European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.30 No.2 (2012), pp. 339-351 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.

. 2012 http://www.europeanjournalofsocialsciences.com

A Study on the Impact of Occupational Stress among Teachers on Job Satisfaction and Job Involvement An Empirical Study
C. Muthuvelayutham Associate Professor, Directorate of Online and Distance Education (DODE) Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore 47, Tamil Nadu, India E-mail: drmuthu2009@gmail.com H. Mohanasundaram Assistant Professor, Sengunthar B School for Women, Tiruchengode Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India E-mail: hmsundaram2010@gmail.com Abstract This study focus on finding out the impact of occupational stress among teachers on job satisfaction and job involvement in selective engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University Trichy. The researcher has used descriptive research design. For conducting the study 422 samples were collected out of 2065 teachers. Here the researcher has used stratified random sampling to collect the samples from the universe. For collecting the data researcher has used questionnaire. Finally the researcher analysed the data using spss 14.0 version and found that there is a considerable level of impact of stress on job satisfaction and job involvement among teachers. Keywords: Stress, Impact, Job Involvement, Job Satisfaction

1. Introduction
Stress is difficult to define precisely. The concept of stress was first introduced in the life sciences by Selye Hans in 1936. It was derived from the Latin word stringere; it meant the experience of physical hardship, starvation, torture and pain. Selye Hans, 1974 defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand placed upon it. Stephen Robbins (1999) defined stress as a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he / she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. Many people still get confused about pressure and stress, yet theres a great deal of difference between the two. We all experience pressure on a daily basis, and need it to motivate us and enable us to perform at our best ask any athlete or actor. However, if we experience too much pressure without the opportunity to recover, we feel unable to cope and stress is the result. HSE defines stress as, An adverse reaction a person has to excessive pressures or other types of demands placed upon them. Given an excess of pressure, stress can therefore happen to anyone, and should not be seen as a weakness. Instead, an individual needs to be helped to deal with these pressures. Claxton (1989) indicated that teaching is an occupation which is always demanding and changing. Stress has physical and emotional effects on us and can create positive or negative feelings. 339

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; it can result in a new awareness and an exciting new perspective. As a negative influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and depression, which in turn can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Stress is the wear and tear our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. According to Hans Selye, a pioneer researcher in stress reaction, stress is the human response to changes that occur as a part of daily living. Stress comes from any situation or circumstance that requires behavioral adjustment. Any change, either good or bad, is stressful, and whether its a positive or negative change, the physiological response is the same (Lazarus, 2000). Stress reactions may result when people are exposed to risk factors at work. Reactions may be emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and/or physiological in nature. When stress reactions persist over a longer period of time, they may develop into more permanent, irreversible health outcomes, such as chronic fatigue, musculoskeletal problems or cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it can also be deduced that there are two distinct types of stressors; those which are found within the individual, which include personal values, attitudes and self-concepts, and those that originate outside the individual, which include environmental and work-related stressors (Goodall & Brown, 1980). 1.1. College Teachers Stress In many countries college teachers job is often considered as one of the most stressful profession. In the last two decades, intensive researches have been carried out in USA and Europe concerning the sources and symptoms of college teachers professional stress. Studies in the field of teachers stress show that the greater part of stress is associated with the rapid pace of changes in education, particularly in 1980s and 1990s. Teaching profession is generally considered as a noble profession with lots of expectations from the parents towards their childrens education and the development of their personalities. These expectations may also contribute as a source of stress. Present study attempts to identify the sources and level of occupational stress and also study its impact on certain demographic variables.

2. Review of Literature
Research conducted in the United Kingdom (UK), Unites States of America (USA), Australia and New Zealand has identified several key stressors commonly associated with stress among academic staff. These include work overload, time constraints, lack of promotion opportunities, lack of regular performance feedback, inadequate recognition, inadequate salary, changing job role, inadequate management and/or participation in management, inadequate resources and funding and student interactions (Blix, Cruise, Mitchel, & Blix, 1994; Boyd & Wylie, 1994; Cross & Carroll, 1990; Daniels & Guppy, 1994; Doyle & Hind, 1998; Kinman, 1998). According to Evers, Tomic & Brouwers (2005) and Kokkinos, Panayiotou & Dazoglou (2005), negative aspects of the teaching job such as disciplinary problems, students apathy, overcrowded classrooms, involuntary transfer, inadequate salaries, and lack of administrative support. Krause, in Carter, 1994 found that lack of resources, lack of time, excessive meetings, large class sizes, lack of assistance, lack of support, and hostile parents are the potential stressors. Various studies have highlighted that time pressure with regards to administrative demands and excessive paper work are major sources of stress for teachers, as there is inadequate time for preparation; unrealistic deadlines imposed and issues concerning the workload of teachers (Dinham, 1993; Kyriacou, 2001; Pithers & Soden, 1999; Punch & Tuetteman, 1996). Several studies found a correlation between younger teachers and reports of higher stress levels (Malcolmson et al., 2003; Maslach et al., 1996). 340

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) Kahn and Cooper (1993) indicate that limited opportunities for advancement, insufficient performance feedback, performance assessment measures being inadequate and biased control systems and culture within the organisation, may be perceived as potential stressors. Rutter, Hezberg and Paice (2002) found that high self expectation, securing financial support for research, insufficient development in the field, inadequate salary, manuscript preparation, role overload, conflicting job demands, slow progress on career advancement, frequent interruptions and long meetings are the causes of stress among academic staff. Begley and Cazjka (1993) suggested that committed employees, because of their positive attitudes, are less distressed by occupational stressors and therefore they perceive less stress. Many parents and students feel that student academic difficulties are due, in part, to frequent teacher absenteeism (Pacific Region Educational Laboratory R&D Cadre, 1995a; 1995b; 1995c), poor organizational commitment of teachers (Vakola & Nikolaou, 2005). Baker, Israel, & Schurman (1996) suggest that social support from supervisors have more influence on employee satisfaction and mental health than support from co-workers. Merbler, Schlichte & Yssel(2005) found that when relationships are poor, attrition is increased (p. 39). Montgomery & Rupp (2005), Betoret (2006) all echoed this sentiment in finding that where collegial relationships were seen as supportive and a resource, rather than as an obstacle or hindrance, burnout levels were lower. Social support is an important resource that enables an individual to cope with stress and present burnout ( Bonfiglio, 2005 Kim-wan, 1991). Researchers report that the results of prolonged teacher stress contributes to job dissatisfaction, reduced teacher-student rapport, and decreased teacher effectiveness in meeting educational goals (Kyriacou & Sutcliffe, 1978a). Dissatisfied faculty can transfer their emotions to other employees (Westman, & Etzion, 1999) It has been found that job satisfaction and teacher stress are strongly correlated, as the amount of stress and degree of satisfaction experienced by teachers influences the quality of life of teachers (Pelsma & Richard, 1988). Stress is considered to be the main factor contributing towards job dissatisfaction, job-related illness and early retirement in England (Van Dick, Phillips, Marburg & Wagner, 2001). The elements that cause stress in organizations are environmental factors and the behaviour formed as a result of the pressure of these elements on the individual (Amason, Allen and Holmes, 1999). Organizational policies, the structure and the climate of the organization, physical conditions and process are the basic factors of stress in the organization (Luthans,1994), Sources of teacher stress are varied (Dewe, 1986). Some experts argue that those who work in a moderate level of stress work with a higher performance (Steers, 1981). Stress is not always a negative fact (Palmer and Hyman, 1993). University Durham (1992) defined stress as a process of behavioral, emotional, mental, and physical reactions caused by prolonged, increasing, or new pressures that are significantly greater than the availability of coping strategies Teaching related stress, commonly termed teacher stress, is defined as a teachers experience of unpleasant, negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, tension, frustration, or depression, resulting from some aspect of their work as a teacher (Kyriacou, 2001, p. 38). At a personal level, teaching related stress can affect a teachers health, well-being, and performance (Larchick and Chance, 2004). From an organisational perspective, it translates to unproductive employee behaviours such as alienation, apathy, and absenteeism (Gugliemi and Tatrow, 1998). Stress effects both the teacher and the learners in the teaching process (Forlin, Douglas and Hattie, 1996).

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European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) Additional demands on faculty time for tutoring and advisement, along with conflicts of instructional changes have created a climate of increased stress and anxiety for many faculty members (Alfred, 1986; Huber, 1998; Outcalt, 2002).

3. Methodology
To find out the impact of occupational stress among teachers on job satisfaction and job involvement in selective engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University Trichy. The researcher has used descriptive research design. Descriptive research studies are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or a group, (C.R.Kothari, 2007). For conducting the study twenty eight colleges having crossed five years were chosen from the population of 70 colleges. Out of which teachers who have served for two and more years in their present institution were taken as sample for data collection. 2065 teachers having crossed two and more years were working during 2011. Out of which 422 samples were collected. Here the researcher has used stratified random sampling to collect the samples from the universe. For collecting the data researcher has used questionnaire where he has categorized the questions into four perspectives (demographic variables, occupational stress index, job involvement, job satisfaction) which will enable the researcher to understand and analyse the impact of occupational stress among teachers on job satisfaction and job involvement. Finally the researcher has used spss software package 14.0 version for analyzing data.

4. Data Analysis and Interpretations

Multiple Regression Analysis: Occupational Stress Index VS Job Satisfaction
Table 1: Dependent Variable: Satisfied with the Pay and Benefits
Unstand. beta co-eff 2.883 .257 Std. Error .233 .045 Std beta co-eff t 12.397 5.714 -2.933 4.119 -3.260 -3.304 2.599 2.042 Sig. .000 .000 .004 .000 .001 .001 .010 .042

Independent variables

Constant) Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs .269 I often make complaints with colleagues about work -.142 .048 -.148 related things Lack of time to undertake research .197 .048 .207 Assignment of duties that take me away from my -.165 .051 -.161 office I feel that I do not have enough time for teaching -.151 .046 -.165 preparation Lack of information about what is going on .127 .049 .123 Excessive paperwork .101 .050 .104 Dependent Variable: Satisfied with the Pay and Benefits Multiple R=0.418, F value =12.503, d.f (7,414), p-value<0.01, R square=0.175. =2.883+0.257X1+ (-0.142) X2+0.197X3+ (-0.165) X4+ (-0.151) X5+0.127X6+0.101X7.

Where is the estimated employees satisfaction score on pay and benefits. The above equation shows the OSI determinants of employees satisfaction on pay and benefits such as Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things, lack of time to undertake research, Assignment of duties that take me away from my office, Inadequate time for teaching preparation, Lack of information about what is going on and Excessive paper work. The above equation describes that, on an average if the Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs changes by one unit, there will be 0.257 unit increase in the employees satisfaction on pay and benefits, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The result of the t test reveals that the calculated significance of the partial regression co-efficient 0.257, (-0.142), 0.197, (-0.165), (-0.151), 0.127 and 342

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) 0.101.are valid at 1 percent and 5 percent level respectively. The multiple R found to be 0.418 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 41.8 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees satisfaction on pay and benefits. The R square value of 0 .175 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 17.5 percent of variation in the satisfaction on pay and benefits. The f test shows that the explained variation was highly significant at 1 percent level. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variables of OSI namely receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, Lack of time to undertake research and Lack of information about what is going on were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on pay and benefits at present as well as in future.
Table 2: Dependent Variable: I am encouraged to progress in my career
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.521 Std. Error Std beta co-eff t 16.464 2.692 -3.153 3.007 1.725 -2.877 2.655 -2.554 2.196 Sig. .000 .007 .002 .003 .085 .004 .008 .011 .029

Independent variables

Constant) .214 It is difficult to achieve my career goals .106 .039 .139 in this organisation I find myself grinding my teeth -.149 .047 -.174 I have lost sense of humour .138 .046 .164 Receiving inadequate salary to meet .070 .041 .085 financial needs I usually suffer from the problems of -.125 .044 -.157 sweating, palpitations, and trembling Excessive paperwork .111 .042 .132 Assignment of duties that take me away -.113 .044 -.127 from my office Insufficient institutional recognition and .097 .044 .115 support for research Multiple R=0.360, F value =7.698, d.f (8,413), p-value<0.01, R square=0.130. =3.521+0.106X1+ (-0.149) X2+0.138X3+ 0.70X4+ (-0.125) X5+0.111X6+(0.113)X7+0.097X8

Where is the estimated employees satisfaction score on encouragement to progress in career. The above equation describes that, on an average if the lost sense of humour changes by one unit, there will be 0.138 unit increase in the employees satisfaction on encouraged to progress in career, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.360 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 36 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees satisfaction on encouraged to progress in career. The R square value of 0.130 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 13 percent of variation in the satisfaction on encouraged to progress in career. From the above coefficient table, it has been concluded that the variables of OSI namely I have lost sense of humour, Excessive paperwork, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organisation were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on encouraged to progress in career at present as well as in future.
Table 3: Dependent Variable: I am highly satisfied with the appraisal and review system
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.105 .132 -.166 .129 .137 Std. Error .224 .046 .048 .048 .048 Std beta co-eff .146 -.187 .144 .143 t 13.829 2.871 -3.458 2.694 2.886 Sig. .000 .004 .001 .007 .004

Independent variables (Constant) Excessive paperwork I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things Insufficient institutional recognition and support for research Lack of information about what is going on

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Table 3: Dependent Variable: I am highly satisfied with the appraisal and review system - continued
-2.656 2.455 -2.036 .008 .015 .042

Frequent changes to timetable or courses -.124 .047 -.133 Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial .109 .044 .123 needs Having repetitions in teaching assignments -.099 .048 -.108 Multiple R=0.315, F value =6.505, d.f (7,414), p-value<0.01, R square=0.099. =3.105+0.132X1+ (-0.166) X2+0.129X3+ 0.137X4+ (-0.124) X5+0.109X6+(0.099)X7

Where is the estimated employees satisfaction score on appraisal and review system. The above equation describes that, on an average if the Lack of information about what is going on changes by one unit, there will be 0.137 unit increase in the employees satisfaction on appraisal and review system when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.315 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 31.5 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees satisfaction on appraisal and review system. The R square value of 0.099 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 9 percent of variation in the satisfaction on appraisal and review system. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variables of OSI namely Lack of information about what is going on, Excessive paperwork, Insufficient institutional recognition and support for research were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on appraisal and review system at present as well as in future.
Table 4: Dependent Variable: I am provided pleasant working environment
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.084 .167 .127 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .210 .149 -.187 .150 -.139 .116 .109 t 15.718 4.236 3.108 -3.846 2.979 -2.891 2.442 2.181 Sig. .000 .000 .002 .000 .003 .004 .015 .030

Independent variables

(Constant) .196 Lack of time to undertake research .039 Increased workload .041 I often make complaints with colleagues about -.150 .039 work related things It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this .111 .037 organisation I find myself grinding my teeth -.116 .040 Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial .093 .038 needs Inadequate facilities (office, library, labs) .082 .038 Multiple R=0.430, F value =13.448, d.f (7,414), p-value<0.01, R square=0.185 =3.084+0.167X1+ 0.127X2+(0.150)X3+ 0.111X4+ (-0.116)X5+0.093X6+0.082X7

Where is the estimated employees satisfaction score on pleasant working environment. The above equation describes that, on an average if the Lack of time to undertake research changes by one unit, there will be 0.167 unit increase in the employees satisfaction on pleasant working environment when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.430 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 43 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees satisfaction on pleasant working environment. The R square value of 0.185 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 18.5 percent of variation in the satisfaction on pleasant working environment. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variables of OSI namely as Lack of time to undertake research, Increased workload, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on pleasant working environment at present as well as in future.

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Table 5: Dependent Variable: My contributions are recognized by the management
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.326 .162 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .186 -.113 .148 .128 -.127 -.107 .100 t 15.618 3.597 -2.089 2.990 2.561 -2.453 -2.097 1.980 Sig. .000 .000 .037 .003 .011 .015 .037 .048

Independent variables

(Constant) .213 Excessive paperwork .045 I often make complaints with colleagues about -.097 .047 work related things Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial .126 .042 needs It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this .101 .039 organisation Feeling pressure to compete with my colleagues -.116 .047 Having repetitions in teaching assignments -.095 .045 Increased workload .091 .046 Multiple R=0.351, F value =8.289, d.f (7,414), p-value<0.01, R square=0.123 =3.326+0.162X1+(0.097)X2+0.126X3+ 0.101X4+ (-0.116)X5+(0.095)X6+0.091X7

Where is the estimated employees satisfaction score on my contributions are recognized by the management. The above equation describes that, on an average if the Excessive paperwork changes by one unit, there will be 0.162 unit increase in the employees satisfaction on My contributions are recognized by the management when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.351 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 35 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees satisfaction on My contributions are recognized by the management. The R square value of 0.123 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 12.3 percent of variation in the satisfaction on My contributions are recognized by the management. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variables of OSI namely as Excessive paperwork, Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on My contributions are recognized by the management at present as well as in future. Multiple Regression Analysis Occupational Stress Index VS Job Involvement
Table 6: Dependent Variable: I am always ready to take up of new or challenging tasks
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.436 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .148 t 30.170 3.067 Sig. .000 .002

Independent variables

(Constant) .114 Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial .120 .039 needs Multiple R=0.148, F value =9.406, d.f (1 420), p-value<0.01, R square=0.22. =3.436+0.120X1

Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks. The above equation describes that, on an average if the Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs changes by one unit, there will be 0.120 unit increase in the employees job involvement on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also The multiple R found to be 0.148 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 14.8 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks. The R square value of 0.22 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 22 percent of variation in the 345

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) employees Job involvement on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks. From the above coefficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs is the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks.
Table 7: Dependent Variable: I am interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours
Std beta co-eff -.141 .125 t 23.651 -2.898 2.577 Sig. .000 .004 .010

Unstand. Std. Error beta co-eff (Constant) 3.897 .165 Having repetitions in teaching assignments -.121 .042 I often have headaches and migraines .093 .036 Multiple R=0.175, F value =6.642, d.f (2, 419), p-value<0.01, R square=0.31. =3.897+ (0.120)X1 + 0.093X2 Independent variables

Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours. The above equation describes that, on an average if the I often have headaches and migraines changes by one unit, there will be 0.093 unit increases in the employees job involvement on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.175 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 17.5 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours. The R square value of 0.31 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 31 percent of variation in the employees Job involvement on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely I often have headaches and migraines is the dominant variable that increase the employees Job involvement on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours.
Table 8: Dependent Variable: I can get along well with others at work
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.789 .070 -.125 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .100 -.166 .127 .099 t 22.075 2.024 -3.208 2.395 1.981 Sig. .000 .044 .001 .017 .048

Independent variables

(Constant) .172 I work hard but accomplish little .035 Having repetitions in teaching assignments .039 I often make complaints with colleagues .093 .039 about work related things Frequent changes to timetable or courses .076 .038 Multiple R=0.230, F value =5.815, d.f (4, 417), p-value<0.01, R square=0.053. =3.789+ 0.070X1 + (0.125)X2 + 0.093 X3 + 0.076 X4

Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on I can get along well with others at work. The above equation describes that, on an average if the I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things changes by one unit, there will be 0.093 unit increases in the employees job involvement on I can get along well with others at work, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.230 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 23 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on I can get along well with others at work. The R square value of 0.053 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 5.3 percent of variation in the employees 346

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) Job involvement on I can get along well with others at work. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things, Frequent changes to timetable or courses, I work hard but accomplish little were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I can get along well with others at work.
Table 9: Dependent Variable: I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students
Unstand. beta co-eff 3.931 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .161 -.144 .184 -.121 -.131 .103 t 23.248 3.110 -2.801 3.408 -2.457 -2.415 2.098 Sig. .000 .002 .005 .001 .014 .016 .037

Independent variables

(Constant) .169 It is difficult to achieve my career goals .106 .034 in this organisation Lack of time to undertake research -.102 .036 I usually suffer from the problems of .127 .037 sweating, palpitations, and trembling Teaching large classes / more students -.086 .035 I often suffer from Throat chocking -.085 .035 Receiving inadequate salary to meet .073 .035 financial needs Multiple R=0.291, F value =6.377, d.f (6, 415), p-value<0.01, R square=0.084. =3.931+ 0.106X1 + (0.102)X2 + 0.127 X3 + (0.086) X4+(0.085)X5+0.073X6

Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students. The above equation describes that, on an average if the I usually suffer from the problems of sweating, palpitations, and trembling changes by one unit, there will be 0.127 unit increases in the employees job involvement on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.291 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 29 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students. The R square value of 0.084 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 8.4 percent of variation in the employees Job involvement on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely I usually suffer from the problems of sweating, palpitations, and trembling, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization, Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students.
Table 10: Dependent Variable: I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field
Independent variables Unstand. beta co-eff 3.415 .116 Std. Error Std beta co-eff .142 -.140 .154 .136 -.112 t 17.906 2.854 -2.701 3.076 2.806 -2.174 Sig. .000 .005 .007 .002 .005 .030

(Constant) .191 Lack of information about what is going on .041 Assignment of duties that take me away from -.115 .042 my office Frequent changes to timetable or courses .123 .040 I often suffer from Throat chocking .094 .033 Unreasonable expectations from colleagues, -.087 .040 students or your head of department Multiple R=0.280, F value =7.060, d.f (5, 416), p-value<0.01, R square=0.078 =3.415+ 0.116X1 + (0.115)X2 + 0.123 X3 + 0.094 X4+(0.087)X5

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European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field The above equation describes that, on an average if the Frequent changes to timetable or courses changes by one unit, there will be 0.123 unit increases in the employees job involvement on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also. The multiple R found to be 0.280 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 28 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field. The R square value of 0.078 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 7.8 percent of variation in the employees Job involvement on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field. From the above co-efficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely Frequent changes to timetable or courses, Lack of information about what is going on, I often suffer from Throat chocking were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field.
Table 11: Dependent Variable: Most of the schedules that I plan are effective
Independent variables Unstand. beta co-eff 4.102 Std. Error Std beta co-eff t 33.871 2.427 -3.385 2.486 Sig. .000 .016 .001 .013

(Constant) .121 It is difficult to achieve my career goals .066 .027 .122 in this organisation I usually suffer from the problems of -.107 .032 -.187 sweating, palpitations, and trembling I feel tired even when I wake after an .075 .030 .138 adequate sleep Multiple R=0.204, F value =6.060, d.f (3, 418), p-value<0.01, R square=0.042 =4.102 + 0.66X1 + (0.107)X2 + 0.075 X3

Where is the estimated employees Job involvement score on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective The above equation describes that, on an average if the I feel tired even when I wake after an adequate sleep changes by one unit, there will be 0.075 unit increases in the employees job involvement on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective, when other variables are kept constant and the similar conditions applied for other variables also.The multiple R found to be 0.204 which reveals that there exist a relationship of 20 percent between the variables of occupational stress index (OSI) and employees Job involvement on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective. The R square value of 0.042 confirms that the explanatory variables (OSI) explain only 4.2 percent of variation in the employees Job involvement on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective. From the above coefficient table, it has been concluded that the variable of OSI namely I feel tired even when I wake after an adequate sleep, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organisation were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective.

5. Findings
The variables of OSI namely receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, Lack of time to undertake research and Lack of information about what is going on were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on pay and benefits at present as well as in future. The variables of OSI namely I have lost sense of humour, Excessive paperwork, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organisation were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on encouraged to progress in career at present as well as in future. 348

European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 30, Number 2 (2012) The variables of OSI namely Lack of information about what is going on, Excessive paperwork, Insufficient institutional recognition and support for research were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on appraisal and review system at present as well as in future. The variables of OSI namely as Lack of time to undertake research, Increased workload, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on pleasant working environment at present as well as in future. The variables of OSI namely as Excessive paperwork, Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization were the dominant variables that increase the employees satisfaction on My contributions are recognized by the management at present as well as in future. The variables of OSI namely receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs is the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on ready to take up of new or challenging tasks. The variables of OSI namely I often have headaches and migraines is the dominant variable that increase the employees Job involvement on interested to participate in work related activities outside regular working hours. The variables of OSI namely I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things, Frequent changes to timetable or courses, I work hard but accomplish little were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I can get along well with others at work. The variables of OSI namely I usually suffer from the problems of sweating, palpitations, and trembling, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization, Receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I involve myself to deal very effectively with the problems of my students. The variables of OSI namely Frequent changes to timetable or courses, Lack of information about what is going on, I often suffer from Throat chocking were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on I regularly spend time to keep abreast of current developments in my field. The variables of OSI namely I feel tired even when I wake after an adequate sleep, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organisation were the dominant variables that increase the employees Job involvement on Most of the schedules that I plan are effective.

6. Conclusions
From the above findings researcher concludes that the variables in OSI namely receiving inadequate salary to meet financial needs, Lack of time to undertake research, Lack of information about what is going on, I have lost sense of humour, Excessive paperwork, It is difficult to achieve my career goals in this organization, Insufficient institutional recognition and support for research, Increased workload, I often have headaches and migraines, I often make complaints with colleagues about work related things, Frequent changes to timetable or courses, I work hard but accomplish little , I usually suffer from the problems of sweating, palpitations, and trembling, I often suffer from Throat chocking, I feel tired even when I wake after an adequate sleep have considerable impact on some variables of Job satisfaction and job involvement of employees. Stress can be reduced when the above variables are addressed. Here the researcher does not say that the job satisfaction and job involvement can be measured only by variables of OSI; there are some other variables to measure JS and JI. The researcher intends to find out the impact of stress on JS and JI. Finally the researcher concludes that there is a considerable level of impact of stress on job satisfaction and job involvement among teachers.

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