HEAT TREATMENT OF PRESSURE VESSELS

HEAT TREATMENT
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS & ALLOYS DEPEND ON CHEMISTRY (ALLOYING ELEMENTS) & HEAT TREATMENT

WHAT IS HEAT TREATMENT?

MATERIALS TREATED BY APPLICATION OF HEAT - NORMALLY DONE IN SOLID STATE HEATING BY VARIOUS SOURCES
HEATING IN A FURNACE Oil, Gas, Electrical HEATING OUT SIDE WITH ELECTRIC HEATING COILS ARROUND THE JOB Local Heat treatment PASSING HOT AIR INSIDE A CLOSSED VESSEL Internal firing

HEAT TREATMENT
HEAT TEATMENT PARAMETERS
RATE OF HEATING SOAKING TEMP. SOAKING TIME COOLING RATE COOLING MEDIA

WHY HT REQUIRED ?
TO BRING THE PROPERTIES TO THE DESIRED RANGE Strength, UTS, YS & Elongation Toughness Hardness CARRIED OUT IN

FABRICATION INDUSTRIES- Fabricated Components STEEL PLANTS Plates, Pipes, Tubes, Sections FOUNDRY SHOPS - Castings FORGING SHOPS Forged Components
5

MATERIALS HEAT TREATED

METALS & ALLOYS
SINGLE PHASE MULTIPHASE

ALLOYS
Single Phase : Copper Nickel Multiphase : Steels

METALS (Single phase )

Titanium
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HEAT TREATEMENT
CRITERIA COLD WORKED to NORMAL
All materials

UNEQUILIBRIUM PHASES to EQUILIBRIUM

Stainless Steels ,Maraging Steels All Materials

STRESSED to UNSTRESED

MATERIALS HEAT TREATED

CS C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo , Cr-Mo-V, Ni -Steels Stainless Steels Non Ferrous Materials

TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT

NORMALIZING ANNEALING STRESS RELIEVING SOLUTION ANNEALING HARDENING TEMPERING AGEING
9

IRON CARBON DIAGRAM

10

NORMALIZING
The steel is heated to 40 C above the upper critical temperature followed by cooling in the still air. To achieve Uniform structure Change in Mechanical properties,
UTS, YS & Elongation Hardness Impact properties

Refined grains

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ANNEALING
Steel is heated 10 to 50C above the upper critical temperature and held for the desired length of time followed by very slow cooling within the furnace
To achieve:

Softness & better ductility Stresses free material Stress generated due to
mechanical working / previous HT

Uniform property through out the material

12

SOLUTION ANNEALING
Austenitic Stainless steels is heated to above 1050C and held for the desired time followed by fast cooling to room temperature within few minutes by quenching / blowing the air. Solution annealing is done on stainless steel and non ferrous alloys To soften the material To remove carbide precipitation formed at grain boundaries during manufacturing process ( SS ) 13 To improve Corrosion Resistance

AGEING
The Material is heated to a certain temperature, and held for the desired time; followed by quenching or cooling in air Ageing is done on materials susceptible for ageing characteristics : Maraging Steels Normally increases strength Improves Toughness
14

AGEING
Maraging Steels
M250 Temperature : 485 C Normally 3 Hrs 15 mts Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : Cool in Air / Quench in water
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STRESS RELIEVING
The steel is heated to a temperature below close to the lower critical temperature with a specific rate of heating. It is held at the temperature for a desired length of time, followed by cooling with a specific rate up to certain temperature. There is no change in grain structure. Stress relieving is done Fabricated Components of CS & LAS: To reduce Internal Stresses To soften the steel partially To soften HAZ 16

STRESS RELIEVING
C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo (< 2% Cr)
C - Mn Steels , C - Mo Steels, Cr-Mo Steels
SA 515Gr 70 , SA204GrA, SA387GR11,CL1

Temperature : 593 C Min

Normally 600 - 640 C, 650-690 C

Time : 15 minutes min ( 1 hr / inch thick) Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
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STRESS RELIEVING
Cr-Mo Steels
Cr - Mo Steels (Cr >2%) Temperature : 676 C Min
SA 335P22 ,SA335P5 Normally 680 - 700 C 2.25Cr 704 - 720 C 5 Cr

Time : 15 mts min (1 hr / inch thick) Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
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STRESS RELIEVING
Ni -Steels
Nickel Steels : 1,2,3% Ni
SA 203 GrA ,D

Temperature : 593 C Min

Normally 600 - 640 C,

Time : 60 mts min (1 hr / inch thick) Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick

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STRESS RELIEVING
Steels enhanced by Heat Treatments
Q&T Steels :
9.5% Ni Steels , SA 517 Gr E

Temperature : 538 C Typ

Normally < 600 C

Time : Min 15 minutes to 2 Hr ( 1 hr / inch thick) Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
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FURNACE

LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL FURNACE (Electrical or Gas fired )

THERMOCOUPLE COMPENSATING CABLE

JOB

RECORDER

P.I.D.

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THERMOCOUPLES
PRINCIPLE OF A THERMOCOUPLE THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE BEING USED IN HED POWAI / HZW
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PRINCIPLE OF THERMOCOUPLE
The basic principle of thermoelectric thermometry is that a thermocouple develops an emf which is a function of the difference in temperature of its measuring junction & reference junction. If the temperature of reference junction is known, the temperature of the measuring junction can be determined by measuring the emf generated in the circuit.
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THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL REQUIREMENT

1. High coefficient of thermal emf. 2. Continuously increasing relation of emf to temperature over a long range. 3. Freedom from phase changes or other phenomenon giving rise to discontinuity in temperature emf relationships. 4. Resistance to oxidation, corrosion and contamination. 5. Homogeneity and reproducibility to fit an establish temperature & emf relationship. SPEED OF RESPONSE MAY BE IMPROVED AND RADIATION & CONDUCTION ERRORS MAY BE REDUCED 24 BY THE USE OF SMALL DIAMETER THERMOCOUPLES.

TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE BEING USED IN HZW

K type : Material Nickel based Properties : : Chromel ( 10 %Cr ) + Alumel Magnetic + ( 2 % Al )

Non-Magnetic +

In this type of thermocouple, the wires are joined at one end only to form a point-type temperature sensor. Instrumentation converts the millivolt signal to related temperature. 25

K type : Dia :

TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE BEING USED

2.5 mm Bare(ceramic) Mech Reusable PIT F/c 0. 7 mm Refractory Capacitor Disposable except PIT F/c Red & Yellow
26

Insulation coated Attachment Usability Location Color

CONSTRUCTION OF A K TYPE THERMOCOUPLE

pid
PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE

Welded junction

recorder

Compensating cable

Thermocouple wire

Accuracy : 0.75%

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S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
Accuracy : 0.25 % S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE ARE THE STANDARD THERMOCOUPLES. IT IS USED FOR CALIBRATING K Type THERMOCOUPLES. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION 90% PLATINUM + 10% RHODIUM PLATINUM OXIDATION RESISTANCE , SO MORE LIFE .
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COMPENSATING CABLE
COMPENSATING CABLE IS DEFINED AS A PAIR OF WIRES HAVING SUCH EMF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO THE THERMOCOUPLE WITH WHICH THE WIRES ARE INTENDED TO BE USED, THAT WHEN PROPERLY CONNECTED TO THERMOCOUPLE THE EFFECTIVE REFERENCE JUNCTION IS IN EFFECT TRANSFERRED TO THE OTHER END OF THE WIRES. MATERIAL ==> +ve COPPER ( white ) -ve COPPER NICKEL (blue ) for K TYPE .

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P.I.D.
PID = PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE

PID FUNCTIONS BOTH AS PROGRAMMER AND CONTROLLER PID CONTROLLER CAN BE ZONE WISE PROGRAMME IS MADE IN SEGMENTS AS PER DIFFERENT STAGES OF HEAT TREATMENT DIGITAL DISPLAY IS AVAILABLE FOR PROGRAMME TEMPERATURE AND FURNACE TEMEPERATURE TYPICAL OR REPETITIVE HEAT TREATMENT CYCLE CAN BE STORED IN PID(PROGRAMMER)

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RECORDER
TYPES OF RECORDER PAPERLESS -- WITH COLOUR DISPLAY SCREEN ,HARD DISC AND FLOPPY WITH PAPER -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN HZW. 24 CHANNEL -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN PFS( CHINO MAKE-- model no.I003 12 CHANNEL -/Graph ET 001). CURRENTLY BEING USED IN MFS1 AND HFS1 ( CHINO MAKE -- model no. EH100 / Graph ET 201). COMPENSATING CABLES ARE CONNECTED BEHIND THE RECORDER SCREEN IN CHANNELS. DRIVE. NOT USED IN HED HZW.

X-AXIS IS FOR TEMPERATURE (RANGE = 0 TO 1200C) Y-AXIS IS FOR GRAPH SPEED. VARIOUS SPEED OF GRAPHS ARE 12.5, 25, 50, 100 MM / HOUR GENERALLY KEEP 25 MM / HOUR.
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GRAPH PAPER
GRAPH PAPERS ARE USED FOR PLOTTING THE FURNACE /JOB TEMPERATURE VIA THERMOCOUPLE. THEY ARE FITTED ON THE RECORDER. GRAPH PAPER RECOMMENDED ON RECORDER ONLY TO BE USED GRAPH PAPER FOR MFS1 AND HFS1 FURNACE ==> ET 201 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN GRAPH PAPER FOR PFS FURNACE ==> ET 001 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN THE LENGTH OF ONE BUNDLE OF GRAPH PAPER IS GENERALLY 2000 MM. DOTTING TYPE RECORDER INK (CHINO MAKE, JAPAN) IS USED IN RECORDER FOR PLOTTING OF GRAPH. USUALLY , 6 COLOURS ARE FILLED FOR PLOTTING. 32

PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE CALIBRATION

Calibration of PIDS ( indicator & controller ) 1. Connect the millivolt source to the temperature indicator or controller by a compensating cable. Care should be taken to clean the wires and terminals thoroughly before connections are made. The millivolt output for various temperature ranging from 00C to 10000C in steps of 500C is fed to the indicator / controller. After the millivolt value / temperature reading displayed is steady, the reading of indicator/controller shall be noted.

2.

3.

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PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE CALIBRATION

4. If the error in the indicated readings is more than the specified accuracy ( +/- 10C ), then correction to be carried out for the indicator / controller and points 1 to 4 shall be repeated till the specified accuracy is obtained is obtained.

Calibration of recorder 1. Connect the millivolt source to the recorder by a compensating cable. Care should be taken to clean the wires and terminals thoroughly before the connections are made.
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PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE CALIBRATION

2. The millivolt output for various temperature ranging from 400 C to 10000C is fed to the recorder and is allowed to plot on a graph. The graph thus obtained is reviewed for time and temperature values. These values should meet the accuracy requirements. If there is error in the values plotted on the graph, then correction to be carried out for the recorder and points 1 to 4 shall be repeated till the specified accuracy is obtained.

3.

4.

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PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE CALIBRATION

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 20 Nos. big K-type thermocouples 10 Nos. small K-type thermocouples Millivolt source (wahl unit ) ( 1 micro volt at 1000 micro volts ) Heat treatment fixture. Temperature indicators (PID) Recorder +/- 1 C
0

ACCURACY
+/- 0.25% +/- 0.25%

+/- on temperature scale. +/- minutes on time scale.

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PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ensure that the PIDs are calibrated as mentioned above. Ensure that the recorder is calibrated as mentioned above. Ensure that all the thermocouples used are calibrated. Ensure that the thermocouples are attached to the heat treatment fixture as shown in sketch-I. Place the heat treatment fixture inside the furnace with thermocouples in position. Close the furnace lid. Start the furnace and the recorder.
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PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

7. 8. 9. Set the temperature of controller to 4000C. After reaching the set temperature, it is allowed to stabilize for half an hour. Measure and record the temperature indicated by each of the 20 thermocouples. The temperature is to be read through WAHL UNIT. Three sets of readings are to be taken for each thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes. Also record the readings indicated by each of the thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes.
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10. 11.

PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

12. The temperature is then raised in steps of 50 C up to 10000C. ( I. e. 4000C, 4500C, .., 9500C, 10000C. ) The measured temperature is stabilized for 30 minutes. PID reading are also to be recorded along with this. 13. The allowed temperature variation with respect to the set temperature is +/- 50C up to 8000C and +/- 100C above 800 C. 14. 15. This is allowed to plot on the graph and thus obtained for time and temperature values. Calibration of furnace is valid for 1 year.
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STANDARD OPERATING PRACTICES FOR LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING

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When

LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING

Local SR to be done only when furnace SR not feasible Only when certain weld joints on components to be heat treated

HOW

Done by Electrical heating coil DETAILS ON ENSURING PWHT TEMP. IN WELDMENT AREA Soaking band(SB) = Widest weld width x+ t or 2 inches whichever is less from edge of weld Heating band width (HB) Induction stress level Through thickness criteria SB + 4 rt where r = Inside radius, t = thickness Insulation band width (IB) 41 Axial gradient HB + 4 rt

LSR -BAND WIDTH

Soak band X = Weld width X Lesser of 1T or 2

T
Heating band Insulation band

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LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING SET UP

1. Provide multitonne roller on one end of vessel during LSR of circular seam when job is horizontal. 2. If both ends are open during LSR, provide insulation from inside. If not possible , prevent airflow so that temperature on inside surface do not drop down. 3. Spider/prop shall be provided in such a way that upper portion of spider / prop is not welded with inside surface to allow contraction/expansion of shell surface. 4. Spider/prop shall be between 200- 500mm from heating zone. 5. Temporary attachments, provided for holding insulation, shall be within soak band only. 6. Minimum two thermocouples shall be provided from inside, when accessible.
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LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING

SB+HB+IB

LSR of C/S

Spider or prop

No Welding at top Multitonne roller

200 to 500mm from heating band

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GOOD ENGG. PRACTICES FOR FURNACE CHARGES &LSR

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SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
1. Minimum distance between wall of furnace and the job shall be 600mm. 2. Minimum distance between floor of the furnace and lower most part of the job shall be 300mm. 3. The distance between the flame of burner and saddle support shall be 600mm. 4. Minimum 90 degree saddle to be used, however 120 degree saddle is desirable.
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SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
450mm

burner
600mm 900

600mm

300mm(point no:2)

5. Saddle shall be arranged in such away that open end of the vessel is maximum 450mm from saddle support. 6. Saddle shall be located as close to spiders (temporarily arranged to control deformation) as possible.
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SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
7. Spiders shall be provided as per annexure-5 8 Saddle supports shall be selected as per annexure.-3

9. Spiders or vertical prop shall be provided at open ends, center and below man way/nozzles above 24 10. Avoid gap between saddle support and job surface
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SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
Zero gap Supporting arrangement

11. Locking/clamping of job, restricting the movement (axial/lateral) during heat treatment shall be avoided. 12. All long nozzles projecting outside job surface shall be supported.
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SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
13. Checklist shall be prepared and attached with HT request before furnace is fired as per Ann-1 14. Spot check report shall be filled by supervisor as per Annexure-2 during job is being heat treated. 15. Moonplate support and welding inside surface prior to release for Heat treatment as per Annexure-4 16. General idea about thermocouple locations and its attachments is as per Annexure-6
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GENERAL
1. Blocking the flame of the burner is not desirable 2. Burner shall have blue flame and not yellow 3. Flame shall not directly impinge on job 4. All burners shall be fired at a time 5. Keep all job nozzles open during heat treatment 6. Above 24 nozzles / manways shall be located towards bottom
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GENERAL

Gasket machined surface

Temp. support Furnace floor

7. Deoxidization agent shall be applied on all machined and gasket faces 8. Gasket / machined face of loose assemblies shall not be touching any object.
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THERMOCOUPLES
1. All the thermocouples shall be tagged with aluminum sheet and identification hard punched on it. (For PIT furnace only)

2. Minimum two thermocouples to be attached for any charge.

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THERMOCOUPLES
3. Minimum 8 thermocouples to be used for a charge in HFS- I furnace if the job occupies all 8 zones 4. Maximum distance between two thermocouples for a sample job is as shown in annexure- 6 5. PTC shall have separate thermocouple

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THERMOCOUPLES ATTACHMENTS
1. Use only TAU-90 capacitor Discharge Welding machine for thermocouple connection 2. Use specified WPS for attachment of thermocouple for cs/alloy steel material 3. Only trained person by welding engineering shall attach thermocouple.

4. A list of qualified person shall be by Welding Eng.

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THERMOCOUPLES ATTACHMENTS
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Clean surface prior to attachment. Two wire of thermocouple shall be attached one after another. Gap between two wire of a thermocouple shall be max. 3.0mm Only calibrated thermocouple shall be used. Calibration shall be by QA. After PWHT, thermocouple area shall be ground and DP shall be carried out.
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THERMOCOUPLES ATTACHMENT UNIT

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SPECIAL NOTE
IF THE TEMPERATURE OF HEAT TREATMENT EXCEEEDS 650-DEGREE CENTIGRADE, THE

MATERIAL AND SIZE OF SPIDERS AND SUPPORTS TO BE DECIDED BY PLANNING AND APPROVED BY DESIGN.

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CODE EXTRACTS FURNACE PWHT LSR

59

REQUIREMENT OF HEAT TREATMENT AS PER ASME-SEC VIII Div.-1

SERVICE CONDITION MATERIAL THICKNESS LOW TEMERATURE OPERATION COLD WORKING CUSTOMER SPEC.
(UCS-68) (UG-79) (UW-2) (UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79) (UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)

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CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 1 ) The soak band shall contain the weld, heat affected zone and a portion of base metal adjacent to the weld being heat treated. The minimum width of this volume is the widest width of weld plus 1T or 2 inches, whichever is less, on each side or end of the weld. The term T is the nominal thickness. ( 2 ) The operation of postweld heat treatment shall be performed either by heating the vessel as a whole in an enclosed furnace or heating the vessel in more than one heat in a furnace, provided the overlap of the heated sections of the vessel is at least 5 feet ( 1.5m). When this procedure is used, the portion outside of the furnace shall be shielded so that the temperature gradient is not harmful. The cross section where the vessel projects from the furnace shall not intersect a nozzle or other 61 structural discontinuity.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 3 ) When the vessel is required to be postweld heat treated, and it is not practicable to postweld heat treat the completed vessel as a whole or in two or more heats; any circumferential joints not provisionally heat treated may be thereafter locally postweld heat treated by heating such joints by any appropriate means that will assure the required uniformity. ( 4 ) While carrying out local postweld heat treatment, the soak band shall extend around the full circumference. The portion outside the soak band shall be protected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful. ( 5 ) Heating a circumferential band containing nozzles or other welded attachments in such a manner that the entire band shall be brought up uniformly to the required 62 temperature and held for the specified time.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 6 ) Where more than one pressure vessel or more pressure vessel part are postweld heat treated in one furnace charge, thermocouples shall be placed on vessels at the bottom, center, and top of the charge or in other zones of possible temperature variation so that the temperature indicated shall be true temperature for all vessels or parts in those zones. ( 7 ) Postweld heat treatment, When required, shall be done before the hydrostatic test and after any welded repairs. A preliminary hydrostatic test to reveal leaks prior to PWHT is permissible. ( 8 ) For pressure vessels or parts of pressure vessels being post weld heat treated in a furnace charge, it is the greatest weld thickness in any vessel or vessel part which has not previously been postweld heat treated. 63

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 8 contd...) The nominal thickness is the total depth of the weld exclusive of any permitted weld reinforcement. For groove weld, the nominal thickness is the depth of the groove. For fillet welds, the nominal thickness is the throat dimension. If a fillet weld is used in conjunction of groove weld, the nominal thickness is the depth of the groove or the throat dimension, Whichever is greater. For stud welds, the nominal thickness shall be the diameter of the stud. ( 9 ) For P1 material ( carbon steel), minimum holding temperature during postweld heat treatment shall 64 be 1100 Deg. F ( 593 Deg.c).

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

P. NO. 1 ( CARBON STEEL) & 3 (LOW ALLOY STEEL) HOLDING TEMP. 1100 DEG. F(593 C) NOM. THICKNE SS UPTO 2 SOAKING PERIOD 1 HR. PER INCH. , HOWEVER 15 MINUTES MINIMUM 2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN. FOR EACH ADDITIONAL INCH ABOVE 2 2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN. FOR EACH ADDITIONAL INCH ABOVE 2

OVER 2 TO 5 OVER 5

* POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT IS MANDATORY ON P-NO.3 GR. NO. 3 MATERIAL IN ALL THICKNESSES.

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CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 10 ) Postweld heat treatment is mandatory in Following conditions : For welded joints over 1. 5 nominal thickness. For welded joints over 1.25 nom. Thickness through 1.5 nom. Thickness, unless preheat is applied at a min. Temperature of 200F ( 94c ) during welding. Vessels or parts of vessels constructed of base material with corrosion resistant integral or weld metal overlay cladding or applied corrosion resistant lining material shall be postweld heat treated when the base material is required to be postweld heat treated. In applying this rule, the determining thickness shall be the total thickness of base material. 66 When the PWHT is a service requirement.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

SERVICE CONDITION LETHAL SERVICE PWHT IS MANDATORY EXEMPTIONS ARE FEW

67

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 11 ) Postweld heat treatment is not mandatory for carbon steel jobs (P1 material ) in Following conditions (UG2): If groove welds is not over in size or fillet weld with a throat thickness of or less used for attaching non pressure parts to pressure parts provided preheat to a minimum temperature of 200F is applied when the thickness of pressure Part exceeds 1.25. If studs are welded to pressure parts provided preheat to a minimum temperature of 200F is applied when the thickness of the pressure parts exceeds 1.25. for corrosion resistant weld metal overlay cladding or for welds attaching corrosion resistant applied lining provided preheat to a minimum temperature of 200f is maintained during application of the first layer when the thickness of the pressure 68 part exceeds 1.25.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

The temperature of furnace shall not exceed 800F Above 8000F( 4270C), the rate of heating shall not be more

( 4270C) at the time when the vessel or part is placed in it. than 4000F Per hour (2000C/Hour) divided by the maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no case more than 400 F Per hour( 222 C Per hour ). During the heating period, There shall not be a greater variation in temperature throughout the portion of the vessel being heat treated than 250 F( 139 C) within any 15 feet ( 4.6m) interval of length.
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CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

During the holding period, there shall not be a
0 0

greater difference than 150 f ( 83 c) between the highest and the lowest temperature the portion of the vessel being heated During the heating & holding periods, the furnace atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid excessive oxidation of the surface of the vessel. The furnace shall be of such design as to prevent direct heat impingement of the flame on the vessel. Above 800 F ( 427 C), The rate of cooling shall not be
0 0 0 0

more than 500 F Per hour (278 C/Hour) divided by the maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no case more than 500 F Per hour ( 278 C Per hour). 70
0 0

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

when it is impractical to postweld heat treat at the temperature specified in table mentioned in Sr.. No. 9, It is permissible to carry out the post weld heat treatments at lower temperatures for longer periods of time as shown in table below :
DECREASE IN TEMP. BELOW MIN. SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE IN F 50 (10C) 100(38C) 150(68C) 200(94C) MINIMUM HOLDING TIME AT DECREASED TEMPERATURE (NOTE 1) 2 HOURS 4 HOURS 10 HOURS 20 HOURS NOTES ------2 2

NOTES : 1. MINIMUM HOLDING TIME FOR 1 THICKNESS OR LESS ; ADD 15 MINUTES PER INCH OF THICKNESS FOR THICKNESS GREATER THAN 1. 2. THESE LOWER POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT TEMPERATURES PERMITTED ONLY FOR PNO.1 GROUP NO. 1 AND 2 MATERIALS. 71