ISDN 1

ISDN
Jacek Ilow
j.ilow@dal.ca
ISDN 2
Outline
l$08 $0f9l008 80 ##ll08ll08
Basic Rate Interface
Primary Rate Interface
Complementary Services
Variations and Incompatibilities
ll00fl 80 N8ll0800 lM#ll08ll08
Traffic Issues
Trunking with PRI
Terminal Illnesses
Voice vs. Data in the Telco
Digital Switched Network Issues
ISDN 3
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
l$08 l8 8 l0l08l 00lf0Nl0 0l 0llllI8ll0 0l F$18
l$08 88l #f09l008 lN0 0lf00ll 8Nll0000 4 k0l800 "8"
0080l8 80 00 #80k0l 8Nll0000 1 k0l800 "0" 0080l
090f 00 0l08000 00##0f #8lf, 00lN00 l00 008l0M0f'8
0q0l#M0l 80 8 l0l00 00lf8l 0lll00 8Nll00.
l800 8 0080l 08 08ff l00 080f'8 90l00 80 l 0f 08l8
ll0fM8ll0.
100 0 0080l 08ffl08 8l8ll M088808 00lN00 l00
080f'8 0q0l#M0l 80 l00 0lN0fk, 80 08 0#ll08ll
08ff #80k0l 8Nll0000 080f 08l8 l0 80 lf0M 8 k.Z
0lN0fk.
ISDN 4
BRI
100 8f00ll00l0f0 0l l$08 088l08ll l0ll0N8 l08l 0l l00 0$l
80l0f000 N000l
0000ll08 090f 8 8 0080l
circuit-switched (the user places a call and connection is
established)
packet-switched (the user is connected to a packet switching
node -X.25, Frame Relay)
semipermanent (equivalent to a leased line)
l 08808, l00 lf800 8M0 l0f 88l l8 Nl0f0llk.
ISDN 5
ISDN Circuit-Switching Concept
OSI Layer 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Local
exchange
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B

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Control
OSI Layer 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Local
exchange
D

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B

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Control
CCSS No.7 network
Digital
Network
ISDN User #1
OSI layer
ISDN User #2
OSI layer
Control Plane
User Plane
ISDN 6
BRI Configurations
100 l0ll0Nl 00ll0f8ll08 8f0 0ll0f00 0 80M0 0l 0880l8l0l008.
2B Both B channels are active, and can carry voice or
data X.25 access via the D channel is inactive.
2B+D The same as 2B, but with D channel packet access
active.
1B+D One B channel is active, and carries voice or data.
D channel packet access is active.
2VB+D The same as 2B+D, but with the B channels
configured to carry voice calling only.
1VB+D The same as lB+D, with the B channel configured
to carry voice only.
0l00f 00ll0f8ll08 0Kl8l N0l00 8f0 0l 0l 0ll0f00
lB One B channel is active, and can carry voice/data.
OB+D Only D packet access is active.
ISDN 7
Network Services Supported
l$08 #f09l008 800088 l0 M8 0lN0fk 80f9l008, #flM8fll
l0080 08800 0 l00 F$18.
local and long distance voice telephony, including equal
access to competitors' long distance services
termination of 800 service
local and long distance circuit switched 56,64 kb/sec data
service via the Digital Switched Network (DSN)
X.25 packet switched networks, including competitor and
private networks
Advantage Vnet and competing virtual private networks
(under development)
0l00f l#08 0l 800088 M8 00 80000 l l0l0f0.
access to dedicated facilities (e.g. Megaroute, Digital
Channel Service)
access to frame relay networks such as Hyperstream
dialup 64 kblsec access to X.25 networks
ISDN 8
ISDN Reference Points
80l0f000 #0ll8
R (rate) non-ISDN equip
complaying with X/V CCITT
T (terminal) minimal net config at
CPE
S (system) ISDN terminals
f00ll08l f00#l8
NT2 network termination -device
with upto 3 OSI layer functionality
(router, PBX)
NT1 functions of the OSI layer 1
TE1 - supports ISDN interface
TA terminal adapter
TE1
TE1 TA NT2 NT1
NT12
NT2 NT1
S
T
R
ISDN 9
ISDN Protocol Architecture
at the User-Network Interface
80lN0fk
08ll 00lf0l
#.9J1
k.Z
F80k0l l090l
08l8 llk
lF0 I#.9Z1l .1Z0 0f lf8M0 f0l8 lF8
F08l08l
l.4J0 088l0 ll0fl800 l.4J1 #flM8f ll0fl800
$l8l F80k0l 0lf00ll
8Nll00000
$0Ml
#0fM80l
F80k0l
8Nll0000
0 0080l 8 0080l
ISDN 10
BRI Applications
88l l8 #f000Ml8ll 0800 l0f 08l8 8##ll08ll08.
Remote access to LAN's (teleworking and telecommuting)
Dialup LAN bridging
Dialup videoconferencing
Internet access
Point-of-sale service and access to transaction processing
hosts (via D channel packet)
High quality (7/15 kHz) audio transmission
88l 0ll0f8 8 00q08ll00 00M0l8ll0 0l Nl00 898ll80llll,
0l8l0# 800088 l0 8lM08l 8N00f0, 80 0l0 080Nl0l0
N0l00 l8 l008l l0f 8##ll08ll08 8000 88 l0080.
ISDN 11
ISDN Call-Control Protocol
Ff0l000l 0l80flMl8l0f.
used to distinguish messages for user-
network call control
08ll f0l0f000.
identifies the B-channel call to which this
message refers
N08880 l#0.
identifies which 1.45 1/Q.931 message is
being sent e.g. SETUP, DISCONNECT.
100 00l0l8 0l l00 f0M8l00f 0l l00 M08880
00#00 0 l00 M08880 l#0.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Protocol discriminator
Call ref value
Message type
Other info elements
as required
Length of
call-ref value
0 0 0 0
Flag
0
ISDN 12
Q.931 Messages
0lf00llM000 0000ll0 00lf0l.
refers to the functions needed to set up, maintain, and cleara
circuit-switched connection on a B channel. This function
corresponds to call control in existing circuit-switching
telecommunications networks.
F80k0lM000 8000880000ll0 00lf0l.
refers to the functions needed to set up a circuit-switched
connection (called an access connection in this context) to
an ISDN packet-switching node; this connects the user to
the packet-switching network furnished by the ISDN
provider.
ISDN 13
Q.931 Messages...
080fl0080f 8l8ll 0l 88800l8l00 Nll0 0lf00ll
8Nll0000 08ll8.
allows two users to communicate without setting up a
circuit-switched connection. A temporary signaling
connection is established and cleared in a manner similar to
the control of a circuit-switched connection. Signaling takes
place over the D channel and thus does not consume B-
channel resources.
ISDN 14
Functions of Q.931 messages
08ll 08l80ll80M0l.
used to set up a call initially. This group includes messages
between the calling terminal and the network and between
the network and the called terminal.
08ll ll0fM8ll0.
sent between user and network once a call has been set up
but prior to the disestablishment (termination) phase. One of
the messages in that group allows the network to relay,
without modification, information between the two users of
the call.
08ll 0l08fl.
sent between user and network in order to terminate a call.
Nl800ll80008.
to negotiate network features (supplementary services).
ISDN 15
LAPD Protocol
080k0Nl0000 0#0f8ll0.
Layer-3 information is transferred in unnumbered frames.
Error detection is used to discard damaged frames, but there
is no error control or flow control.
0k0Nl0000 0#0f8ll0.
Layer-3 information is transferred in frames that include
sequence numbers and are acknowledged. Error-control and
flow-control procedures are included in theprotocol. This
type is also referred to in the standard as multiple-frame
operation.
10080 lN0 l#08 0l 0#0f8ll0 M8 000Kl8l 0 8 8ll0
0 0080l.
ISDN 16
LAPD Frame
lF0 0M#l08 8 lN0#8fl 800f088, 008l8ll 0l
8 l0fMl8l00#0ll l00llll0f I1lll 80 8
80f9l00800088#0ll l00llll0f I$Fll.
1#l08ll, 0800 080f 009l00 l8 l90 8 0lq00
l0fMl8l00#0ll l00llll0f.
100 80f9l00800088#0ll l00llll0f l00llll08
8 l80fJ 080f 0l lF0 80 l008 00ff08#008 l0
8 l80fJ #f0l000l 0lll Nll0l 8 080f 009l00.
$Fl 80 1ll 8f0 k0N 88 l00 08l8 llk
000ll0 l00llll0f I0l0ll
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Flag
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
TEI
Control
I and S frames - 2 octets
U frames - octet
C/R 0 SAPI
1
Frame-check sequence
Flag
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Information
ISDN layer 3
ISDN 17
SAPI and TE Assignments
1ll 8l00 080f 1#0
0-63 Nonautomatic TEI assignment user equipment
64-126 Automatic TEI assignment user equipment
127 Used during automatic TEI assignment
$Fl 8l00 80l8l00 Ff0l000l 0f N880M0l llll
0 Call-control procedures
1 Reserved for packet-mode communication using
I.451 call-control procedures
16 Packet communication conforming to X.25 level 3
32-62 Frame-relay communication
63 Layer-2 management procedures
All othersReserved for future standardization
ISDN 18
Physical Layer
F80000l0f8f 0f Z81#, 88l$ Il0Ml
ff8M0 8lf00l0f0 8l 80l. F0ll $ l0f 88 00088
F L B1 L D L Fa L B2 L D L B1 L D L B2 L D L
48 bits in 250 sec
F - framing bit
L - DC balancing bit
E - D-channel echo bit
Fa- aux. framing bit
M - multiframing bit
B1 B-channel bits (16 bits per frame)
B2 B- channel bits (16 bits per frame)
D D - channel bits (16 bits per frame)
S spare bits
ISDN 19
Contention in the D-channel
100 00080l 00l0ll0f080l0ll0 8l0fll0M.
When a subscriber device has no LAPD frames to transmit,
it transmits a series of binary 1s on the D channel. Using the
pseudoternary encoding scheme, this corresponds to the
absence of line signal.
The NT, on receipt of a D-channel bit, reflects back the
binary value as a D-channel echo bit.
When a terminal is ready to transmit an LAPD frame, it
listens to the stream of incoming D-channel echo bits. If it
detects a string of 1 bits of length equal to a threshold value
based on the priority class for this LAPD frame, it may
transmit. Otherwise, waits.
It may happen that several terminals are monitoring the echo
stream and begin to transmit at the same time, causing a
collision. To overcome this condition, a transmitting TE
monitors the echo bits.
The electrical characteristics of the interface (i.e., 1 bit =
absence of signal) are such that any user equipment
transmitting a 0 bit will override user equipment transmitting
a 1 bit at the same instant. This arrangement ensures that
one device will be guaranteed successful completion of its
transmission.
ISDN 20
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
F8l #f09l008 0# l0 Z44 k0l800 8 0080l8 0 8 0$1
800088 l0 8 l0l00 00lf8l 0lll00 8Nll00.
l800 8 0080l 08 00 0800 l0f 90l00 0f 08l8 8l 8 llM0.
ll l00 8 0080l8 8f0 00lf0ll00 0 8l8ll M088808
08ffl00 0 00 0f M0f0 4 k0 0 0080l8.
100 0 0080lI8l l F8' 00 0l 08ff 080f 08l8.
l 08808, l00 lf800 8M0 l0f F8l l8 N08llk.
ISDN 21
PRI Configurations
F8l 00ll0f8ll08 8f0 00l0fMl00 l l8f0 #8fl 0 l00
08#80lllll08 0l l00 008l0M0f #f0Ml808 0q0l#M0l I0Fll.
ll l00 0Fl 08 80##0fl 0l80llll 88800l8l00 8l8ll,
l00 8 F8l M8 008l8l 0l 00 "ZJ80 0$1 80 8090f8l
"Z48" 0$1'8. 100 8ll0 0 0080l 00lf0l 8ll l00 8
0080l8 0 8ll l00 0$1'8.
ll l00 0Fl 080l 80##0fl 0l80llll 88800l8l00
8l8ll, l00 F8l M08l 008l8l 0l 00 0f M0f0 ZJ80'8.
l800 0 0080l 0l 00lf0l8 l00 8 0080l8 0 l00 88M0
0$1.
ISDN 22
Network Services Supported
N08l l0l008 80##0fl l00 l0ll0Nl.
local and long distance voice calling, including equal access
to competitors' long distance networks
termination of 800 and/or 900 service
local and long distance circuit switched 56,64 kb/sec data
service via the Digital Switched Network (DSN)
Advantage Vnet and competing virtual private networks
Ml0fll 0l l0l008 0ll0f l00 l0ll0Nl.
proprietary PRI interworking between Centrex and the Ml
PBX
access to dedicated facilities
ISDN 23
PRI Applications
8008080 0l ll8 l0N #fl00 f0l8ll90 l0 88l0 lf0k8,
N08llk l8 00l 0089ll 0800 l 08808 l0f lf0k
f0#l800M0l.
8080ll0f8 80 00M#0lll0f8 080 N08llk 0Kl08l90l 88 8
0l8l0# 8ll0f8ll90 l0 0q08l 800088.
8008080 ll 80##0fl8 0llll 0 l00Ml 08ll8 80 0ll0f8
f8#l0 08ll 80l0# llM0, N08llk l8 0Klf0M0l #0#0l8f l0f
08ll 00lf0 0#0f8ll08.
8M8ll 00l f0Nl lf80ll0 0l l00 N08llk M8fk0l
008l8l8 0l 08l8 8##ll08ll08 8000 88 0l0 q08lll
9l00000l0f00l 80 0l8l00 080k0# l0f 08l8 0lN0fk8.
ISDN 24
Complementary Services
ll 0l l00 0lN0fk 80f9l008 l00llll00 08fll0f 8f0 l 8
8080 00M#l0M0l8f 80f9l008, 00l l00 M08l lM#0fl8l l8
l00 0$8. l$08 800088 80 l00 0$8 000 0800 0l00f l0 00
080l0l l0 008l0M0f8.
100f0 8f0 8l80 00M#l0M0l8f 800088 80f9l008 N0l00 08
80##0fl 80M0 0l l00 8##ll08ll08 0l l$08. 10080 8l0 l$08
0 080ll 8 008l0M0f l0 080 l00 8##ll08ll0 090 ll l$08
l8 0l 898ll80l0 l 80M0 0l 0l8 l008ll08.
100 M08l lM#0fl8l 00M#l0M0l8f 800088 80f9l008 8f0
"8Nll0000 " 80f9l008 8000 88 00lf0K 08l8 80 08l80l8l
, N0l00 8f0 l000l08ll 8lM08l l00 88M0.
ISDN 25
Variations and Incompatibilities
100 l$08 8l808f08 0090l0#00 0 l00 00l11 Il101l 80
8$l 8f0 0l 8#00lll0 0000 l0 080f0 ll0f0#0f80llll.
ll0f0#0f80llll l 80fl0 M0fl08 l8 00l 800l0900
l0f000 l00 88ll08l l$08 8f00M0l8 I0l 8l808f08l,
N0l00 8f0 0000M0l00 0 80ll00f0.
ISDN 26
Moving Towards Interoperability
88l l0000l0 lf0M 98fl008 9000f8 0008M0 #8fll
ll0f0#0f80l0 Nll0 88ll08l l$081.
Basic operation (terminal activation, call setup and dialing) is
compatible.
This is sufficient for most data applications, but sophisticated
voice features are still implemented differently by vendors.
NI-2 and NI-3 increase the number of interoperable and
uniform features, and make the interface more uniform
technically.
F8l 0l0`l 0000M0 ll0f0#0f80l0 0f 008l8l0l 00l0f0 8lZ.
The NI-i agreements permitted each vendor to continue
selling his existing proprietary PRI. Many PBX's offer
multiple PRI protocols.
NI-2 delivers considerable interface uniformity and
consistency in the coding of parameters. NI-3 adds important
maintenance capabilities.
ISDN 27
Engineering and Maintenance
Implications
l$08 l8 #f0080l l00 l8f08l l000l08l 0080 l0 l00
ll0fl800 00lN00 l00 0lN0fk 80 l00 l0fMl8l 8l00 l00
l90ll0 0l l00 l0l0#000 ll80ll.
100 08#80lllll08 0l l$08 l0f0880 l00 F$18'8 0880llll l0f
090l00 8##ll08ll08 Nll0 0lf80lll08l lf8lll0
008f80l0fl8ll08, N0l00 f080ll8 l M0f0 80 M0f0 0l l0l8
l#0 0l lf8lll0.
10080 l80l0f8 0f08l0 0N 80 008ll0l #f00l0M8 lf0M
l00 0l00fl 80 0#0f8ll08 #0f8#00ll908, 008ll008
N0l00 0Kl8ll l0l00 M0l0008 80 #f00000f08 00 0l
080l0 088ll.
ISDN 28
Data Traffic and Holding Times
l8f0 #f0#0fll0 0l l$08 lf8lll0 I08#. 88ll l8 0lf00ll
8Nll0000 ~ 08ll8, N0l00 0890 M000 l00f 890f80
00l0l llM08 l08 90l00 08ll8.
80fM8l 0l00ll08 l0f lf0k f00# 8lIl, 8Nll00 08#80ll
#l8l, 80 8Nll00 #0fl#00f8l 0l00fl I08#00l8ll
08l00 llk8 0 0000lf8ll M000l08l 0808ll 8880M0
#0f ll0 lf8lll0 l090l8 Il 00$l l08l 8f0 l#l08l l0f 90l00
0880.
ll l0080 0l00ll08 8f0 8##ll00 l0 l8l8ll8ll08 Nll0 8 0l0
#f0#0fll0 0l l$08, l00 00'l N0fkI
ll 00 8f0 00l lf8lll0 0l00fl l0f 88l, 8lN88 0000k
l0f l00 0ll00l8 0l 0l0 00$ IZ0J0 #0f 8 0080ll.
ISDN 29
Rapid Messaging
10l8 l8 l00 0##08ll0 0l l00 "l0 00l0l llM0" #f00l0M.
88#l0 M0888l 0000f8 N00090f 0000 8l8ll
M088808 8f0 0K00800 q0l0kl 0000 l0 090fl080 8
00lf0l #f000880f l 0ll00f l00 8Nll00 0f l00 l0fMl8l.
N0ll0 l0 00l0l llM0 090fl0808 lf0k f00#8, llk8 80
#0fl8, f8#l0 M0888l 090fl0808 00lf0l #f000880f8.
l$08 l8 0lq00l 90l0f80l0 l0 f8#l0 M0888l l0f lN0
f08808.
The intelligent signaling protocol enables terminals and
switches to exchange more information more quickly, and to
do this independently of demands to set up or take down a
call.
The load on control processors per signaling event is higher
than in the case of traditional "dumb" signaling.
ISDN 30
Terminal Illnesses
l8f0 lf80ll0 0l l$08 M8ll0800 #f00l0M8 0fll8l0
l l00 0Fl, l0000 80M0 8##08f 8 l0 00 0lN0fk #f00l0M8
00MM0 88l 0Fl #f00l0M8.
higher level protocol mismatch between terminals (e.g.
H.261 vs. proprietary video encoding algorithms)
error in entering service profile ID (SPID)
voice feature not operating as expected by customer
inverse multiplexer handshake failures, or numbers dialed in
wrong sequence (BRI or PRI)
00MM0 F8l 0Fl #f00l0M8.
selection of wrong protocol version (e.g. 5ESS or DMS-1OO)
invalid CLID programmed for outgoing calls
failure to return CONNECT message
ISDN 31
Terminal Illnesses
N8 0l00f #f00l0M8 f080ll lf0M Ml8M8l0008 00lN00
0Fl 80 0lN0fk, N00f0 0ll00f 00 l8 Nf0 00l l00 8f0
0l l00 88M0.
signaling messages which mean different things to each end
which mean something to only one end (e.g. status
messages)
facility associated vs. non-facllity associated signaling on
PRI
meanings of specific Call Type/Service Identifier values on
PRI
ISDN 32
Voice vs. Data in the Telco
10l0#000 00M#8l08 0890 lf80lll08ll lf08l00 90l00
80 08l8 80f9l00 88 00M#l0l0l 80#8f8l0, Nll0 80#8f8l0
l000l08l 80##0fl 80 l8l8ll8ll0 #00#l0, 80#8f8l0
M0l0008 80 #f00000f08, 80 80#8f8l0 0l00fl 80
#l8l.
8 8 f080ll, M08l 90l00 #00#l0 000f8l80 0l0l 8000l
#f0l000l8, 0ll 0ff0f f8l08, 0f #80k0l8, 80 M08l 08l8
#00#l0 000f8l80 0l0l 8000l 8Nll00l, 0M00fl
80 f00ll, 80 lf8lll0 0l00fl.
ISDN 33
Voice vs. Data in the Telco
l008 l l0l008 0890 lf80lll08ll 000 N0ll 00ll00. 0l00
#00#l0 l00 l0 l0lk l08l 8l0l l90l9l 0ll8 80
#f0l000l8 l8 0l l00lf (00. 08l8 #00#l0 l00 l0 l0lk l08l
8l0l l90l9l 00 8Nll0008 l8 0l l00lf (00.
ISDN 34
Digital Switched Network Issues
ll0000 08808'8 0$8 N0fk8 90f N0ll, 8#00l8l
0llll00lll08 080 l0 00 090f00M0.
supporting calls in both directions between ISDN B channels
and 56 kb Centrex Data/DataDial 56 lines
assigning an appropriate bearer capability to 56 kb calls
originated from switches that are not DM5-1OO's
forecasting the capacity requirements for 64 kb interoffice
trunking
interconnecting to foreign carriers with abnormal designs
(e.g.MCI's inability to use bearer capability information)
significantly more complicated interconnection testing
requirements
elimination or control of echo cancellers in the long distance
network, and of digital pads (attenuators) in the local network