditions, there is a need to improve the efciency of this valuable resource. Class A foam does this.
Adding Class A foam to water improves its wetting effectiveness

When added to water Class A foam improves its effectiveness by many times and works in the following ways by:
F lowering surface tension; F attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts
Figure 2 difference of water beading on cardboard and Class A foam solution spreads and penetrates
carbon); and
F improving wetting with increase in
temperature.
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Attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon)

This chemistry is about the ability of hydrocarbon surfactants to attract and wet out Class A carbonaceous materials.
The following three gures are comparative illustrations using pulverized (powdered) Gippsland brown coal. This is one of the purest forms of carbonaceous (Class A) material.
Increase in temperature = increase in performance

The wetting ability of Class A foam is improved by a factor of up to four times as the temperature of solution is increased from 20o C up to 60o C. This increase in temperature will occur naturally when solution is applied to any hot Class A fuel such as hot beds of fuel including deep seated windrows and stumps, and ground res including coal and peat, and rubber products such as motor tyres.
Figure 3 see how Pulverized (powdered) brown coal oats on water due to its high surface tension. The coal will remain oating on the water almost indenitely
Class A foam performance with solution @ 20 degrees Celsius
Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on rst contact with solution.
Pulverized (powdered) brown coal 15 seconds after rst contact with solution.
Figure 4 Class A foam performance with solution at 20o C
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Class A foam performance at an increased solution temperature @ 60 degrees Celsius
Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on rst contact with solution.
Pulverized (powdered) brown coal 15 seconds after rst contact with solution.
Figure 5 Class A foam performance with solution at 60o C
Foam proportioning or induction rates (mix ratio)

Proportioning or induction relates to the process of adding foam concentrate to water to produce solution. Proportioning or induction rate relates to the amount of concentrate that is added to water. This may be varied from 1% at the highest strength down to 0.1% at the lowest strength. The gure on the right shows how a 1% solution (highest strength) is made up of 99 parts water and one part Class A foam concentrate.
1%
Figure 6 1% solution strength = 1 part of foam concentrate to 99 parts of water (i.e.1 litre of concentrate to 99 litres of water)
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To reduce a 1% solution strength to lower solution strengths simply divide the 1% part into 10 to make up solution strengths from 1% down to 0.1% as per the table below. parts of concentrate 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 parts of water 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 = prop % rate 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%
Drain time
Drain time is about how long it takes for solution to drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket. By adjusting the proportioning/induction rate between 0.1 and 1% drain times may be varied to produce different foam types. foam types and their application is dealt with in Chapter 3 of this learning manual. Foams with the lowest proportioning rates of between 0.1 to 0.5% as a rule, have relatively fast drain times which release solution for rapid wetting. Where wetter is better. Foams with higher proportioning rates of between 0.6 to 1% have slower drain times and hold solution in an insulating foam blanket for relatively long periods to guard against radiant heat or ame contact and provide for slower wetting of fuels. The use of cold water and/or higher proportioning rates also tends to slow the rate of drainage, while the use of hard, brackish or salt water alone or in conjunction with wetting agents produces much faster draining foam.
1% as in gure 6 divided into ten parts = 0.1 1% The proportioning/induction rate needs to be selected to produce solution strength suitable for its intended application as non aspirated or aspirated foam and for the type of fuel to which it is to be applied.
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Higher proportioning rates 0.6% 1%
Proportioning %
For slower wetting of fuels Lower proportioning rates 0.1% 0.5% Where wetter is better Minimum drain time minutes
Maximum drain time minutes
Time lapse for solution to drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket
Figure 7 proportioning rate VS drain time
at time of application
20 minutes later at time of application
Figure 8 time lapse (same area) slow drainage time (20 mins) proportioned at 0.6%
2 minutes later
Figure 9 time lapse (same area) fast drainage time (2 mins) proportioned at 0.2%
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Density
Is related to the amount of water held within the foam bubble mass. Non aspirated foam has the highest density as it is mostly water.
This is why in this case we would apply an aspirated foam blanket to the logs to control the release of solution from the bubbles at a slower rate for the logs to absorb it and not have it run-off.
Foam expansion/aspiration
Why expand/aspirate foam solution? (Both terms have the same meaning.) Aspirated foam provides options for application to different fuel types as follows:
F by minimising the amount of Class A foam
Foam expansion ratio

Expansion is the increase in a given amount of solution by the volume of air added. This is known as the expansion ratio. Therefore, the more air that is added the higher the expansion ratio becomes.
concentrate mixed in water it releases the water quickly from the bubble to penetrate porous fuels at a fast rate; and
F by adding more concentrate to the water
1 litre of foam solution
it releases the water more slowly therefore holding water against a more dense fuel like logs for longer to cool and drains at a slower rate to be absorbed into the wood and not just run-off. The purpose of adding air to solution is to create a bubble mass that carries and releases water into Class A fuels in a controlled way. Consider each bubble as a bucket containing solution. If we pour this out of the bucket quickly onto dry grass it would be rapidly absorbed into this porous fuel type. On the other hand, if we pour the same quantity of solution at the same rate onto logs which are less absorbent, most of it would run-off and have less of a penetrating effect. If we now consider the effect of pouring the same solution over the logs more slowly. It would have more time to be absorbed into the wood therefore be more efcient.
9 litres of air
= Expansion ratio of 10:1

Figure 10 expansion ratio
A simple rule to apply is that larger diameter foam branchpipes produce higher foam expansion ratios than small diameter branchpipes even when using the same foam solution strength and ow rate. Expansion is one of several characteristics that should be considered when tailoring foam for a specic task.
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HIGH EXPANSION
Figure 11 low expansion foam branchpipe
MED EXPANSION
LOW EXPANSION
NON ASPIRATED
Figure 13 expansion ratios
Non aspirated foam

Is solution with an expansion ratio of 0 to 2:1 it is produced using low proportioning rates of between 0.01 0.02%. Solution is delivered by conventional nonaspirating jet, spray or fog nozzles with similar discharge patterns and ow rates as water to rapidly penetrate and wet out class a fuels. Non aspirated foam solution has:
F the longest distance of throw; F is least affected by wind; and F most rapid wetting.
Figure 12 medium expansion foam branchpipe
Expansion ratios are divided into four main classications. These are:
F non aspirated, expansion ratio of 0 2:1; F low expansion, expansion ratio of 2:1 20:1; F medium expansion, expansion ratio of
20:1 200 :1; and

F high expansion, expansion ratio of 200:1
1000:1 or above (not used by CFA for wildre applications).
When delivering non aspirated foam it is unavoidable for some aspiration to take place. This occurs:
F as solution undergoes turbulence when
leaving the nozzle;

F while in ight to the impact area, and F on impact with the fuel.
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Low expansion foam:

F carries the most water within its foam
bubbles;
F produces a stable long lasting foam
blanket; and
F throws long distance (as it less affected by
wind).
Figure 14 typical range of conventional nozzles for application of non aspirated foam
Low expansion foam 2:1 to 20:1

Low expansion foam is generated using a low expansion foam branchpipe. It is characterised by the small amount of air drawn into the small diameter barrel to produce low expansion foam. At increased proportioning rates of 0.3% and above solution is aspirated and applied via foam making branchpipes to cover the surface to cool, smother and penetrate porous Class A fuels.
Figure 15 typical low expansion nozzle for application of low expansion foam
Medium expansion 21:1 to 200:1

Is generated using an air inducing medium expansion foam branchpipe, characterised by the increased amount of air drawn into a larger diameter barrel to produce medium expansion foam.
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High expansion 201:1 to 1000:1 (or above)

High expansion foam is not used by CFA for wildre applications but is used for nonstructural applications. See Chapter 3 for uses. High expansion foam is generated using a high expansion foam generator and is characterised by the large amount of air drawn/blown into a foam improver net or gauze to produce high expansion foam. High expansion foam:
F carries more air than water in its foam
bubbles;
F produces a dry foam blanket most likely to
be affected by wind and heat; and

F delivered over the shortest distance.
Figure 16 medium expansion foam and medium expansion foam branchpipe
Medium expansion foam:

F carries more air than water in its foam
bubbles;
F produces a foam blanket that carries less
water than low expansion foam; and

F delivered over a shorter distance of throw
Figure 17 high expansion foam and generator
(may be affected by wind) .
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Notes
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Chapter 1 Summary
F Fires are classied according to the type of F Prior to implementing the use of Class A
fuel in which they are burning.

F Classes of re include Class A Class F. F Class A foam is specically formulated to
foam the Incident Controller needs to carry out a risk assessment.

F Class A foam concentrate is a combination
extinguish Class A (carbonaceous solid) res. Exceptions to this rule are claried in chapter 4 of this learning manual.
F Benets of using Class A foam include:
of: surfactants (surface active agents that reduce the surface tension of water); detergent foaming agents; inhibitors (to minimise the effects of corrosion on metals); and preservatives (to prolong shelf life).
F Class A foam should not be confused
effective for use on all types of Class A fuel; increases the effectiveness of water; extends the useful life of water; reduces suppression and mop-up time; provides short-term re barrier; application visible from ground and air; easily proportioned; and simple application.
F Considerations for using Class A foam
with wetting agents whose only role is to reduce the surface tension of water.
F Class A foam solution is a mixture of water
and Class A foam concentrate.

F When added to water Class A foam
improves its effectiveness by many times and works in the following ways by: lowering surface tension; attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon); and improving wetting with increase in temperature.
include: competent training; use of appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE); human health and safety impact and precautions; and environmental impact and precautions.
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F Proportioning or induction relates to the
F Low expansion foam:
process of adding foam concentrate to water to produce solution.

F Proportioning or induction rate relates to
carries the most water within its foam bubbles; produces a stable long lasting foam blanket; and throws long distance (as it less affected by wind).
F Medium expansion foam:
the amount of concentrate that is added to water. This may be varied from 1% at the highest strength down to 0.1% at the lowest strength.
F 1% solution (highest strength) is made
up of 99 parts water and one part Class A foam concentrate.

F Drain time is the time it takes for solution
carries more air than water in its foam bubbles; produces a foam blanket that carries less water than low expansion foam; and delivered over a shorter distance of throw (may be affected by wind).
F High expansion foam:
to drain from and breakdown or collapse the foam blanket.

F Expansion is the increase in a given
amount of solution by the volume of air added. This is known as the expansion ratio. Therefore the more air that is added the higher the expansion ratio becomes.
F Expansion ratios are divided into four main
carries more air than water in its foam bubble; produces a dry foam blanket most likely to be affected by wind and heat; and delivered over the shortest distance.
classications. These are: Non aspirated, expansion ratio of 0 2:1 Low expansion, expansion ratio of 2:1 20:1 Medium expansion, expansion ratio of 20:1 200 :1 High expansion, expansion ratio of 200:1 1000:1 or above
F Non aspirated foam solution has:
the longest distance of throw; is least affected by wind; and most rapid wetting.
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Chapter 1 Self Assessment

True or False ( box)
1 Class A foam is suitable for use on all types of Class A fuels. True 2 Class A and Class B foams are identical. True 3 Class A foam increases the surface tension of water. True 4 An increase in temperature improves the effectiveness of Class A foam solution. True False False False False
Short Answer
1 List two ways that Class A foam improves the effectiveness of water. i ii 2 ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
What is meant by proportioning or induction? ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
What is meant by the proportioning/induction rate? ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
If you have any problems understanding the material or supplying satisfactory answers, talk with your trainer or a more experienced team member for clarication.
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Notes
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Chapter 2 Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
All personnel involved in handling foam concentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualied in proper procedures to protect both their own health and safety and that of others and the environment. Where applicable current OH&S work practices, CFAs Chief Ofcers Standing Orders and Chief Ofcers Standard Operating Procedures are to be followed. This chapter covers: F health and safety precautions; F personal protective clothing and equipment; and F safe work practices.
Health and Safety Precautions

Personnel handling and applying Class A foam on the reground are unlikely to suffer any adverse health effects if the recommended personal protective clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE) is used and procedures outlined throughout this learning manual and CFAs training materials are followed. As with any chemical substances, a small percentage of the population may be allergic to, or have an unusual sensitivity to, a specic product. In this case they should seek medical advice prior to future use of the product.
Foam can have a drying effect with direct exposure to the skin; if prolonged this may cause a dermal rash or chapping. In most cases this may be avoided by the application of barrier cream to exposed areas of skin including face and hands prior to using Class A foam. (Barrier cream is provided on appliances equipped for use with Class A foam.) If Concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed:
F In to eyes Immediately ush with saline
or fresh water which is provided on appliances and seek medical advice.

F On to skin wash off with fresh water. F On to clothing wash off and remove
at earliest convenience and launder as normal.
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Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

Care should be taken to avoid contamination of personal protective clothing or equipment (PPC/PPE). PPC/PPE includes the following.
F For handling concentrate:
Safe Work Practices

A risk assessment should be undertaken by the OIC as a rst step precaution prior to implementing the use of Class A foam to ensure personal health and safety is not compromised. Concentrate and solution may contribute to creating slippery conditions on vehicle decks therefore this should be closely monitored and avoided. ALL crews working in an area(s) where Class A foam is being used on the ground or being dropped from aircraft should be advised and appropriate action taken to avoid contamination. Care should be taken not to walk or drive through areas covered with aspirated foam as the ground surface will be slippery and trip hazards, holes and hot ash beds can be concealed beneath the foam blanket.
wildre overalls or two piece wildre ensemble (for wildre) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications; nitrile or neoprene gloves; rubber or leather boots; safety goggles; P2 nuisance level organic vapour respirator(non cartridge type); and wildre or structural helmet.
F For handling Solution (0.1% to 1%):
wildre overalls or two piece wildre ensemble (for wildre) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications; barrier cream for hands; leather gloves; rubber or leather boots; safety goggles or glasses; and wildre or structural helmet.
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Chapter 2 Summary
F All personnel involved in handling foam F A risk assessment should be undertaken
concentrates and applying solutions should be competently trained and appropriately qualied.
F Relevant current OH&S work practices,
by the OIC as a rst step precaution prior to implementing the use of Class A foam to ensure personal health and safety is not compromised.
F Concentrate and solution may contribute
SOs and SOPs are to be followed.

F Personnel handling and applying Class
A foam are unlikely to suffer any adverse health effects if the recommended PPC/ PPE is used.
F If you have an allergic reaction when
to creating slippery conditions on vehicle decks therefore this should be closely monitored and avoided.
F ALL crews working in an area(s) where
handling or applying Class A foam, seek medical advice prior to future use of the product.
F Foam can have a drying effect with direct
Class A foam is being used on the ground or being dropped from aircraft should be advised and appropriate action taken to avoid contamination.
F Care should be taken not to walk or drive
exposure to the skin resulting in chapping, in most cases this may be avoided by the application of barrier cream to exposed areas of skin including face and hands prior to using Class A foam.
F If Concentrate or solution is accidentally
through areas covered with aspirated foam as the ground surface will be slippery and trip hazards, holes and hot ash beds can be concealed beneath the foam blanket.
splashed: In to eyes Immediately ush with saline or fresh water and seek medical advice. On to skin wash off with fresh water. On to clothing wash off and remove at earliest convenience and launder as normal.
F Care should be taken to avoid
contamination of PPC/PPE.
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Notes
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Short Answer
1 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed into eyes. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto skin. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto clothing. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 4 List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam concentrate. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
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Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam solution (0.1% to 1%). .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................
List three safe work practices for consideration when working with Class A foam. i ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ii ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... iii ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................
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Chapter 3 Class A foam and its Application

Class A foam can be used in a number of wildre and non-structural scenarios using various application methods and foam types. You need to know about the different types of foam and their effect on the re triangle to enable you to apply Class A foam at a given scenario correctly, safely and effectively. This chapter covers: F effects of Class A foam on the components of the re triangle; F foam types; F proportioning rate versus foam type versus drain time; F foam types and their use for wildre applications; and F foam types and their use for non-structural applications.
Effects of Class A Foam on the Components of the Fire Triangle

The re triangle is made up of three components these are heat, oxygen and fuel, all need to be present for a re to ignite and continue to burn. Class A foam removes one or a number of these components in combination as follows. Non aspirated the Class A foam solution:
F Cools with solution. F Isolates by wetting out fuel. F Penetrates by reducing the surface
When aspirated the Class A foam blanket:

F Cools fuel with solution held in or as it
drains from the foam blanket.

F Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket
between the re and fuel.

F Insulates fuel by placing a foam blanket
between radiant heat source or direct ame contact.

F Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface
tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains from the foam blanket.
F Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of
oxygen needed for combustion. (The acronym CIIPS may help you remember the above.)
tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels.
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Chapter 3: Class A Foam and its Application
Foam Types
There are four foam types, these are:
F solution; F wet; F uid; and F dry.
with each other to best suit the control objective e.g. unaspirated foam solution may be applied as direct attack to a grass fuel edge for best re knock down effect. For control line construction in grass fuel, unaspirated foam solution may be applied rst to wet out the fuel then covered up with uid medium expansion foam to seal in moisture. The clear advantage of Class A foam is its ability to continue wetting and cooling fuels long after its application.
Each foam type has a specic use and where appropriate may be applied to fuel as any one of the above types or in combination
Proportioning Rate Versus Foam Type Versus Drain Time

These include Proportioning rate, foam type and drain times and their effect on various types of fuel are some of the many considerations that come into play when using Class A foam for wildre applications. Information contained in the following table is further explained throughout this chapter along with detailed examples. Proportioning/ Induction Rate
Foam Type Foam Solution Milky uid Lacks any bubble structure Mostly water Wet Foam Watery foam blanket Small to large bubbles Lacks any body Fluid Foam Medium/small bubbles Clings together in a tight free owing blanket Dry Foam Dry shaving cream texture foam Blanket Medium/small bubbles Mostly air (limited use)
Drainage Time
0.1 0.2%
Not applicable, as it is not used as aspirated foam
0.1 0.3%
Fast
0.3 0.5%
Moderate
0.6 1%
Slow
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Foam Types and Their Use for Wildre Applications

Non aspirated solution proportioned @ 0.1% 0.2%
Figure 21 black out re edge and wet down
Application method
F Delivered by a conventional nozzle.
Description
F A clear to milky uid having similar nozzle
Figure 18 non aspirated application.
ow and performance characteristics as water.

F No bubble structure. F Mostly water. F Immediately runs off vertical surfaces.
Typical use/application
Uses include:
F The longest distance of throw on jet for
Figure 19 application to stubble and grasses like phalaris
maintaining safe distances from re edge or for reaching up into tree tops.
F Direct attack on grass re edges for initial
knockdown and follow up on narrow spray.

F Wetting down of control line edges. F Direct application to ground, surface
and elevated fuels requiring immediate penetration for knockdown, mop-up.

F Provides improved personal protection
Figure 20 ensure all white ash is wet down
over plain water against radiant heat on fog pattern.
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F Wetting of deep seated fuel beds like
sawdust, mulch, wind rowed timber piles, peat, pine needles (duff).
F Grasses like phalaris, serrated tussock and
grass hay or stubble.

F Wetting down stringy and other porous
barks. When in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.
Wet foam proportioned @ 0.1% 0.3%

Note: To ensure best results when applying wet foam to vertical tree stands, commence at the base and paint foam on, working upwards. In this way foam will be twice as effective as gravity will again wet out as the foam solution drains back towards ground level.
Figure 23 top: direct application of low expansion wet foam (note med expansion control line edge) bottom: same area 5 minutes later
Application method
F Delivered by a low expansion foam
branchpipe.
Description
F Watery aspirated foam. F Runs off vertical surfaces.
Figure 22 low expansion wet foam on tree stand and around the base
F Bubble size varies from large to small. F More solution than air. F Lacks body. F Fast draining.
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Direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring higher water content for rapid wetting for penetration and light foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions. Wet foam has many uses in wildre. For protection and knock down/mop-up. These Include:
F Thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust,
Fluid foam proportioned @ 0.3% 0.5%

Note: To ensure best results when applying uid foam to vertical tree stands commence at the base and paint foam on working upwards. In this way foam will be twice as effective as gravity will again wet out as the foam solution drains back towards ground level.
mulch and wind rowed timber, peat, pine needles (duff).

F Grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock
or stubble.
F Wetting down stringy and other porous
barks and fuel.

F Establishing control line edges. F Isolating pockets of protected species
of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/ isolation.

F Aerial application, canopy penetration.
May be used in combination with solution i.e. apply solution then cover up with wet foam. When in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.
Figure 24 top: low expansion uid foam on tree stand and around the base; bottom: applying medium expansion uid foam from a tanker in control line construction
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Application method
F Delivered by low or medium expansion
F Isolating pockets of protected species
foam branchpipes.
of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/ isolation. May be used in combination with solution i.e. apply solution then cover up with wet or uid foam. When in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.
Description
F More air than solution. F Medium to small stable bubbles. F Fluid free owing consistency. F Flows readily along ground surfaces
through grasses and around the base of vegetation or obstacles.

F Clings to vertical surfaces. F Moderate drainage rates.
Dry foam proportioned @ 0.6% 1%
Direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring slower wetting for penetration and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions. Fluid foam has many uses in wildre for protection and knock down/mop-up. Including:
F Limited use in thick/deep seated fuel beds
Figure 25 low expansion dry foam on tree stand
Application method
F Delivered by low or medium foam
like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timer piles, peat, pine needles (duff). Normally used to cover previously wetted areas to seal in moisture.
F Grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock
branchpipes.
Description
F Shaving or whipped cream consistency. F Mostly air. F Small to medium bubbles. F Dry and uffy. F Clings to vertical surfaces. F Slow drain times.
or stubble.
F Standing timber. F Wetting down stringy and other porous
barks and fuel.

F Establishing control line edges.
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Direct application to ground, surface fuels requiring slow wetting of solution for penetration or for an insulating protection barrier against the direct impact of radiant heat and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry but not windy weather conditions. Note: Dry foam has many uses in specialist applications but is limited for wildre suppression. It is mainly used for:
F isolating ground and ladder fuels; F to create visible barriers for longer time
Note: Caution when using dry foam: F Fire may burn under dry foam. F Its affected by wind. F Not suited for mopping up. F Does not have long-term re resistance. F Can seal in heat in deep seated res.
Use of different foam types in combination

When combining the use of foam types use the wettest type rst. For example: when creating a re control line in deep fuel/ duff layers i.e. pine plantations, stubble or grasses like phalaris or serrated tussock, use non-aspirated foam or wet foam rst followed by uid foam.
periods;
F protection of structures and other vertical
WHY?
Because the non-aspirated foam will penetrate and wet surface/ground fuels to the greatest depth increasing the moisture content. Fluid foam applied over non aspirated will insulate and isolate the control line. A simple rule to remember, when in doubt WETTER IS BETTER.
surfaces. Isolation barriers around structures;

F isolation of standing timber; F protection of machinery; F property protection; F isolating pockets of protected species
of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/ isolation; and
F limited control line construction.
May be used in combination with solution, wet or uid foam i.e. apply solution, wet or uid foam then cover up with dry foam.
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Class A foam users guide (wildre)

Foam Type Recommended Nozzles Non aspirated Solution Wet Mix Ratio % Characteristics Milky uid Application Deep penetration of fuels including: porous bark, windrows, mulch, grasses, forest ground litter, ground res, hay, fence posts, general blacking out/mop-up. Rapid drainage penetrates and foam cover seals in moisture for protection of bark, isolation of tree stands elevated and surface fuels, grasses, forest ground litter and fence lines. Short-term control lines, ora, fauna and historical sites, and general blacking out/mop-up. Slow drainage needs time to penetrate. Foam cover seals in moisture for protection of bark, isolation of tree stands elevated and surface fuels, grasses, forest ground litter, fence lines, and structures. Short term control lines, ora, fauna and historical sites, and general blacking out/mop-up. Asset protection i.e. structures, machinery, coating hay stacks, ora, fauna and historical sites. Caution: has limited wetting ability insulating is the main use. Not for use in mop-up.
Issued October 2006
Conventional 0.1% to nozzle: jet, spray 0.2% or fog Low expansion nozzles 0.1% to 0.3%
Watery foam
Fluid
Low and medium expansion nozzles
0.3% to 0.5%
Fluid shaving cream
Dry
Low and medium expansion nozzles
0.5% to 1.0%
Shaving cream
A simple rule for application, WHEN IN DOUBT WETTER IS BETTER!
Figure 26 CFAs Class A foam users guide (wildre)
Typical Class A foam uses for wildre

It should be clearly understood from the outset that this Class A foam learning manual will not have the answers to all situations as to where, when and how Class A foam is used, but if you follow some simple application guidelines as outlined, Class A foam will become another effective tool in reghting. Typical uses in a wildre include:
F direct attack application; F control line construction; F asset protection; and F mop-up/blacking out.
In some cases this will require different foam proportioning rates and foam types; these may need to be trialed to obtain the best results. The following are some typical examples of how and when Class A foam may be considered for use.
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Direct attack application
Figure 27 use of non aspirated foam for direct attack
Class A foam is an effective tool for direct attack using conventional non aspirated or low expansion foam nozzles. Where direct attack on a re edge is considered the best option the use of Class A foam will in most cases provide rapid knock down and minimize the chances of relights.
Figure 28 laying a uid medium expansion control line
Control Line construction

Includes:
F wetting of fuels to establish control lines
When using aspirated Class A foam for control line construction most secure results are obtained when using uid medium expansion foam to increase the width of the mineral earth control line. Alternatively where fuel is present this may be burnt out between the lines of foam. Most secure results of burning out or back burning are obtained when:
F allowing time for the commencement of
for;
F fuel reduction burning; F burning out; and F back burning.
Note: Caution Class A foam will have little or no effect if applied in a strip across the middle a grass paddock, down wind in the path of an approaching high intensity re or applied in areas of dense ground, surface or elevated fuels under the same conditions as above.
the foam to drain and wet the fuel; and

F lighting against the line of foam allowing
re to burn away from the foam line.
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Asset protection
Figure 32 fencing
Figure 29 protect special areas of ora and fauna
Prior to the use of Class A foam on haystack res a risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure the property is not certied organic or adjoining hay is not to be transported to a certied organic property. If it is, wherever practicable, alternatives to Class A foam should be used.
Figure 30 sites of historical signicance
Figure 33 Class A foam improves wetting on haystack res
Figure 31 community asset protection
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Mop-up/blacking out
Mop-up should begin at the earliest opportunity possible as this will reduce the time taken on the reground. Shut-off nozzles should be used to further gain the most efcient use of foam solution by regulating and controlling ow to suit the required application type and rate. If there is run-off you are wasting solution. Class A foam will improve the efciency of water in all aspects of mop-up/blacking out operations. Refer to CFAs Wildre Fireghter learning manual for detail in the principles to be used when mopping up/blacking out.
Figure 34 rake out and break up hot fuel beds
Figure 35 use minimum solution (avoid run-off)
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Foam Types for Non-structural Applications

Note: Caution the use of the term nonstructural application within this learning manual has been quite deliberate. Class A foam solution or aspirated foam is not be used at structural res for internal offensive or defensive attack or blacking out where the structure may need to be entered by reghters during salvage or overhaul operations. The reason for restricting the use of Class A foam is to do with Plasterboard which is the main building material used for internal lining of rooms and compartments. Class A foam solution is rapidly absorbed into this material in turn causing it to soften and break away from its xings, causing ceilings and walls to collapse, in turn creating a severe threat to reghter safety.
Class A foam users guide (non-structural)

Foam Type Non aspirated Solution Recommended Nozzles Conventional nozzle Mix Ratio % 0.1% to 0.2% Characteristics Application Un-mined coal, open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, motor vehicles, tyre dumps, mulch/wood chips, timber stacks, rubbish dumps. Un-mined coal, open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, motor vehicles and tyre dumps. Open or enclosed coal storage bunkers, open or enclosed coal conveyor belts, ,tyre dumps. Asset protection i.e. external application to or around structures, machinery, fence posts, hay stacks, road and rail bridges, and sites of signicance. Flora and fauna habitats. Asset protection i.e. external application to or around structures, machinery, motor vehicle fuel spills, fence posts, hay stacks, road and rail bridges, and sites of signicance. Flora and fauna habitats.
Issued June 2009
Milky uid
Wet
Low expansion nozzles
0.1% to 0.3%
Watery foam
Fluid
Low and medium expansion nozzles Low and medium expansion nozzles
Figure 36 CFAs Class A foam users guide (nonstructural applications)
0.3% to 0.5%
Fluid shaving cream
Dry
0.5% to 1.0%
Shaving cream
A simple rule for application, WHEN IN DOUBT WETTER IS BETTER!
The following are examples of how Class A foam may be used for non-structural uses.
Figure 37 car re initial attack, non aspirated
Figure 38 car lled with uid medium expansion foam
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Figure 39 small and shallow hydrocarbon fuel spills (i.e. motor vehicle fuel tanks) only low expansion @ 1%
Figure 42 tyre dumps. Note how Class A removes carbon from the smoke
Figure 40 coal res
High expansion foam is used for nonstructural applications. Including volume lling of:
F power station cable ducts; F coal conveyor belts; F ships holds; and F underground mining.
Figure 41 machinery res
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Figure 43 ships holds
Figure 44 high expansion foam
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Chapter 3 Summary
F Class A foam removes one or more of the F Typical Class A foam uses for wildre:
components of the re triangle.

F Non aspirated the Class A foam solution:
direct attack application; control line construction; asset protection; and mop-up/blacking out.
F Refer to CFAs Class A foam users guide:
Cools with solution. Isolates by wetting out fuel. Penetrates by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels.
F When aspirated, the Class A foam blanket:
Non-structural applications for details of foam types to be used for non-structural application.
F Class A foam may be used for non-
Cools fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket. Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket between the re and fuel. Insulates fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct ame contact. Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains form the foam blanket. Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion.
F There are four foam types; solution, wet,
structural application such as: motor vehicles; small and shallow hydrocarbon fuel spills i.e. motor vehicle fuel tanks (only low expansion @1%); machinery res (dozers, graders etc.); coal res; and tyre dumps.
F High expansion foam is used for non-
structural applications, including volume lling of: power station cable ducts; coal conveyor belts; ships holds; and underground mining.
uid, and dry.

F Each foam type has a specic use and
where appropriate may be applied to fuel as any one of the four types or in combination with each other to best suit the control objective.
F When combining the use of foam types
use the wettest type rst.
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Notes
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1 Non aspirated Class A foam solution: Cools with solution Isolates by wetting out fuel Penetrates: by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels. True 2 False
When aspirated, the Class A foam blanket: Cools fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket. Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket between the re and fuel Insulates fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct ame contact. Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains form the foam blanket. Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion True False
There are four foam types solution, wet, uid and dry. True False
When combining the use of foam types, you should use the wettest type rst. True False
Prior to the use of Class A foam on haystack res, a risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure the property is not certied organic or adjoining hay is not to be transported to a certied organic property. If it is, wherever practicable, alternatives to Class A foam such as wetting agent should be used. True False
Mop up should begin at the earliest opportunity as this will reduce the time taken on the reground. Shut-off nozzles should be used to further gain the most efcient use of foam solution by regulating and controlling ow to suit the required application type and rate. If there is run-off you are wasting solution. True False
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Short Answer
1 Which foam type does the following describe?
F F
Watery aspirated foam. For application to: thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timber, peat, pine needles (duff); grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble; wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel; establishing control line edges; isolating pockets of protected species of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/isolation; aerial application, canopy penetration; and may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).
= ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Which foam type does the following describe?

F F
Non aspirated. Uses include: maintaining safe distances from re edge or for reaching up into tree tops due to long distance throw on jet; direct attack on grass re edges; direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring immediate penetration for knockdown and mop-up; providing improved personal protection over plain water against radiant heat on fog pattern; wetting of deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch, wind rowed timber piles, peat, pine needles (duff); on grasses like phalaris, serrated tussock and grass hay or stubble; and wetting down stringy and other porous barks.
= ...............................................................................................................................................
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Which foam type does the following describe?

F F
Aspirated. Cautions for use: re may burn under foam; affected by wind; not suited for mopping up; does not have long-term re resistance; and can seal in heat in deep seated res.
= ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Which foam type does the following describe?

F F
Aspirated. Typical use/application: direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring slower wetting for penetration and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions; limited use in thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timer piles, peat, pine needles (duff) normally used to cover previously wetted areas to seal in moisture; on grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble; on standing timber; wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel; establishing control line edges; isolating pockets of protected species of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/isolation; and may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).
= ...............................................................................................................................................
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List three uses of Class A foam for asset protection. i ii iii ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
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Chapter 4 Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels

It is important to understand that Class B foam is the preferred foam type for use on hydrocarbon Class B fuels and where available it will be the most appropriate extinguishing agent. As an alternative, in areas of CFA where only Class A foam and equipment is carried on tankers and these being rst on scene, Class A foam may be put to effective use for rapid knockdown of Shallow Class B hydrocarbon fuel spills. If Class A foam is used as above, Class B foam may be applied over Class A foam at any time to increase the level of effectiveness for both re knockdown and security against reignition. This chapter covers: F important note; F understanding the use of Class A foam on Class B fuels; and F foam application methods.
Important Note
Class A foams in use by CFA have been re performance tested and found to be suitable for limited use on Class B shallow hydrocarbon spills such as road crash scenes, where fuel tanks may have been ruptured or leaking, service station fuel pump area spills or machinery refueling trailers. In all cases the decision whether or not to use Class A foam rests with the incident controller having rstly conducted a risk assessment to determine if Class A foam is suitable for the risk involved.
Caution: If Class A foam is to be used to secure against ignition or extinguish Class B res involving hydrocarbon fuel spills it should initially be proportioned at 1% and delivered via a Class A low expansion foam branchpipe. The foam blanket should not be entered by reghters. Class A foam is NOT suitable for use on water miscible/soluble ammable fuels such as alcohols.
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Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels
Understanding the Use of Class A Foam on Class B Fuels

Suppression of Class B res depends on the foams ability to spread over the fuel surface and to seal around objects/obstacles and into concealed pockets of re where direct foam application is not possible. However, there is a balance to be made as to having a foam blanket that is uid enough to spread rapidly across the surface of fuel but stable enough to be effective. Class A foam when compared to Class B foam has less resistance to:
F fuel pick up; F ame; F heat; F burn back; and F ghosting.
Figure 45 example of fuel pick up discoloration within the foam blanket
Flame, heat and burn back

Signs include:
F rapid Increase in area of ame as foam
cover is burnt off;

F increasing radiant heat as ame intensies;
and
F break down of the remaining foam cover
reducing burn back resistance.
Fuel pick up
Fuel pick up is caused when foam is applied forcefully by plunging into the fuel or onto the fuel surface. This action results in hot fuel being picked up and mixed into the foam blanket which in turn rises to the surface creating a dangerous ammable mixture. Signs of fuel pick up include:
F discoloration of part of the foam blanket;
Figure 46 example of poor foam cover, having low resistance to heat, ame and burn back
or
F discoloration throughout the foam blanket.
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Note: for safety of reghters these areas must not be approached too closely or entered and need to be re covered by further foam application until the fuel surface can no longer be seen.
Foam Application Methods

There are two methods of foam application. These are:
F direct; and F indirect.
Ghosting
Ghosting is caused when fuel picked up in the foam blanket ashes over (ignites) and burns off. Each time this occurs the ame burns off the upper layer of the foam blanket. This may continue until the complete foam blanket is destroyed. This is a further reason for not entering a foam blanket. If there are signs of ghosting more foam should be applied (as per above note.)
Direct application of low expansion foam

Best results are achieved when aspirated Class A foam is applied as gently as possible onto the fuel surface, thus avoiding foam destruction by forceful plunging into or onto the fuel. It should be understood that this method is in direct contrast to application to Class A fuel where more forceful application is appropriate. To achieve best results, low expansion foam should be applied up wind (with the wind at your back) and be allowed to carry gently by the rain down method onto or across the fuel surface. For maximum safety the largest Class A low expansion foam branchpie with the longest distance of throw should be used. Foam application should commence onto the nearest edge of exposed fuel or re nearest the reghter or reghting appliance. This aides foam to ow, or be pushed in a forward direction away from the source of application, in turn, placing further distance between the reghter and or the appliance, minimising the effects of ame, heat or danger, should ignition of exposed fuel occur.
Figure 47 example of ghosting throughout areas where fuel is picked up
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For further security, the low expansion foam may be covered up using the medium expansion foam branchpipe allowing uid foam to ow forward over the low expansion foam from the same distance away.
Indirect application of low expansion foam

One indirect application method is to use the bounce and roll method i.e. applying foam off a ground surface to the leading edge of a re pushing foam progressively across the fuel surface extinguishing re as it covers the fuel. Other methods of indirect attack, where foam can not be applied directly, may include discharging foam onto another surface i.e. vertical wall or car/truck body to ow down onto the a shielded re beneath,
Figure 48 example of pushing medium expansion foam onto fuel
Indirect application of medium expansion foam

Fluid medium expansion foam may be used over the top of the low expansion foam blanket once full fuel surface cover and re extinguishment has been achieved. As medium expansion foam produces a much greater volume of nished foam and has longer drain times than low expansion this means that foam re application times are extended and less foam concentrate is used as the foam blanket lasts longer. Foam is again applied to the leading edge pushing foam progressively across the low expansion blanket to consolidate fuel surface cover.
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Chapter 4 Summary
F Class B foam is the preferred foam type F Class A foam when compared to Class B
for use on hydrocarbon Class B fuels and where available it will be the most appropriate extinguishing agent.
F As an alternative, where only Class A
foam has less resistance to: fuel pick up; ame; heat; burn back; and ghosting.
F Fuel pick up is caused when foam is applied
foam and equipment is carried on tankers and these being rst on scene, Class A foam may be put to effective use for rapid knockdown of shallow Class B hydrocarbon fuel spills.
F If Class A foam is used, Class B foam may
be applied over Class A foam at any time to increase the level of effectiveness for both re knockdown and security against reignition.
F In all cases the decision whether or not to
forcefully by plunging into the fuel or onto the fuel surface. This action results in hot fuel being picked up and mixed into the foam blanket which in turn rises to the surface creating a dangerous ammable mixture.
F Signs of fuel pick up include:
use Class A foam rests with the incident controller having rstly conducted a risk assessment to determine if Class A foam is suitable for the risk involved. Caution: If Class A foam is to be used to secure against ignition or extinguish Class B res involving hydrocarbon fuel spills it should initially be proportioned at 1% and delivered via a Class A low expansion foam branchpipe. The foam blanket should not be entered by reghters. Class A foam is NOT suitable for use on water miscible/soluble ammable fuels such as alcohols.
discoloration of part of the foam blanket; or discoloration throughout the foam blanket.
F Signs of low resistance to ame, heat and
burn back include: rapid Increase in area of ame as foam cover is burnt off; increasing radiant heat as ame intensies; and break down of the remaining foam cover reducing burn back resistance. Note: For safety of reghters these areas must not be approached too closely or entered and need to be re covered by further foam application until the fuel surface can no longer be seen.
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F Ghosting is caused when fuel picked up
F Indirect application of low expansion foam:
in the foam blanket ashes over (ignites) and burns off the upper layer of the foam blanket.
F If there are signs of ghosting more foam
should be applied.
F Foam can be applied directly or indirectly. F Direct application of low expansion foam:
May be by using the bounce and roll method, applying foam off ground surface to the leading edge of a re pushing foam progressively across the fuel surface extinguishing re as it covers the fuel. Other methods of indirect attack, where foam can not be applied directly, may include discharging foam onto another surface i.e. vertical wall or car/truck body to ow down onto the a shielded re beneath.
F Indirect application of medium expansion
Aaspirated Class A foam is applied as gently as possible onto the fuel surface, thus avoiding foam destruction by forceful plunging into or onto the fuel. It should be understood that this method is in direct contrast to application to Class A fuel where more forceful application is appropriate. Only low expansion foam should be applied. Largest Class A low expansion foam branchpie with the longest distance of throw. Application should commence onto the nearest edge of exposed fuel or re nearest the reghter or reghting appliance. Aides foam to ow, or be pushed in a forward direction away from the source of application, in turn, placing further distance between the reghter and or the appliance, minimising the effects of ame, heat or danger, should ignition of exposed fuel occur. Further security, the low expansion foam may be covered up using the medium expansion foam branchpipe allowing uid foam to ow forward over the low expansion foam from the same distance away.
foam: Fluid medium expansion foam may be used over the top of the low expansion foam blanket once full fuel surface cover and re extinguishment has been achieved. Medium expansion foam produces a much greater volume of nished foam. Has longer drain times than low expansion. Application times are extended and less foam concentrate is used. Foam blanket lasts longer. Applied to the leading edge pushing foam progressively across the low expansion blanket to consolidate fuel surface cover.
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1 If Class A foam is to be used to secure against ignition or extinguish Class B res involving hydrocarbon fuel spills it should initially be proportioned at 1% and delivered via a Class A low expansion foam branchpipe. True 2 False
Class B foam is the preferred foam type for use on hydrocarbon Class B fuels and where available it will be the most appropriate extinguishing agent. True False
As an alternative in areas of CFA where only Class A foam and equipment is carried on tankers and these being rst on scene, Class A foam may not be put to effective use for rapid knockdown of Shallow Class B hydrocarbon fuel spills. True False
Class B foam may not be applied over Class A foam at any time, even to increase the level of effectiveness for both re knockdown and security against reignition True False
Class A foam when compared to Class B foam has less resistance to:
F F F F F
fuel pick up; ame; heat; burn back; and ghosting. True False
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For safety of reghters these areas must not be approached too closely or entered and need to be re covered by further foam application until the fuel surface can no longer be seen. True False
Class A and B foams should be applied forcefully to the surface of ammable liquid res to ensure all the foam covers the surface. True False
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Chapter 5 Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling

As with any chemicals, strict adherence to storage and handling guidelines and procedures are necessary to ensure safety and prevent damage to equipment and the environment. This chapter covers: F storage; F spills; F compatibility; and F relling.
Storage
Storage on appliances
On appliances all concentrate will be stored only in the designated storage drum, rack or tank provided.
term storage of these containers outside is not recommended due to UV degradation.

F Uncontrolled release of concentrate
should be contained to storage areas. Spill control pallets are one method of achieving this.
F Measures to control leaks/spills should
Storage of drum stocks

Recommended conditions for the storage of large quantities of Class A foam concentrate:
F Ideal storage conditions are in a normal
NOT introduce other hazards such as manual handling.

F The maximum safe stacking height for
warehouse scenario.
F Protect containers from physical damage
(check regularly for leaks).

F 20 litres concentrate drums have a higher
20 litres plastic drums is two high without pallets or four high with pallets (two rows per pallet). The use of an appropriate hand trolley should be considered when moving drums of concentrate.
F Class A foam concentrate is to be
level of integrity (are dangerous good rated). However, drums or International Bulk Containers (IBCs) should not be stored in direct sunlight. Advice is that while containers have a certain UV rating, long-
kept in the original suppliers container appropriately labeled.

F In general, suppliers do not recommend
storing below freezing or above about 50C.
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Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling
Storage at re stations or at regions

Ideal storage conditions are as in a normal warehouse scenario. This may include:
F Storage areas should be well ventilated. F Containers should be protected from
Spills
Clean and safely dispose of any foam spills in accordance with the Manufactures Safety Data Sheet (SDS formerly MSDS). The SDS species that spills are to be contained using inert materials such as earth or sand. Absorbents commonly used by CFA for motor vehicle accidents are also generally considered to be appropriate for containing Class A foam spills.
F Contact your CFA Regional Duty Ofcer
physical damage (check regularly for leaks).

F Uncontrolled release of concentrate
should be contained to storage areas.

F There may be a need to bund stockpiles of
Class A foam concentrate where there is a risk of spilled concentrate entering drains or waterways. Any bunding should have a capacity to contain the contents of 23 containers.
F Recycle foam containers using CFAs
regarding appropriate disposal of the absorbed material.

F Prevent spillage from entering drains. F Avoid contamination of interceptor pits
with foam or wetting agent.

F Foam MUST NOT be ushed into drains.
current recycling program.
Relling or topping up of Class A foam tanks

Appropriate PPC/PPE must be donned prior to commencing relling or topping up of foam tanks. Refer to Chapter 2. Relling of storage tanks should only be carried out in accordance with appropriate FGPs and using approved portable or on board foam concentrate transfer equipment and items as appropriate from the Foam Handling Kit.
F Exercise care to avoid spills when relling
Compatibility
Compatibility is divided into three categories as follows: 1. Compatibility when using different brands of Class A foam as solution from different vehicles on the same re and they come together. This form of compatibility is acceptable practice and will be unavoidable from time to time. 2. Compatibility when mixing one manufacturers brand of Class A foam concentrate with another brand. Exhaustive testing has been carried out to determine that Chemguard First Class Class A foam concentrate is compatible as follows.
tanks.
F Locate relling areas away from
waterways.
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Phoschek WD 881 mentioned in the report is the Class A foam brand used by DSE. Conclusions of the test program (Part 5). report by Wynsafe as follows. Taking into consideration the information available in the literature, the physical and chemical properties of the products and their ingredients, the chemical compatibility testing carried out by Chemguard, and the strong evidence of the accelerated oven ageing undertaken by Wynsafe, (no changes were observed with respect to viscosity, precipitation or layering, and only a very slight darkening of colour in some mixtures) it is considered that Chemguard First Class Class A foam Concentrate is compatible with both Forexpan S and Phoschek WD881 Foam Concentrates. Therefore it is considered that Chemguard First Class could be added to a tank containing residual Forexpan S or Phoschek WD881 without producing any physical or chemical changes to the Chemguard First Class or compromising its effectiveness in any way. Based on the above information with product compatibility identied as not being an issue, this simplies CFAs operational transition arrangements, whereby until all existing supplies of Forexpan S are exhausted. Both Chemguard First Class and Forexpan S can be used interchangeably for topping up or complete relling of foam tanks. Thus allowing change over to occur progressively across the state.
3. Mixing of Class A with Class B concentrate. Note: this must not be allowed to occur. If Class A and B foam concentrates are mixed together a thick gel will form clogging up the system. If this occurs only DMOs will be able to carry out the long process of cleaning out storage tank and all associated pipe work and proportioning equipment. There has been great care taken to introduce different colored foam drums into CFA to avoid mixing of Class A and Class B foam concentrates. These are identied as follows
F Class A foams:
Angus Forexpan S is supplied in black 20 litre and Chemguard First Class, Class A foam is supplied in white 20 litre drums.
F Class B foam is supplied in blue 20 litre
Drums.
F Where 200 litre drums and 1000 litre IBCs
are used clear labeling is used.
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Notes
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Chapter 5 Summary
F On appliances all concentrate will be
stored only in the designated storage drum, rack or tank provided.

F With drum stocks:
In general, suppliers do not recommend storing below freezing or above about 50C temperatures.
F At re stations or at regions;
iIdeal storage conditions are in a normal warehouse scenario. Protect containers from physical damage (check regularly for leaks) 20 litre concentrate drums have a higher level of integrity (are dangerous good rated). However, drums or International Bulk Containers (IBCs) should not be stored in direct sunlight. Uncontrolled release of concentrate should be contained to storage areas. Spill control pallets are one method of achieving this. Measures to control leaks/spills should NOT introduce other hazards such as manual handling. The maximum safe stacking height for 20 litre plastic drums is two high without pallets or four high with pallets (two rows per pallet). The use of an appropriate hand trolley should be considered when moving drums of concentrate. Class A foam concentrate is to be kept in the original suppliers container appropriately labeled.
Ideal storage conditions are as in a normal warehouse scenario. areas should be well ventilated; containers should be protected from physical damage (check regularly for leaks); uncontrolled release of concentrate should be contained to storage areas; and there may be a need to bund stockpiles of Class A foam concentrate where there is a risk of spilled concentrate entering drains or waterways. Any bunding should have a capacity to contain the contents of 23 containers.
F Recycle foam containers using CFAs
current recycling program.

F Appropriate PPC/PPE must be donned
when relling or topping up Class A foam tanks.

F Relling of tanks should only be carried
out in accordance with appropriate FGPs and using approved portable or on board foam concentrate transfer equipment and items as appropriate from the Foam Handling Kit.
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F Exercise care to avoid spills when
F Compatibility when mixing one
decanting.
F Locate decanting areas away from
manufacturers brand of Class A foam concentrate with another: Exhaustive testing has been carried out to determine that Chemguard First Class Class A foam concentrate is compatible. Both Chemguard First Class and Forexpan S can be used interchangeably for topping up or complete relling of foam tanks. Phoschek WD 881 is the Class A foam brand used by DSE and will have no deremental effect if mixed with Chemguard First Class or Forexpan S.
F Mixing of Class A with Class B concentrate:
waterways.
F Clean and safely dispose of any foam
spills in accordance with the Manufactures Safety Data Sheet (SDS formerly MSDS).
F The SDS species that spills are to be
contained using inert materials such as earth or sand. Absorbents commonly used by CFA for motor vehicle accidents are also generally considered to be appropriate for containing Class A foam spills. Contact your CFA Regional Duty Ofcer regarding appropriate disposal of the absorbed material. Prevent spillage from entering drains. Avoid contamination of interceptor pits with foam or wetting agent. Foam MUST NOT be ushed into drains.
F Compatibility is divided into three
This must not be allowed to occur. If Class A and B foam concentrates are mixed together a thick gel will form clogging up the system requiring DMO attention.
F Different coloured foam drums are used to
avoid mixing of Class A and Class B foam concentrates.

F Class A foam:
categories.
F Compatibility when using different brands
of Class A foam as solution: from different vehicles on the same re and they come together is an acceptable practice and will be unavoidable from time to time.
Angus Forexpan S is supplied in black 20 litre; and Chemguard First Class, Class A foam is supplied in white 20 litre drums.
F Class B Class foam:
Angus Tridol 36% ATF Class B foam is Supplied In Blue 20 Litre Drums; Where 200 litre drums and 1000 litre IBCs are used clear labeling is used.
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1 All foam concentrates will be stored only in the designated storage drum, rack or tank provided True 2 False
Class A foam concentrate is to be kept in the original suppliers container appropriately labeled. Stacking or stock movement should NOT introduce other hazards such as manual handling. True False
When relling or topping up of Class A foam tanks:

F F
Appropriate PPC/PPE must be donned. Relling of tanks should only be carried out in accordance with appropriate FGPs and using approved portable or on board foam concentrate transfer equipment and items as appropriate from the Foam Handling Kit. Exercise care to avoid spills when relling tanks. Locate relling areas away from waterways. True False
F F
Mixing of Class A with Class B concentrate is acceptable practice. True False
Chemguard First Class and Forexpan S can both be used interchangeably for topping up or complete relling of foam tanks. True False
Phoschek WD 881 is the Class A foam brand used by DSE and will have no deremental effect if mixed with Chemguard First Class or Forexpan S. True False
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Notes
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Chapter 6 Environmental Impact and Precautions

There are a number of issues relating to environmental impact that need to be considered when storing, handling and applying foam. CFA permits the use of Class A foam or wetting agent in accordance with Chief Ofcers Standing Orders, Chief Ofcers Standard Operating Procedures, CFA policies and relevant legislation, which includes safe handling and environmental precautions. You need to be aware of, and comply with, these guidelines. This chapter covers: F the Use of Class A foam; F potential impacts of Class A foam use; F precautions; F foam storage, mixing and lling sites; and F equipment cleaning.
The Use of Class A Foam

Section 30 of the CFA Act 1958, empowers CFA to use Class A foam for the protection of life and property. Where practicable, CFA will make every endeavor to minimise the potential detrimental effects on the environment and the certication of organic and certied properties from the use of Class A foam and wetting agent. For further information refer to:
F Appropriate Safety Data Sheet Class A
F Class A foam, Wetting Agent and
Agricultural land: Advice to CFA members, CFA (2003).

F CFA Environment Strategy, CFA (2003). F Chief Ofcers Standing Order:
Environmental Care, CFA (2005).

F Chief Ofcers Standard Operating
Procedure: Foams and Wetting Agent Fireghting, CFA (2005).

F Code of Practice for Fire Management on
Public Land, DSE (1995).
foam Concentrate.
F Class A foam, Wetting Agent and Your
Property. CFA (2003).
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Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions
Potential Impacts of Class A Foam Use

The environment
There is a potential for adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems from entry of Class A foam and wetting agent to swamps, dams, and other waterways, particularly where water ow rates are low. US research indicates that surfactants (detergents) in foams and wetting agents can be toxic to aquatic species, including sh and aquatic invertebrates. Surfactants can decrease the ability of aquatic species to obtain oxygen, and increase their uptake of pollutants already in the waterways. It may take some time for foam to dilute to a level that is safe for aquatic species. Class A foam and wetting agent are relatively benign when applied to land. They biodegrade relatively quickly in soil and, where correctly applied, will have minimal effect on vegetation, soil macrofauna or terrestrial fauna. Complete chemical and biological degradation of Class A foam solution (0.1 1.0%) can vary within 14 30 days (depending on localised environmental factors eg soil type). Wetting agent used by CFA is 80% biodegradable within 72 hours.
Organic and certied properties

Class A foam and wetting agent contain synthetic chemicals. All, or part, of a propertys certied or organic status will be affected by the application of synthetic chemicals including Class A foam or wetting agent. An affected property may regain its certication or organic status when it once again meets the requirements of the National Standard for Organic and Bio-Dynamic Produce (NSOBDP) 2002. This may take some time to achieve.
Around the re station

Foam use, spills or cleaning of foam equipment around the station have the potential to impact on the environment and breach environmental regulations in the following ways.
F Foam entering drains can reach
waterways, causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems (See The Environment above).
F Foam can affect the performance of
interceptors by preventing separation of fuels and oils contained in the interceptor pit.
F Plastic foam containers take up valuable
landll space and the contents may contaminate these sites.
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Precautions
Wherever possible, care will be taken by CFA to:
F ensure that Class A foam and wetting
F Notify and seek advice from EPA in cases
of substantial or signicantly polluted rewater run-off.

F Notify EPA Victoria and relevant water
agent does not enter waterways (e.g. dams, lakes, swamps, rivers and creeks);
F minimise the risk of pollution at re stations
authorities where Class A foam or wetting agent enters a waterway

F Where Class A foam or wetting agent
and other foam storage and mixing sites; and

F avoid the use of synthetic chemicals on
enters a domestic water storage, the water storage should be ushed before re-use.
organic and certied properties. A risk assessment will be carried out to determine if Class A foam use is required to complete the task.
Foam use (incident management and training)

F Minimise use of foam and wetting agent. F Wherever practicable, use alternatives to
Figure 49 avoid areas of run-off into waterways
foam and wetting agent to suppress res where there is a risk of contaminating waterways.
F Carry out foam training at a location away
Organic and certied properties

F Wherever practicable, alternatives to
from waterways, storm water drains or agricultural areas.

F As a general rule, do not use foam within
foam and wetting agent should be used to suppress res on organic or certied properties.
F CFA Brigades will make every endeavour
50 metres of waterways. This distance may need to be greater on slopes, hard surfaces, or where there is limited or no vegetation to help absorption of the rewater run-off.
F Consider methods to contain and dispose
to identify all organic and certied agricultural properties within the Brigade area.
F CFA Brigades should make every
of re-water run-off containing Class A foam or wetting agent prior to its use, if required.
reasonable effort to alert organic and certied property owner/occupier(s) to potential issues that may arise as a result of contamination from Class A foam or wetting agent.
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F Organic and certied operators should
F Avoid contamination of interceptor pits
contact their local CFA Brigades to alert them of their propertys location.
F CFA recommends that appropriate

F Recycle foam containers using the current
recycling program.
signage be installed at all access points to a property, identifying the property as organic or certied.
Equipment Cleaning
F Flush equipment at the incident or training
Foam Storage, Mixing and Filling Sites

F Store and handle foam to minimise the
site after using foam. Do NOT ush equipment near water bodies, storm water drains or agricultural areas.
risk of foam entering drains (and ultimately waterways).

F Exercise care to avoid spills at mixing and
loading and application areas. Locate foam mixing and loading areas away from waterways.
spills in accordance with the SDS. The SDS species that spills are to be contained using inert materials such as earth or sand. Absorbents commonly used by CFA for MVAs are also generally considered to be appropriate for containing Class A foam spills. Contact the CFA Regional Duty Ofcer regarding disposal of the absorbed material. Prevent spillage from entering drains. Foam must NOT be ushed into drains.
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Chapter 6 Summary
F Section 30 of the CFA Act 1958, empowers
CFA to use Class A foam for the protection of life and property.
F CFA permits the use of Class A foam or
factors eg soil type). Wetting agent used by CFA is 80% biodegradable within 72 hours.
F Potential impacts of Class A foam use on
wetting agent in accordance with Chief Ofcers Standing Orders, Standard Operating Procedures, CFA policies and relevant legislation, which includes safe handling and environmental precautions.
F Where practicable, CFA will make every
organic and certied properties: Class A foam and wetting agent contain synthetic chemicals. All, or part, of a propertys certied or organic status will be affected by the application of synthetic chemicals including Class A foam or wetting agent. An affected property may regain its certication or organic status when it once again meets the requirements of the National Standard for Organic and Bio-Dynamic Produce (NSOBDP) 2002. This may take some time to achieve.
F Foam use, spills or cleaning of foam
endeavor to minimise the potential detrimental effects on the environment and the certication of organic and certied properties from the use of Class A foam and wetting agent.
F Potential impacts of Class A foam use on
the environment: Adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems from entry of Class A foam and wetting agent to swamps, dams, and other waterways, particularly where water ow rates are low. Class A foam and wetting agent are relatively benign when applied to land. They biodegrade relatively quickly in soil and, where correctly applied, will have minimal effect on vegetation, soil macrofauna or terrestrial fauna. Complete chemical and biological degradation of Class A foam solution (0.11.0%) can vary within 1430 days (depending on localised environmental
equipment around the station have the potential to impact on the environment and breach environmental regulations in the following ways. Foam entering drains can reach waterways, causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Foam can affect the performance of interceptors by preventing separation of fuels and oils contained in the interceptor pit. Plastic foam containers take up valuable landll space and the contents may contaminate these sites.
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F Minimise use of foam and wetting agent. F Wherever practicable, use alternatives to
F CFA recommends that appropriate signage
foam and wetting agent to suppress res where there is a risk of contaminating waterways.
F Carry out foam training at a location away
be installed at all access points to a property, identifying the property as organic or certied.
F Store and handle foam to minimise the
risk of foam entering drains (and ultimately waterways).

from waterways, storm water drains or agricultural areas.

F As a general rule, do not use foam within
50 metres of waterways.
F Consider methods to contain and dispose
F Exercise care to avoid spills at mixing and
of re-water run-off containing Class A foam or wetting agent prior to its use.
F Notify and seek advice from EPA Victoria
in cases of substantial or signicantly polluted re-water run-off.

F Notify EPA Victoria and relevant water
loading and application areas. Locate foam mixing and loading areas away from waterways.
authorities where Class A foam or wetting agent enters a waterway.

F Where Class A foam or wetting agent
enters a domestic water storage, the water storage should be ushed before re-use.
F Wherever practicable, alternatives to
foam and wetting agent should be used to suppress res on organic or certied properties.
F CFA Brigades will make every endeavour to
spills in accordance with the SDS. Absorbents commonly used by CFA for MVAs are also generally considered to be appropriate for containing Class A foam spills. Contact the CFA Regional Duty Ofcer regarding disposal of the absorbed material. Prevent spillage from entering drains. Foam must NOT be ushed into drains.
F Avoid contamination of interceptor pits

F Recycle foam containers using the current
identify all organic and certied agricultural properties within the Brigade area.
F CFA Brigades should make every
recycling program.
F Flush equipment at the incident or training
reasonable effort to alert organic and certied property owner/occupier(s) to potential issues that may arise as a result of contamination from Class A foam or wetting agent.
F Organic and certied operators should
site after using foam. Do NOT ush equipment near water bodies, storm water drains or agricultural areas.
contact their local CFA Brigades to alert them of their propertys location.
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1 CFA permits the use of Class A foam or wetting agent in accordance with Chief Ofcers Standing Orders, Standard Operating Procedures, CFA policies and relevant legislation, which includes safe handling and environmental precautions. True 2 False
Equipment should be ushed at the incident or training site after using foam. It can be ushed near water bodies, storm water drains or agricultural areas as long as you take extreme care. True False
Short Answer
1 Identify which of the following may suffer potential adverse impacts from entry of Class A foam and wetting agents. (Circle your answers.) a b c d e f 2 Aquatic ecosystems. Swamps. On land ora/fauna. Dams, and other waterways. Where water ow rates are low or stagnant. Sites of signicance.
When Blacking out you discover you are on the boundary of a certied organic property. Which of the following actions should you take? (Circle your answers.) a b c Carry on using Class A foam and ignore the organic status of the property. Seek advice from within your chain of command as to what action you should take. Turn off the Class A foam and continue blacking out until advised otherwise.
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Which of the following is the preferred minimum distance from waterways when using Class A foam? (Circle your answer.)
F F F F
100 metres. 120 metres. 50 metres. 80 metres.
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Chapter 7 Class A foam System Types and Their Operating Components

There are many different types and congurations of Class A foam proportioning and induction systems. This chapter gives a generic overview of Class A foam systems only. You should consult the appropriate Operation and Maintenance Manual and FGPs to obtain specic information relating to the system(s) you may be expected to understand and operate. This chapter covers: F low energy Class A foam systems; F high energy Class A foam systems; and F proportioning or induction methods.
Low Energy Foam System

Uses:
F the appliance pump: F a foam concentrate proportioning or
High Energy Foam System

Is referred to as a Compressed Air Foam System abbreviated to CAFS. CAFS systems are not generally used in CFA. This detail is provided for CFA personnel who may be working alongside DSE personnel using a CAFS unit. The CAFS system also uses:
F the appliance pump; F a foam concentrate proportioning or
induction device; and

F a delivery nozzle of either the non
aspirating type to deliver solution or a low energy air inducing foam branchpipe to deliver aspirated foam. Low energy systems are the most common in use by CFA.
induction device; and

F a delivery nozzle of either the non
aspirating type to deliver solution or a low energy air inducing foam branchpipe to deliver aspirated foam.
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Chapter 7: Class A foam System Types and Their Operating Components
The addition of an air compressor allows the optional injection of compressed air into a delivery hose line under pressure to mix with solution prior to the delivery outlet which can be either an open ended ON/Off valve or a straight jet type to deliver aspirated foam over a considerably greater distance than a low energy system.
Manually Regulated Systems

Must be monitored and the proportioning percentage rate adjusted manually by rotating a dial, lever or valve.
Induction
Is used to induce foam concentrate into the water ow using the inline induction (venturi) method.
Proportioning or Induction Methods

The rst step in the process of producing solution is adding the required amount of foam concentrate to the water ow; this is known as either induction or proportioning. Each process uses a different range of equipment to achieve this. The type of induction or proportioning system chosen is independent of whether it is low or high energy system or nozzle type or foam generating device used. Refer to Chapter 1 Foam Proportioning or Induction Rates (Mix Ratio) for detail of proportioning/induction rates. There are two types or proportioning systems these are:
F manually regulated; and F automatically regulated.
Proportioning
Relates to the pressurised injection of foam concentrate into the water ow.
Inline induction principles of operation

An inline foam inductor drafts foam concentrate from a container/tank to the pressure side of the water steam using a venturi action. As pressurised water ows through the venturi (restricted area of the inductor), an area of low pressure is created. Atmospheric pressure forces foam concentrate into the inductor mixing with the pressurised water stream to produce foam solution.
The inline foam inductor

Inline foam inductors may induce foam concentrate at a xed percentage ratio or be tted with a metering valve to allow a range of induction ratios to be selected manually. CFAs level 2 Inline foam induction system has an adjustable metering valve, which can be varied to induce foam concentrate at a percentage ratio from 0.1% to 1%.
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Fireboss 120 Variable Foam Proportioning In-line Inductor (not to scale)

Foam concentrate proportioning dial
Locking pin (to lock proportioning dial setting)
Foam concentrate metering valve shaft Non return ball valve Foam concentrate supply coupling
Foam concentrate induction chamber
Water inlet Foam solution outlet
Coupling adaptor
Water inlet nozzle (small)
Outlet nozzle (large)
Figure 50 level 2 inline inductor
Inline foam inductors are designed to operate with accurate induction rates within pre engineered performance tolerances in respect of water ow rates across the inductor. If ow rates are in excess of, or under this performance tolerance, induction may be rich or lean or with back pressure cease altogether.
In the process of operating inline inductors approximately half of the water inlet pressure is lost i.e. an inlet pressure to the inductor of 900 kpa will result in a pressure of 450 kpa at the inductor outlet. This loss is caused by the small diameter nozzle (restricted area of ow within the inductor) necessary to produce the venturi.
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Typical Inline Induction System

Water Pump Check valve Water suction line Inductor
This system is more exible than inline induction as the total system ow does not pass through the induction device and therefore there is no loss of pump delivery pressure. The system induction loop is tted with a metering valve which is manually adjusted to induce foam concentrate at the required percentage in correct proportion to match the discharge rate of the delivery nozzle(s) which must be known. Therefore ow rate may be altered by adding or removing a nozzle(s) as long as the metering valve is adjusted in proportion to minimum and maximum design ows of the system. Considerations for correct operation of an around the pump proportioning systems.
F Inlet pressures to the suction side of the
Metering valve Foam concentrate
Figure 51 typical inline induction system schematic lay out
For further detailed information regarding inline induction systems, their advantages and disadvantages refer to: CFAs Level 2 Class A foam System Information Package, Edition 1, November 2000.
Around the pump proportioning systems

Generally around-the-pump foam proportioning systems are manually regulated. They function by diverting a small proportion of water delivered from the pump discharge side through a pipe loop tted with a foam Induction device to produce enriched solution, which is returned via the pump inlet side and mixed into the water ow and delivered as solution to the required delivery nozzle outlet(s). Hence the name, Around the Pump Poportioner. The Quenchmaster system used by CFA operates in this way.
pump and delivery pressures must not exceed manufacturers specications. (will therefore need to be continually monitored and adjusted if necessary).
F Need to determine required solution ow
at discharge outlet(s).
F Select solution percentage requirement on
metering valve to match required ow rate.

F Close foam concentrate supply valve at
completion of task.
F Be aware that round the pump
proportioning systems may deliver foam solution to all appliance delivery outlets.
F Flush system after use.
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Around The Pump Proportioner

Foam solution discharge Water suction line Inductor Shut-off valve Check valve Pump Shut-off valve
The Foam Pro 1601 is an electrically powered system. It is a motor driven ow based proportioning system that measures water ow via a paddle wheel ow meter (no matter what the pressure is) and injects the selected percentage of foam concentrate to match the range of ows from minimum to maximum system design ow rates. Its ow range is 20 Lpm 1600 Lpm.
Metering valve Foam concentrate
Figure 52 around the pump proportioner
This system is more exible than inline induction or round the pump systems, as the foam concentrate ow does not pass through an induction device and therefore there is no loss of pump delivery pressure. Foam Injection occurs by a paddle wheel ow meter measuring water ow and sending a signal to the foam concentrate pump motor driver control. Another sensing device monitors the foam concentrate pump output. Constant comparison between these two information signals by the systems computer ensures continuing accuracy of the required proportioning percentage of foam concentrate at all times based on the water ow rate, independent of any variation in discharge pressures. As water ow increases or decreases, the foam concentrate injection rate is increased or decreased automatically to correspond with the water ow.
Automatically Regulated Systems

Direct injection proportioning systems
Direct Injection proportioning systems are automatically regulated. They are designed to proportion foam concentrate accurately over a wide range of water ows and pressures. They automatically adjust to maintain the selected foam concentrate proportioning ratio. The injection percentage ratio can quickly be re adjusted during operation. These systems may be either:
F electrically powered; or F water powered.
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Foam concentrate is injected under pressure from the foam pump into the pipe feeding the delivery manifold (via on orice) directly into the water ow downstream on the discharge side of the main pump where it is fed as foam solution to each nozzle delivery outlet. Since foam concentrate/solution is only on the outlet side of the main pump, and a non return valve is tted, contamination of the pump, water tank and ttings is normally avoided. Proportioning systems may deliver foam solution to one or more appliance delivery outlets, depending on system design.
Direct Injection Proportioner

Flow totaliser Metering valve Foam concentrate Shut-off valve Concentrate pump Microprocessor box Water suction line Pump Check valve Flow valve Check valve Foam solution discharge
Figure 53 direct injection proportioner
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Chapter 7 Summary
F Low energy systems are the most common
type of Class A foam systems in use with CFA.

F Low energy systems use:
Each process uses a different range of equipment to achieve this.

F The type of induction or proportioning
the appliance pump; a foam concentrate proportioning or induction device; and a delivery nozzle of either the non aspirating type to deliver solution or a low energy air inducing foam branchpipe to deliver aspirated foam.
F A high energy foam system is referred
system chosen is independent of whether it is low or high energy system or nozzle type or foam generating device used.
F There are two types or proportioning
systems: manually regulated; and automatically regulated.

F Manually regulated systems must
to as a Compressed Air Foam System abbreviated to CAFS.

F CAFS systems are not generally used
be monitored and the proportioning percentage rate adjusted manually by rotating a dial, lever or valve
F Foam concentrate is induced into the
in CFA. This detail is provided for CFA personnel who may be working alongside DSE personnel using a CAFS unit.
F A CAFS system will also use:
water ow using the inline induction (venturi) method;

F Around the pump proportioning systems
the appliance pump; a foam concentrate proportioning or induction device; and a delivery nozzle of either the non aspirating type to deliver solution or a low energy air inducing foam branchpipe to deliver aspirated foam.
F The addition of an air compressor allows
are generally manually regulated.

F Direct Injection proportioning systems are
the optional injection of compressed air.

F The rst step in producing solution is
automatically regulated. They are designed to proportion foam concentrate accurately over a wide range of water ows and pressures. They automatically adjust to maintain the selected foam concentrate proportioning ratio. The injection percentage ratio can quickly be re adjusted during operation.
F These systems may be either:
to add the required amount of foam concentrate to the water ow; this is known as either induction or proportioning.
electrically powered or water powered.
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Practical Component Checklist
This self assessment checklist will incorporate components of PUAFIR309A: Operate Pumps. Where Class A foam is to be used in practical training or for assessment the area used, safe work practices and environmental considerations must comply with those outlined throughout this learning manual. You may choose to use this self assessment as an oral explanation or practical demonstration or a combination of both in preparation for your formal skills assessment at a future date. Equipment used for self assessment should be that in use by your brigade. Name ................................................................... Brigade ............................................................... Vehicle Make ...................................................... Model.................................................................. Vehicle Type: Pumper System: Make ................................................................... Model....................... Type ..................................................................... Level 2 Induction System .................................. Induction System ............................................... Other...................................................................
Signed off as completed
(To be completed by a competent instructor/ mentor)
Tanker
Other/Detail .............................................................................
Check List Activity
Date
Equipment used (further detail if required)
Components of the Class A foam system Explain/demonstrate Class A Concentrate storage method Capacity On/off valve Plumbing lay out Equipment/method used for topping up, relling replacement of drum(s)
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Check List Activity
Date
Equipment used (further detail if required)
Signed off as completed

(To be completed by a competent instructor/ mentor)
Proportioning/induction Explain/demonstrate Proportioning/induction rate selection method 0.1-1% Demonstrate/explain procedure for avoiding accidental discharge or contamination of water tank of Class A foam system. Demonstrate and or explain how to operate the system. Start the pump on the tanker and deliver Class A foam at 0.1% or describe the process of delivering from one of the outlets via a 30 m x 38 mm hose line to a selected branch. Demonstrate and or explain the use of the following branchpipes with Class A foam for a range of fuels and proportioning rates. A range of conventional nozzles may Include: Select ow/jet/fog or other plastic nozzle or small town branch. Low expansion branchpipe Medium expansion branchpipe Demonstrate/explain
Flushing of system.
Safe work practices. Appropriate human health & safety, and environmental precautions during application.
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Self Assessment Answers

True or False
1 Class A foam is suitable for use on all types of Class A fuels. True 5 False 2 Class A and Class B foams are identical. True 3 Class A foam increases the surface tension of water. True 4 An increase in temperature improves the effectiveness of Class A foam solution. True 5 False False 5 False 5
Short Answers
1 List two ways that Class A foam improves the effectiveness of water.
F F F
Lowers surface tension. Attracts carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon). Improves wetting with increase in temperature.
What is meant by proportioning or induction? Proportioning or induction relates to the process of adding foam concentrate to water to produce solution.
What is meant by the proportioning/induction rate? Proportioning or induction rate relates to the amount of concentrate that is added to water. This may be varied from 1% at the highest strength down to 0.1% at the lowest strength.
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Chapter 2: Occupational Health and Safety, and Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Short Answer
1 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed into eyes. Immediately ush with saline or fresh water which is provided on appliances and seek medical advice. 2 Describe whatt action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto skin. Wash off with fresh water 3 Describe what action you should take if Class A foam concentrate or solution is accidentally splashed onto clothing. Wash off and remove at earliest convenience and launder as normal. 4 List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam concentrate.
F
Wildre overalls or two piece wildre ensemble (for wildre) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications; nitrile or neoprene gloves; rubber or leather boots; safety goggles; P2 nuisance level organic vapour respirator(non cartridge type); and Wildre or structural helmet.
F F F F F
List the items of PPC and PPE for handling Class A foam solution (0.1% to 1%).
F
Wildre overalls or two piece wildre ensemble (for wildre) or structural ensemble as appropriate for specialist use applications; barrier cream for hands; leather gloves; rubber or leather boots; safety goggles or glasses; and wildre or structural helmet.
F F F F F
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List three safe work practices for consideration when working with Class A foam.
F
A risk assessment should be undertaken by the OIC as a rst step precaution prior to implementing the use of Class A foam to ensure personal health and safety is not compromised. Concentrate and solution may contribute to creating slippery conditions on vehicle decks therefore this should be closely monitored and avoided. ALL crews working in an area(s) where Class A foam is being used on the ground or being dropped from aircraft should be advised and appropriate action taken to avoid contamination. Care should be taken not to walk or drive through areas covered with aspirated foam as the ground surface will be slippery and trip hazards, holes and hot ash beds can be concealed beneath the foam blanket.

True or False
1 Non aspirated Class A foam solution; Cools with solution Isolates by wetting out fuel Penetrates: by reducing the surface tension enabling foam solution to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels. True 5 False 2 When aspirated, the Class A foam blanket: Cools fuel with solution held in or as it drains from the foam blanket. Isolates fuel by placing a foam blanket between the re and fuel Insulates fuel by placing a foam blanket between radiant heat source or direct ame contact. Penetrates fuel by reducing the surface tension of foam solution thus allowing it to spread across and penetrate deep into fuels as it drains form the foam blanket. Smothers fuel by cutting off the supply of oxygen needed for combustion True 5 False 3 There are four foam types solution, wet, uid and dry. True 5 False
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When combining the use of foam types, you should use the wettest type rst. True 5 False
Prior to the use of Class A foam on haystack res, a risk assessment should be undertaken to ensure the property is not certied organic or adjoining hay is not to be transported to a certied organic property. If it is, wherever practicable, alternatives to Class A foam such as wetting agent should be used. True 5 False
Mop up should begin at the earliest time as this will reduce the time taken on the reground Shut-off nozzles should be used to further gain the most efcient use of foam solution by regulating and controlling ow to suit the required application type and rate. If there is runoff you are wasting solution. True 5 False
Short Answer
1 Which foam type does the following describe?
F F
Watery aspirated foam. For application to: thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timber, peat, pine needles (duff); grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble; wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel; establishing control line edges; isolating pockets of protected species of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/isolation; aerial application, canopy penetration; and may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).
= Wet foam.
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F F
Non aspirated. Uses include: maintaining safe distances from re edge or for reaching up into tree tops due to long distance throw on jet; direct attack on grass re edges; direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring immediate penetration for knockdown and mop-up; providing improved personal protection over plain water against radiant heat on fog pattern; wetting of deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch, wind rowed timber piles, peat, pine needles (duff); on grasses like phalaris, serrated tussock and grass hay or stubble; and wetting down stringy and other porous barks.
= Foam solution. 3 Which foam type does the following describe?

F F
Aspirated. Cautions for use: re may burn under foam; affected by wind; not suited for mopping up; does not have long-term re resistance; and can seal in heat in deep seated res.
= Dry foam.
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F F
Aspirated. Typical use/application: direct application to ground, surface and elevated fuels requiring slower wetting for penetration and stable foam cover to act as a lid to seal in moisture in hot, dry and windy weather conditions; limited use in thick/deep seated fuel beds like sawdust, mulch and wind rowed timer piles, peat, pine needles (duff) normally used to cover previously wetted areas to seal in moisture; on grasses like phalaris and serrated tussock or stubble; on standing timber; wetting down stringy and other porous barks and fuel; establishing control line edges; isolating pockets of protected species of ora or fauna, sites of historical signicance or other asset protection/isolation; and may be used in combination with solution (i.e. apply solution then cover up with foam).
= Fluid foam. 5 List three uses of Class A foam for asset protection. Protecting:
F F F F F F F F
special areas of ora and fauna; sites of historical signicance; community assets; fencing; machinery; homes; power poles; and bridges.
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True or False
1 If Class A foam is to be used to secure against ignition or extinguish Class B res involving hydrocarbon fuel spills it should initially be proportioned at 1% and delivered via a Class A low expansion foam branchpipe. True 5 False 2 Class B foam is the preferred foam type for use on hydrocarbon Class B fuels and where available it will be the most appropriate extinguishing agent. True 5 False 3 As an alternative in areas of CFA where only Class A foam and equipment is carried on tankers and these being rst on scene, Class A foam may not be put to effective use for rapid knockdown of Shallow Class B hydrocarbon fuel spills. True 4 False 5
Class B foam may not be applied over Class A foam at any time, even to increase the level of effectiveness for both re knockdown and security against reignition. True False 5
Class A foam when compared to Class B foam has less resistance to:
F F F F F
fuel pick up; ame; heat; burn back; and ghosting. True 5 False
Note: for safety of reghters these areas must not be approached too closely or entered and need to be re covered by further foam application until the fuel surface can no longer be seen. True 5 False
Class A and B foams should be applied forcefully to the surface of ammable liquid res to ensure all the foam covers the surface True False 5
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True or False
1 All foam concentrates will be stored only in the designated storage drum, rack or tank provided. True 5 False 2 Class A foam concentrate is to be kept in the original suppliers container appropriately labeled. Stacking or stock movement should NOT introduce other hazards such as manual handling. True 5 False 3 When relling or topping up of Class A foam tanks:
F F
Appropriate PPC/PPE must be donned. Relling of tanks should only be carried out in accordance with appropriate FGPs and using approved portable or on board foam concentrate transfer equipment and items as appropriate from the Foam Handling Kit. Exercise care to avoid spills when relling tanks. Locate relling areas away from waterways. True 5 False
F F
Mixing of Class A with Class B concentrate is acceptable practice. True False 5
Chemguard First Class and Forexpan S can both be used interchangeably for topping up or complete relling of foam tanks. True 5 False
Phoschek WD 881 is the Class A foam brand used by DSE and will have no detremental effect if mixed with Chemguard First Class or Forexpan S. True 5 False
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True or False
1 CFA permits the use of Class A foam or wetting agent in accordance with Chief Ofcers Standing Orders, Standard Operating Procedures, CFA policies and relevant legislation, which includes safe handling and environmental precautions. True 5 False 2 Equipment should be ushed at the incident or training site after using foam. It can be ushed near water bodies, storm water drains or agricultural areas as long as you take extreme care. True False 5
Short Answer
1 Identify which of the following may suffer potential adverse impacts from entry of Class A foam and wetting agents. (Circle your answers.) a b c d e f 2 Aquatic ecosystems. Swamps. On land ora/fauna. Dams, and other waterways. Where water ow rates are low or stagnant. Sites of signicance.
When Blacking out you discover you are on the boundary of a certied organic property. Which of the following actions should you take? (Circle your answers.) a b c Carry on using Class A foam and ignore the organic status of the property. Seek advice from within your chain of command as to what action you should take. Turn off the Class A foam and continue blacking out until advised otherwise.
Which of the following is the preferred minimum distance from waterways when using Class A foam? (Circle your answer.)
F F F F
100 metres. 120 metres. 50 metres. 80 metres.
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Glossary
Accelerated Aging
Storage of foam concentrates for short periods at high temperatures, to indicate long-term storage properties or compatibility with other foam products if mixed together.
Class B Fires
Fires which occur in ammable liquids including hydrocarbons and polar solvents.
Critical Application Rate

The minimum rate at which foam solution needs to be applied to a re in order to achieve extinction.
Aspirated Foam
Expanded or nished foam obtained by mixing water, foam concentrate, and air. Expansion ratio typically 2:1 or more. Also referred to as air foam.
Drainage Time
The time required in minutes for 25% (usually) or 50% of the total foam solution to drain from aspirated foam. A measure of foam stability.
Aqueous Film Forming B Class Foam

A synthetic foam concentrate containing detergents and uorocarbon surfactants that control the physical properties of water so that it may be able to oat and spread across the surface of some liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
Expansion Ratio
The ratio of nal foam volume to original foam solution volume before adding air.
Extinction Time
The time for foam to extinguish a re.
Alcohol Resistant B Class Foam

A foam concentrate for ghting res involving hydrocarbons and polar solvents (See Polar Solvent ). Also referred to as multipurpose.
Flashback
Re-ignition of ammable liquid caused by exposure of its vapours to a source of ignition such as a hot metal surface or a spark.
Application Rate
The rate at which a foam solution is applied to a re. Usually expressed as litres of foam solution pre spare metre of re area exposed per minute.
Foam Concentrate
A concentrated liquid foaming agent supplied by a manufacturer for mixing with the appropriate amount of water and air to produce nished foam. Also referred to as Foam Compound.
Alcohol Resistant Aqueous Film Forming B Class Foam

Pronounced AR-A-triple F. AR-AFFF that is suitable for use on polar solvents (See polar solvent) in addition to hydrocarbons.
Foam Destroying Action

The ability of a polar solvent to collapse standard foam blankets.
Class A Foam Concentrate

Is a combination of synthetic detergent surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water. Foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors that reduce corrosion of metals and preservative to prolong shelf life.
Film Forming
A foam concentrate containing uorocarbon surfactants that forms a foam capable of producing a vapour-suppressing, aqueous lm on the surface of hydrocarbon fuels.
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Glossary
Finished Foam
The homogenous blanket obtained by mixing water, foam concentrate and air.
High Expansion
Foam of expansion between 200 2000:1.
Heat Resistance
The ability of a foam to withstand exposure to heat.
Flammable Liquid
Any liquid having a ash point below 37.8C
Foam Monitor
A device, normally xed or truck mounted, to which a large throughput foam nozzle or cannon is attached to allow the operator to direct the foam as required.
Inductor (Eductor)
A device used to introduce foam concentrate into a water line. A venturi is tted to suck foam concentrate into the water stream.
Induction Rate
The percentage of foam concentrate mixed or introduced into the water supply line to produce foam solution. Also referred to as eduction or proportioning rate.
Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which a ame can propagate in the vapours above a liquid.
Freezing Point
The temperature at which foam concentrate solidies.
Low Expansion
Foam of expansion between 2 20:1.
Fluorocarbon Surfactant
Fluorocarbon surface active agent added to foams to improve fuel tolerance and uidity.
Litres Per Minute

The measurement of ow rate in litres per minute of water or foam solution along a hose, pump delivery capacity or discharge rate from a nozzle outlet.
Fuel pick up
Fuel pick up caused when foam is applied forcefully by plunging into or onto the fuel surface. Hot fuel is picked up and mixed into the foam creating a dangerous ammable mixture.
Medium Expansion
Foam of expansion 20 200:1.
Safety Data Sheet

Formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS.
Fuel Tolerance
The ability of aspirated foam to withstand contamination by hydrocarbon fuels.
Non Aspirated Foam

Foam of expansion ratio typically 1 2:1. Delivered by a conventional nozzle.
Foam/Water Monitor
A device that delivers a large foam or water stream.
Portable Foam Equipment

Foam production equipment that is easily transportable by hand.
Ghosting
Ghosting is caused when fuel picked up in the foam blanket ashes over (ignites) and burns off.
Portable Foam Inductor

Inductor that is easily transportable by hand.
Hydrocarbon Surfactant
Alternative term for synthetic detergent.
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Glossary
Post Fire Security

Ability of foam to prevent heat sources from reigniting fuel after extinguishment.
Variable Inductor
A portable foam inductor capable of inducing foam at various percentages.
Polar Solvent
A liquid whose molecules posses a permanent electric moment (e.g. alcohols, amines, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones). In reghting, any ammable liquid which destroys standard foam is generally referred to as a polar solvent. Generally miscible with water.
Vapour Suppression
The use of foam to suppress hazardous vapours or prevent ignition in the event of an accidental spillage of a hazardous liquid.
Wicking Effect
Occurs when non-aspirated AFFF applied to unignited spillage of low volatility/high ashpoint fuel (e.g. aviation kerosene) causes fuel to ignite more readily.
Preburn Time
Time allowed during a re test for fuel to burn prior to foam application.
Stability
A term used with foam concentrates to determine the performance and security of a foam blanket.
Surface Tension
Invisible skin at the outer surface of water that slows its rate of absorption into Class A solid carbonaceous fuel.
Synthetic Detergent
Foaming agent used in AFFF, AR-AFFF, high expansion and Class A foams. Alternative term to hydrocarbon surfactant.
Specic Gravity
The specic gravity of a material is a measure of the density of the material in relationship to the density of water. The specic gravity is calculated as: Density of Material S.G. = Density of Water
Storage Stability
The ability of foam concentrate to withstand storage under varying environmental conditions.
Solution Transit Time

The time taken for foam solution to pass from the point where foam concentrate is induced into the water supply to where aeration takes place.
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Use of Class A Foam in Wildre Operations and Non Structural Applications

Use of Class A foam in Wildre Operations and Non-structural Applications

Edition 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A foam ..................................................5

Chapter 3: Class A foam and its Application .......................................................................27

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 4: Use of Class A Foam on Class B Hydrocarbon Fuels ....................................... 47

Chapter 5: Foam Concentrate Storage and Handling..........................................................55

Chapter 6: Environmental Impact and Precautions .............................................................63

Self Assessment Answers .....................................................................................................81

Edn 1 June 2009

Edn 1 June 2009

Edn 1 June 2009

Relationship to Competency Standards

Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment;

environmental impact of Class A foam;

foam equipment; and

Edn 1 June 2009

How You Might Be Assessed

Package (Edition 1 2000);

knowledge and skill in a given situation;

Agricultural Land (2003);

and Wetting Agents Fireghting (current version);

Chapter 5. Use of Class A foam; and

equipped with Class A and or B foam).

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1 Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A foam

Flammable gasses (e.g. methane, propane, butane and acetylene).

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

clothing and equipment (PPC/PPE);

Class A and Class B foams are different

Risk assessment and the decision when to use Class A foam

Benets and Considerations of Using Class A Foam

Properties of Class A Foam

reduce the surface tension of water);

corrosion on metals); and

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Lowering surface tension

Adding Class A foam to water improves its wetting effectiveness

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Attracting carbonaceous materials (attracts carbon)

Increase in temperature = increase in performance

Class A foam performance with solution @ 20 degrees Celsius

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on rst contact with solution.

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Class A foam performance at an increased solution temperature @ 60 degrees Celsius

Pulverized (powdered) brown coal on rst contact with solution.

Foam proportioning or induction rates (mix ratio)

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Higher proportioning rates 0.6% 1%

Maximum drain time minutes

20 minutes later at time of application

Edn 1 June 2009

Chapter 1: Classes of Fire and Properties of Class A Foam

Foam expansion ratio