Lab: List of advanced level Practical Chemistry experiments Contents

1 Method and measurement 2 Kinetic theory 3 Bonding, structure and properties 4 Analysis 5 Periodic Table and periodicity 6 sblock elements and compounds 7 dblock elements and compounds 8 pblock elements and compounds 9 Acid-base reactions 10 Solubility and solutions 11 Organic chemistry 12 Redox reactions 13 Electrochemistry 14 Energy and entropy 15 Reaction kinetics 16 Equilibrium 17 Materials science 18 Biochemistry 19 Environmental chemistry 20 Chemical industry 21 Amount of substance

Method and measurement The activities in this section can be used to explore some aspects of How Science Works. Several of the experiments focus on making reliable and valid observations and measurements with appropriate precision and accuracy. Investigative activities are also included. A thermometric titration Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/method-and-measurement/topic-index.html Kinetic theory

The experiments in this section provide opportunities to extend knowledge and understanding of states of matter, changes of state and collision theory. Detergents, soaps and surface tension Supercooling - the energetics of freezing Determining the relative molecular mass of butane A solid-solid reaction Diffusion of gases - ammonia and hydrogen chloride Liquefying chlorine gas Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/kinetictheory/topic-index.html Bonding, structure and properties

This section includes a range of activities and experiments which focus on how structure and bonding affect the properties of materials. Aspects covered include: giant and simple structures, amorphous and crystalline substances, polymeric materials and the effects of intermolecular attractions. Detergents, soaps and surface tension The thermal properties of water

Making an alloy (solder) Flame colours a demonstration Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/bonding-structure-and-properties/topicindex.html Analysis

Experiments in this category cover both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Activities include, for example, colorimetric analyses, titrations, chromatography as well as a variety of observation exercises. Colorimetric determination of a copper ore Estimation of the concentration of household bleach Reactions of positive ions with sodium hydroxide (microscale version) Making a photographic print Silver and lead halides Flame colours a demonstration Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/analysis/topic-index.html Periodic Table and periodicity

Patterns in the Periodic Table The experiments in this section focus on the patterns in the Periodic Table and include, for example, experiments to explore the properties of the elements and compounds in Period 3. Thermal decomposition of metal carbonates Solubility patterns among anions of the Group 7 elements Microscale reactions of chlorine Reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with aluminium Reaction of zinc with iodine

Liquefying chlorine gas Flame colours a demonstration Halogen reactions with iron Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/periodic-table-and-periodicity/topic-index.html sblock elements and compounds

Physical and chemical properties of the elements and compounds of Groups 1 and 2 The experiments and activities in this section focus on the physical and chemical properties of the elements and compounds of Groups 1 and 2. Flame colours, characteristic reactions and context-related experiments are included. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate Solubility patterns among anions of the Group 7 elements Flame colours a demonstration Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/sblockelements-and-compounds/topic-index.html dblock elements and compounds

Characteristic properties of the transition elements The characteristic properties of the transition elements are the focus of the experiments in this section. Complex formation, coloured compounds, catalytic behaviour and other aspects of transition metal chemistry are included. An equilibrium involving copper(II) ions Halogen reactions with iron Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/dblockelements-and-compounds/topic-index.html pblock elements and compounds

The physical and chemical properties of the elements in the p-block of the Periodic Table (Groups 4 to 0) are the focus of the experiments in this section. The photochemical reactions of chlorine with hydrogen and methane The reaction of ethyne with chlorine Distribution of iodine between two immiscible solvents Estimation of the concentration of household bleach Solubility patterns among anions of the Group 7 elements Reactions of aqueous solutions of the halogens Microscale reactions of chlorine Making a photographic print Reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with aluminium Reaction of zinc with iodine Liquefying chlorine gas Halogen reactions with iron Ammonia fountain Anodising aluminium Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/pblockelements-and-compounds/topic-index.html Acid-base reactions

Advanced experiments on acids and bases Strong and weak acid-base behaviour, pH, indicator chemistry and buffer solutions are covered in the experiments in this section. A thermometric titration The acidic reactions of ethanoic acid The acidic reactions of ethanoic acid pH scale

Indicators and dry ice: demonstration Ammonia fountain Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/acidbase-reactions/topic-index.html Solubility and solutions

Experiments in this section cover the solubility of solutes in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, solubility curves and sparingly soluble salts (Ksp). Other activities also include making solutions of known concentration and standardising solutions. Properties of hydrogen chloride Reactions of aqueous solutions of the halogens Silver and lead halides Ammonia fountain Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/solubility-and-solutions/topic-index.html Organic chemistry

Making soaps and detergents Urea-methanal polymerisation The reaction of ethyne with chlorine Oxidation of ethanol Dehydration of ethanol to form ethene Microscale preparation of ethyl benzoate Making esters from alcohols and acids The breathalyser reaction A giant silver mirror Unsaturation in fats and oils

The conversion of ethanol to bromoethane The oxidation of cyclohexanol by potassium dichromate(VI) The properties of alcohols A test to distinguish between ethanol and methanol The hydration of alkenes Dyeing three colours from the same dye-bath Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/organicchemistry/topic-index.html Redox reactions

The experiments in this category cover a range of oxidation and reduction reactions. Turning copper coins into 'silver' and 'gold' A colourful clock reaction ('Old Nassau') Estimation of the concentration of household bleach The breathalyser reaction A giant silver mirror Rechargeable commercial cells: the lead-acid accumulator A colourful oscillating reaction Reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with aluminium Reaction of zinc with iodine Chemiluminescence cold light Ammonium dichromate volcano Colourful electrolysis Electrolysis of zinc chloride Spontaneous exothermic reaction Halogen reactions with iron

Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/redoxreactions/topic-index.html Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells and electrolysis This section contains a range of practical experiments involving electrochemical cells and electrolysis. Turning copper coins into 'silver' and 'gold' Rechargeable commercial cells: the lead-acid accumulator Colourful electrolysis Electrolysis of zinc chloride Anodising aluminium Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/electrochemistry/topic-index.html Energy and entropy

Energy changes in chemical reactions The activities in this category include experiments focusing on energy changes in chemical reactions. Exothermic and endothermic processes feature including combustion reactions, neutralisation reactions and solution formation. Other activities also focus on a consideration of entropy changes. A reversible reaction involving hydrated copper(II) sulfate and its anhydrous form Supercooling - the energetics of freezing Endothermic solid-solid reactions Energy in or out: classifying reactions The photochemical reactions of chlorine with hydrogen and methane Chemiluminescence cold light Ammonium dichromate volcano

Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/energyand-entropy/topic-index.html Reaction kinetics

Measuing the rate of chemical reactions and investigating the factors affecting rate. The experiments in this section provide a range of opportunities to measure the rate of chemical reactions and to investigate the factors affecting rate. Initial rate methods, orders of reaction, rate mechanisms and the effect of temperature are covered as well as experiments involving catalysts (including enzymes). The photochemical reactions of chlorine with hydrogen and methane A colourful oscillating reaction Iodine clock reaction Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/reaction-kinetics/topic-index.html Equilibrium

Advanced experiments on equilibrium The activities in this category include experiments relating to equilibria in solution, gaseous equilibria, acid-base equilibria and redox equilibria. A reversible reaction involving hydrated copper(II) sulfate and its anhydrous form An equilibrium involving chromate(VI) and dichromate(VI) ions An equilibrium involving copper(II) ions Distribution of iodine between two immiscible solvents Le Chateliers Principle: the effect of concentration and temperature on an equilibrium Equilibria involving carbon dioxide in aqueous solution Le Chateliers principle: the equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide Le Chateliers Principle: the effect of concentration on equilibrium Indicators and dry ice: demonstration

Ammonia fountain Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/equilibrium/topic-index.html Materials science

Preparation and properties of materials The activities in this section focus on the preparation and properties of a wide range of materials including, for example, polymers, glasses, ceramics and alloys. Experiments with hydrogels plant water storage crystals Making a plastic from potato starch Experiments with hydrogels hair gel and disposable nappies Making an alloy (solder) Anodising aluminium Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/materials-science/topic-index.html Biochemistry

Fermentation of glucose using yeast Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/biochemistry/topic-index.html Environmental chemistry

The density of carbon dioxide The Greenhouse Effect Acid in the air Neutralisation curing acidity Based on the Practical Chemistry website: Chemical industry

Chemical industry

Chemistry in industrial contexts The practical activities in this section focus on applications (e.g. synthesis and analysis) of chemistry in industrial contexts. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate Colourful electrolysis Electrolysis of zinc chloride Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/intermediate/how-science-works/topic-index.html Amount of substance

The mole concept This section includes a wide range of practical activities providing opportunities to apply the concept of the mole. Empirical and molecular formulae, reacting masses, % yield, volumes of gases and titration calculations are all covered. A thermometric titration Determination of Relative Atomic Mass Finding the formula of hydrated copper(II) sulfate Determining the relative molecular mass of butane Determining relative molecular masses by weighing gases Based on the Practical Chemistry website: http://practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/amount-of-substance/topic-index.html