4 Unrestrained Beams - 2011

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Unrestrained Beams
23/8/2012
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Introduction
LateralTorsionalBuckling
Lateraldeflectionandtwisting
SpecialcaseswhereLTBcheckscanbeignored
MomentResistance
Momentcheck
ApproachesfordeterminingthereductionfactorforLTB
LTBCurves GeneralCase
LTBCurves&ImperfectionFactors
BucklingCurvesforLTB
ElasticCriticalMomentforLTB
CorrectionFactorforNonUniformMomentC
1
LTBCurves RolledSectionsorEquivalentWeldedSections
LTBCurves&ImperfectionFactors
ComparisonofBucklingCurvesGiveninClauses6.3.2.2&6.3.2.3
Simplifiedmethodfordeterminationofnondimensionalslenderness
DesignProcedureforLTB
Examples
ExampleURB1(BucklingresistanceofUB)
Outline
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= Lateral torsional buckling (LTB) is a form of buckling that involves both
lateral deflection and twisting. It is a member buckling mode associated
with slender unrestrained beams loaded about their major axis.
= Checks for lateral torsional buckling should be carried out on all
unrestrained segments of beams(between points where lateral restraint
exists).
= If continuous lateral restraint is provided to the beam, then lateral
torsional buckling will be prevented and failure will be due to in-plane
bending and/or shear (refer to restrained beams).
= The load at which LTB occurs may be substantially less than the beam
in-plane bending capacity.
Introduction
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Lateral Torsional Buckling
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Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
Demonstration of LTB on a cantilever
Cross-section of the
free end of an
unloadedcantilever
Cross-section of the free end of the
cantilever that undergoes LTB when
subjected to MAJORaxis moment
minor axis
moment M
z
major axis
moment M
y
Cross-section of the deflected
free end of the cantilever IF
subjected to minor axis moment
LTB involves both a lateral deflection

and a torsional twist angle
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When member is subjected to MAJORaxis moment, the upper flange & web are in compressionand
act as a strut.
Being free to move, the compression elements would tend to move laterally
However, the tension flange and web are reluctant to move, creating resistance to lateral movement.
As such, the cross-section twistswhen it deflects, with the tension flange and web dragging behind.
Weak axis of
compressive section
Partial section under compression
Strong axis of
compressive section
Member subjected to MAJORaxis moment Elements under compression
prone to buckling
Elements under tension
resist buckling
T-section would deflect in the same direction as minor
axis buckling
LateralDeflectionandTwisting
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Both flange free to rotate on plan
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Both flanges restrained from rotation on plan
End Support Conditions
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures RLiew&SDPang
8
SpecialCaseswhereLTBcheckscanbeignored
The following are cases where LTB checks can be ignored:
=SHS, CHS, circular or square bar
=Fully laterally restrained beams
=Minor axis bending
= for welded sections
= for hot rolled sections
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Z
Z
Minor axis bending
Y
Y
Major axis bending
major axis
moment M
y
No LTB for minor axis bending
SHS and CHS under bending
No LTB
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Buckling Resistance
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.2.1)
Each segment between intermediate lateral restraints or between the end supports of a
member subject to major axis bending should be verified against lateral torsional
buckling using the following:
The design buckling resistance moment, M
b,Rd
of a laterally unrestrained beam should
be taken as :
MomentCheck
where W
y
is the appropriate section modulus
W
y
= W
pl,y
for Class 1 and 2 cross-sections
W
y
= W
el,y
for Class 3 cross-sections
W
y
= W
eff,y
for Class 4 cross-sections
LT
is the reduction factor for LTB
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EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.2.2 & 6.3.2.3)
Cl 6.3.2.2 is for general case adopting the lateral torsional buckling curves given by
equations 6.56
Cl 6.3.2.3 is for rolled section or equivalent welded section adopting the lateral torsional
buckling curves given by equations 6.57.
ApproachesforDeterminingtheReductionFactorforLTB
GeneralCase/RolledSectionsorEquivalentWeldedSections
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.2.4)
This method utilizes a simplified assessment approach for beams with restraints in
buildings given by equations 6.59 and 6.60. for info only
SimplifiedAssessmentMethodsforBeamswithRestraintsinBuildings
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.4)
This method may be used when the above methods do not apply. for info only
GeneralMethodforStructuralComponents
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LTBCurves GeneralCase
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.2.2)
For the general case, the value of
LT
for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness
is given as follows:
where
LT
is an imperfection factor
M
cr
is the elastic critical moment for LTB
The general case method is meant to be used for deep slender beams that are outside the range
of shapes of rolled sections.
Thegeneralcaseisalsoapplicabletorolledandweldedsectionsbutprovidesamore
conservativeestimateofthebucklingresistance.
conservative method for general use
(6.56)
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Table 6.4: Recommended lateral torsional buckling curves for cross-sections
Table 6.3: Recommended values for imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor
LT
0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve
Rolled I-sections
h/b 2
h/b > 2
a
b
Welded I-sections
h/b 2
h/b > 2
c
d
Other cross-sections d
LTBCurves&ImperfectionFactors GeneralCase
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LT
BucklingCurvesforLTB
LT
=0.21
=0.34
=0.49
=0.76
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For doubly symmetric cross-sections loaded through its shear center, the elastic critical
moment is given by:
where C
1
is the correction factor for non-uniform bending moment
L
cr
is the buckling length of the beam/segment
G is the shear modulus
I
T
is the torsion constant
I
W
is the warping constant
I
z
is the section second moment of area about minor axis
NCCI (SN003a-EN-EU)
ElasticCriticalMomentforLTB GeneralCase
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For hot-rolled doubly symmetric I and H sections, may be conservatively simplified
to:
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As a further simplification, C
1
may also be conservatively taken = 1.0.
SimplifiedAssessmentof
where
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The value of can be conservatively estimated by the following table for hot-rolled doubly
symmetric I and H sections with lateral restraints at both ends of the segment only.
Grade
S235
S275
S355
S420
S460
L
cr
= kL = effective length
i
z
= radius of gyration about the minor axis
E = 210kN/mm
2
C
1
effect can be included by dividing the value by
SimplifiedforIandHSections
where
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C
1
valuesforendmomentloading
C
1
valuesfortransverseloading
CorrectionFactorforNonUniformMomentC
1
GeneralCase
C
1
1.0
(C
1
= 1.0 corresponds to the most
severe case loading condition of
constant bending moment)
EffectiveLengthforBeamswithoutIntermediateRestraint
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For destabilizingload, L
cr
= DL = 1.2 L
1
3
2
L
cr
= kL or DL
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TypicalBeamSupportConditionsinBuildingFrame
1.Flanges are fully
restrainedagainst rotation
on plan
2.Flanges are partially
restrainedagainst rotation
on plan
3.Flanges are freeto rotate
on plan
1
3
2
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DestabilizingLoad NeutralLoad StabilizingLoad
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Cantilever
Source: The Institution of Structural Engineers Manual for the
design of steelwork building structures to Eurocode 3
C
1
should be 1.0 for cantilever
Effective length
L
cr
= kL = DL
where
D = parameter for destabilizing load
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LTBCurves Rolled SectionsorEquivalentWeldedSections
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.3.2.3) less conservative method
For rolled or equivalent welded sections in bending, the value of
LT
for the appropriate
non-dimensional slenderness is given as follows:
where
= 0.4 (rolled sections, hot finished and cold formed hollow sections)
= 0.2 (welded sections)
= 0.75 (rolled sections, hot finished and cold formed hollow sections)
= 1.00 (welded sections)
(6.57)
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Table 6.5: Recommended lateral torsional buckling curves for cross-sections
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve
Rolled I- and H- sections, and hot-finished hollow sections
h/b 2
2.0 < h/b < 3.1
b
c
Angles (for moments in the major principal plane) and
other hot-rolled sections
d
Welded sections and cold-formed hollow sections
h/b 2
2.0 < h/b < 3.1
c
d
Table 6.3: Recommended values for imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor
LT
0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
LTBCurves&ImperfectionFactors Rolled
SectionsorEquivalentWeldedSections
h
b
Modifying
LT
forMomentGradientEffect
EN1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.2.3(2) and the SS NA.2.18.
The reduction factor is modified to take account of the moment distribution between the
lateral restraints of members using the reduction factor f :
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LT
ComparisonofBucklingCurvesGiveninClauses6.3.2.2&6.3.2.3
LT
Buckling curve for general case
(Cl 6.3.2.2)
RolledI Sectionwithh/b<2
Buckling curve for rolled section
(Cl 6.3.2.3)
23/8/2012
BeamswithIntermediateRestraint
Where a beam has effective intermediate restraints the moment resistance can be
based on the length between restraints. For destabilizing load, L
cr
= 1.2 L.
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Secondary beams providing
lateral and torsional restraint.
Effective length of
compression flange
L
cr
Effective length of
compression flange
L
cr
BeamswithIntermediateRestraints
Lateral torsional buckling resistance checks should be carried out on all unrestrained segments of
beams (between the points where lateral restraint exists).
The effect of moment distribution between the lateral restraints may be taken into account by
modifying
LT
using Equation 6.58 from EN1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.2.3(2).
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Illustration of flanges being free to
rotate on plan along span
Plan
Bottom flange
Top flange
y
z
x
u
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Design Procedure for LTB
ODetermine buckling curve (a, b, c, or d) from Table 6.4or Table 6.5.
ODetermine imperfection factor
LT
from Table 6.3after identifying the buckling curve.
ODetermine the elastic critical lateral torsional buckling moment M
cr
.
ODetermine effective buckling length L
cr
.
GCheck M
Ed
/ M
b,Rd
1.0for each unrestrained segment.
OCalculate buckling reduction factor
LT
.
ODetermine buckling resistance M
b,Rd
.
OCalculate non-dimensional slenderness .
ODetermine shear and bending moment diagram from design loads.
OSelect and classify section.
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Design Flow Chart for Beams Subjected to LTB
Compute and draw the SFD and BMD
under design actions
Select a trial section for the most critical
segment based on M
b,Rd
Determine f
y
and perform section
classification
Ultimate strength check moment and
shear at critical locations
Member buckling resistance check for each
segment
Serviceability check
Section
classification
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Examples
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Example URB-1: Buckling Resistance of UB
A beam of span 10 m is simply supported at its ends and unrestrained along its length. It
supports a uniformly distributed load across the entire span and a point load at its mid-span.
Check and verify if section UB 533210101 in S355 steel is suitable for this beam. Assume
that the beam carried plaster finish.
Unfactored load values:
Dead Load UDL 5 kN/m Imposed Load UDL 10 kN/m
Point load 50 kN Point load 100 kN
5m 5m
50 kN +100 kN
5 kN/m+10 kN/m
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Ultimate Limit State
The section and loading are the same as Example RB-1.
Perform the same section classification, shear check, deflection check as described in
Example RB-1.
In this example, we will perform check on the lateral torsional buckling for this unrestrained
beam.
5m 5m
67.5 kN +150 kN
6.75 kN/m+15 kN/m
217.5 kN 217.5 kN
Design Moment
Maximum bending momentat mid-span: M
Ed
= (6.75+15)*10
2
/8 + (67.5+150)*10/4 = 816kNm.
Design Shear
Maximum shear forceat the supports: V
Ed
= 217.5kN.
UB 533210101 in S355 steel
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures
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Buckling Length
L
cr
= 10m
Elastic Critical Moment
Assume C
1
= 1.0 (conservative estimate)
Imperfection Factor
h/b = 536.7/210.0 = 2.6 > 2
Use buckling curve c (refer to Table 6.5)
Imperfection factor
LT
= 0.49 (refer to Table 6.3)
Assume beam end conditions:
Compression flange laterally restrained;
Nominal torsional restraint against rotation about longitudinal axis;
Both flanges free to rotate on plan;
Normal loading condition; k= 1.0 and L
cr
= 10m
Comment: for beam subject to UDL C
1
= 1.132
for mid-span point load C
1
= 1.365
You may select C
1
= 1.132 instead of 1.0
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Simplified Assessment
37
Non-Dimensional Slenderness
Buckling Reduction Factor
Buckling Resistance
Since M
Ed
= 816 kNm > M
b,Rd
, resistance to lateral torsional buckling is inadequate.
(more conservative!)
Less conservative method Eq. 6.57
Re-design the beam Options?
38
5m 5m
67.5 kN +150 kN
6.75 kN/m+15 kN/m
217.5 kN 217.5 kN
UB 533210101 in S355 steel is inadequate
Design Table Page D-65
Select
533x312x182 UB S355 Steel,
Buckling resistance
M
by,Rd
= 965kNm > 816kNm
OK
UB 533210101 in S355 steel is
NOT adequate
M
Ed
=816kNm
L = 10 m
C
1
= 1.0
Design Table Page D-103
533x312x182 UB S355 Steel,
Design shear resistance
V
c,Rd
= 1740 kN > 217.5 kN
OK
Page D-65
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B C
Example URB2
The simply supported beam shown below is restrained laterally at the ends and at the
points of load applications only. For the given loading, design the beam in S275 steel.
3m 3m 3m
Permanent:
self-weight: 3 kN/m
point load, beam 1, G
k1
= 40 kN
point load, beam 2, G
k2
= 20 kN
Beam1 Beam2
Imposed:
point load, beam 1, Q
k1
= 60 kN
point load, beam 2, Q
k2
= 30 kN
A D
40
Design loads:
UDL =3 1.35 =4.05 kN/m
F
D1
=40 1.35 +60 1.5 =144 kN;
F
D2
=20 1.35 +30 1.5 =72 kN
144 kN 72 kN
4.05 kN/m
3m 3m 3m
138.2
126.1
17.9
30.1
102.1
114.2
Shear (kN)
Bending (kNm)
396.5
324.5
A
B C
D
For beam segment within intermediate lateral restraints, C
1
= 1.0
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42
M
Ed
= 396.5kNm ; L
cr
= 3m
Page C-67
Select 457x 191 x 82 UB S275 steel, M
b,Rd
= 421 kNm > 396 kNm
Tutorial questions
What are the main different behaviour between laterally
restrained and un-restrained steel beam?
Unrestrained beam deflects and buckles laterally
What are the main factors affecting the bending capacity of
laterally unrestrained steel beams?
Unbraced length, cross sectional shapes, loading, end support
conditions etc.
How do we prevent lateral torsional buckling of beams?
Use hollow sections; provide adequate lateral bracing
How do we ensure lateral restraints are effective?
Need to anchor the lateral tie
43

4 Unrestrained Beams - 2011

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LTB involves both a lateral deflection

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