CERTIFICATION IN ENGLISH ENGLISH PRACTICE MODAL VERBS, PASSIVE VOICE, REPORTED SPEECH, CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I.- MODAL VERBS:

MUST / MUSTNT We use MUST / MUSTNT To express obligation or duty: You must respect the elderly (Its your duty) To give strong advise: You must be polite with your colleagues (I strongly advise you to be polite to your teachers) You mustnt eat too much chocolate (I advise you not to eat too much chocolate) To express prohibition: You mustnt ride your motorcycle without a helmet (Its not allowed. Its forbidden) CAN / CANT We use CAN: To talk about ability in the present: Tina can plan the piano. (She is able to) To ask for or give permission: Can I go out tonight? (Is it OK if?) You can use my laptop. ( You are allowed to) To refuse permission: You cant watch TV tonight. (You arent allowed to) To show possibility: You can find nice clothes here. (Its possible) We use CANT to refuse permission: You cant take my car today. I need it. (You arent allowed to) COULD / COULDNT We use COULD / COULDNT to express a general ability in the past. I could play tennis when I was four. (I had the ability) Linda couldnt ride a bike when she was six. (she didnt have the ability) HAVE TO / DONT HAVE TO / NEEDNT We use HAVE TO to express obligation and necessity: He has to be at school at 8.30 every morning. (He is obliged to) We use dont / doesnt have to / neednt to express the lack of obligation and necessity. She doesnt have to start work before 9 oclock. (She isnt obliged to) You dont have to (neednt) take an umbrella. The weather report said there wouldnt be any rain. (It isnt necessary) SHOULD / SHOULDNT / OUGHT TO We use SHOULD/OUGHT TO to give advice. You should/ought to brush your teeth every day. (I advise you) You shouldnt eat a lot of sweets. (I advise you not to) MAY/MIGHT/COULD We use MAY/MIGHT/COULD to: Ask for permission: May/Might/Could I borrow your mobile phone? (Do you mind if?) (Would you mind if.?) Express possibility: Where is Brigitte? She may/might/could be at the gym. (Perhaps shes at the gym)

1.1. Fill in the sentences with MUST or MUSTNT 1.- You _______________ eat chips every day. 2.- You _______________ brush your teeth before you go to bed. 3.- You _______________ keep meat in the fridge. 4.- You _______________ talk in the classroom. 5.- You ______________ drink too much coffee. 6.- You ______________ keep your room tidy. 7.- You _______________ take photographs in the museum. 8.- You _______________ do your homework every day. 9.- You _______________ go to bed early on weekdays. 10.- You _______________ spend too much time watching TV every day.

1.2. Fill in the gaps with CAN or CANT 1.- Marcia _________ go to school today; she has the flu. 2.- She __________ play the guitar very well. 3.- You ___________ borrow my laptop. I am not using it right now. 4.- I _____________ do my maths homework. Can you help me? 5.- You ____________ buy some very nice clothes in this shop. 6.- You ____________ use your mobile phone in class. 7.- Mark is twelve; he __________ drive his dads car. 8.- Susie ________ draw very well. 9.- You __________ be late for school. Your teacher will be angry. 10.- Grace is only four years old. She ____________ read yet. 1.3 Fill in the gaps with HAVE TO / HAS TO / DONT HAVE TO / DOESNT HAVE TO 1.- Kevin is ill. He ______________ go to the doctor. 2.- You ____________ wash the dishes. 3.- Mum ___________ cook for the children. Theyll be home soon. 4.- You ____________ bring your laptop. We can use mine. 5.- There is a lot of work to do; we ___________ work till late at night. 6.- Nicole is a nurse; she _____________ wear a uniform at work. 7.- Its Sunday; we ____________go to school today. 8.- Its Susans birthday; we ____________ buy her a present. 9.- We have enough time; we _____________ hurry. 10.- I am going home; I ____________ feed the dog. 1.4 Write full sentences, as in the examples. MUST MUSTNT 1.- Its eleven oclock. (you/go/to/bed) 2.- There are crocodiles in the river (you/not/swim there) 3.- Skateboarding can be dangerous (you/wear/helmet) 4.- My friend is sick. (she/call/doctor) 5.- That pan is hot. (you/not/touch/it) CAN CANT 1.- This toy store is huge. (you/buy/any toy/you want/here) _________________________________ 2.- You are doing your homework (you watch/TV/now) _________________________________ 3.- This cheeseburger tastes awful (I/eat/it) _________________________________ 4.- I am not doing anything this weekend. (we/go camping/in the mountains) ________________________ 5.- Its Carnival tomorrow (we/go/to the parade ________________________________ HAVE TO DONT HAVE TO 1.- We can listen to music on my iPod. (you/bring/yours) _______________________________________ 2.- Tina wants to be healthy. (she/eat/more fruit and vegetables) ________________________________ 3.- Our flight leaves at 9 oclock. (we/be/at the airport at 7) ________________________________ 4.- Gary is very rich. (he/work) _______________________________________ 1.5 Underline the correct form. 1.- James broke his leg, he can/has to wear a cast. 2.- Turtles cant/mustnt move fast. 3.- Kangaroos can/must jump very high. 4.- You mustnt/dont have to eat pizza if you want to lose weight. 5.- You mustnt/dont have to clean the house by yourself; Ill help you ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

6.- We can/must study hard to tomorrows test. 7.- I cant/dont have to eat ants. I think they are disgusting. 8.- My friend is ill. She can/has to see the doctor. 9.- I havent got any plans for this weekend. If you want , we can/have to camping in the mountains. 10.- Grace is very tired; she can/must get some rest. 11.- A: Can/Must I watch TV, Mum? B: Of course. But first you must/have to help me with the dishes. 12.- A: When is Marys birthday party? B: Next Saturday, but you dont have to/mustnt come if youre busy. 13.- A: Must/Could I borrow your pen? B: Of course. Here you are. 14.- A: Where is Patricia? B: I am not sure. She has to/might be at Kellys house. 15.- A: I have a terrible headache. B: Really? Well, then you ought to/neednt stop lifting heavy things.

1.6 Fill in the gaps with CAN, CANT, COULD or COULDNT 1.- I am sorry, but Im still writing an email. You ____________ use the computer until Im finished. 2.- Craig is only three years old. He ______________ read or write yet. 3.- Jenny ___________ ride a bike last year, but now she can. 4.- ______________ you speak Spanish when you were ten? 5.- They _______________ go to the beach yesterday as their car broke down. 6.- They boys are only fourteen, so they ______________ drive yet. 7.- Mr Jones is in a meeting now. ______________ I take a message? 8.- I _______________ run quite fast when I was young, but now Im quite slow. 1.7 Use the appropriate modal verb to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1.- It was necessary for Tina to come so early. Tina didnt have to come so early. 2.- Would you mind if I opened the window? I open the window? 3.- I advice you to sleep eight hours every night. You sleep eight hours every night. 4.- I didnt have the ability to ride a bike when I was seven. I ride a bike when I was seven, 5.- Perhaps mum is at aunt Lisas house. Mum be at aunt Lisas house. 6.- I strongly advice you not to eat in class. You eat in the class. 7.- Is it OK if I use your phone? I use your phone? 8.- She is able to speak English fluently. She speak English fluently.

II. PASSIVE SENTENCES

We form the passive with the verb TO BE in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb. The Tower of Pisa is located in Tuscany, Italy. It is visited by many tourists every year. Its construction was started in 1174. ACTIVE SENTENCE: John Baird invented the TV. PASSIVE SENTENCE: The TV was invented by John Baird. Changing from active to passive. a.- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. b.- The verb changes from the active form into the passive form (correct form of TO BE + Past Participle) c.- The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent in the passive sentence. We introduce the agent with by. Passive is used: .When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. My bag was stolen. (unknown agent/we dont know who stole it) The building was constructed in 1789. (unimportant agent) The robbers were arrested last Monday. (obviously by the police) .To make more polite or formal statements. The vase was broken. (more polite) / You broke the vase (less polite) .When the action is more important than the agent. Passengers were asked to turn off the mobile phone. (instruction) The conference was held in Sheraton Hotel. (event) 2.1 Choose the correct word. 1.- The new stadium was/is opened last week. 2.- The Eiffel Tower is/was visited by many tourists. 3.- The mayor was/is driven to the airport yesterday. 4.- Australia was/is discovered by Captain Cook. 5.- Thirteen people are/were killed in the helicopter crash last week. 2.2 Fill in with IS, ARE, WAS, WERE 1.- They didnt go to the party because they ___________ not invited. 2.- Feta cheese _________ made in Greece. 3.- I didnt fly to India because all the flights ______________ cancelled. 4.- Barcelona __________visited by a lot of tourist every year. 5.- A lot of new shops ____________opened in the city centre last year. 6.- Hundreds of books _____________ borrowed from the library every day. 7.- Two people __________ rescued by the fightfighters yesterday. 2.3 Rewrite the sentences in the passive form. 1.- The men built block of flats. 2.- Beyonce sings this song. 3.- You are not allowed to eat in here. 4.- Couriers delivered these parcels. 5.- Our manager made the decision. 6.- People speak several languages in Sweden. 7.- Joe invited us to the party. 8.- Jennifer sent the invitations. 9.- They make BMW cars in Germany. 10.- China produces rice. 11.- We recycle paper here. 12.- He repaired the door. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________

13.- City workers are planting trees in the park. ____________________________________________ 14.- Ted will write a new novel. ____________________________________________ 15.- Simon has organized Carries birthday party. ____________________________________________ 16.- They serve dinner every evening at 7.00pm ____________________________________________ 17.- He is interviewing the singer right now. ____________________________________________ 2.4 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct passive form. 1.- English ________________________(speak) by many people. 2.- Denise ________________________ (invite) to a party last week. 3.- The new Shakira single _______________________(release) next week. 4.- The office ___________________________(not clean) yet. 5.- The reports ___________________________(type) by Tina in this moment.

III.- REPORTED SPEECH

We can report peoples words by using DIRECT SPEECH or REPORTED SPEECH. DIRECT SPEECH is the exact words someone used. We use quotations marks ( ) in direct speech. REPORTED SPEECH in the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We dont use quotation marks. DIRECT SPEECH I am exhausted, John said. REPORTED SPEECH John said (that) he was exhausted.

We use OPPOSITE TENSES when we use REPORTED SPEECH. 3.1 Report these sentences (Reported Speech) 1.- I am thinking of buying a new house, he said. ____________________________________ 2.- Olivia was practicing the piano all day, she said. ___________________________________ 3.- The musician said, I like listening to jazz music. __________________________________ 4.- I will be a dancer one day, the little girl said. __________________________________ 5.- We have operated on the patients leg successfully, the doctor said. _____________________________ 6.- I didnt break the window, said William. __________________________________ 7.- I can help you with the party preparations, said Alexandra. __________________________________ 8.- Georgia writes beautifully, said Alan. __________________________________ 9.- I am the best athlete in the school, said Luigi. __________________________________ 10.- I was the one who crashed the car, said Carl. __________________________________ 11.- I am really enjoying my job at the moment, she said _________________________________ 12.- I will meet you at the airport, Michael said. _________________________________ 13.- I want to see you about the plans for next year, she said _________________________________ 14.- We are having problems with the production, they said. _________________________________ 15.- I speak to your secretary every day, the boss said. _________________________________ 16.- The burglar has drunk a whole bottle of wine, he said. _________________________________ 17.- We are making the decisions, I explained _________________________________ 3.2 Report these questions. 1.- Where are you from?, she asked ________________________________________ 2.- What will you do tomorrow afternoon?, she asked. ________________________________________ 3.- Do you have enough money for the taxi?, asked Tom ________________________________________ 4.- Is she flying by helicopter?, my father asked. ________________________________________ 5.- Why did you leave the ladders there?, asked Mike. ________________________________________ 6.- How long have you lived in Trujillo?, asked Pam. ________________________________________ 7.- Did she open the door?, Michael asked. ________________________________________

IV.- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A conditional sentence or clause consists of two parts: IF CLAUSE, which begins with the word IF, and the MAIN CLAUSE which shows the result of the hypothesis.

If the weather is better, we will go for a picnic

If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Conditional I, expresses something which is likely to happen in the present or future. 4.1 Read the statements and use the phrases to make TYPE 1 conditional sentences. 1.- I dont want to go to bed you/be/tired/tomorrow. If you dont go to bed, you will be tired tomorrow. 2.- I dont want to wear a jumper you/catch/a/cold ________________________________________________________ 3.- I dont want to eat breakfast you/be/hungry/later ________________________________________________________ 4.2 Write 1 . Conditional sentences. Use the words in brackets. 1.- (Mark agree with Kay/they buy an Ecostar) _________________________________________________________ 2.- (they not get an XS4/Kay win the argument) _________________________________________________________ 3.- (they choose an Ecostar/it expensive to buy) _________________________________________________________ 4.- (they spend a lot on fuel/they decide t get an XS4) _________________________________________________________ 5.- (they have a lot of storage space/they get an Ecostar) _________________________________________________________ 4.3 Match the two parts of the sentences. A 1.- If you unplug the machine 2.- If you give me the money 3.- If we dont escape 4.- If they give you another passport 5.- If they replace your travellers cheques, 6.- If there is an explosion 7.- If she goes to hospital 8.- If the guard think its a bomb B a.- There wont be any trouble when you leave the country. b.- you wont be able to carry on with your holiday c.- Ill let you go. d.- well drown. e.- you wont get a shock f.- theyll mend her broken leg g.- hell ask everyone to leave the train. h.- therell be a lot of damage.
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