Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GEOPHYSICALCORNER
Figure 2
Figures courtesy of William C. Pearson
Figure 1(top) The Rulison Gas Field, located in Colorados Piceance Basin. Figure 2 3-D magnetic block model with computed field and shaded image of first horizontal derivative amplitude. The peaks of the horizontal derivative amplitude overlie the linear block boundaries (faults).
MAY 2001
Figure 3 (left) Shaded-relief image of horizontal derivative amplitude of the 5,000-6,000-foot depth-sliced, reduced-topole magnetic intensity. The sun in the northeast illuminates several northwest fault trends. Orange lines are AUTOFAULT picks of faults within Rulison Gas Field. Figure 4 (right) Another view of the same shaded-relief image of the same horizontal derivative amplitude, this time with the sun in the northwest illuminating weak northeast trends. Again, orange lines are AUTOFAULT picks.
Figure 5 (left) SUNMAG image with block AUTOFAULT lines shows faults identified by 5,000-6,000-foot depth-sliced, filtered reduced-to-pole magnetic field. Color key in upper left corner shows direction of dip for each color. Rectangular window shows location of Figure 6 (right), which is a contoured estimated ultimate recovery from wells in the Rulison Gas Field (GRI, 1997). Interpreted faults from 3-D seismic (red) and from aeromagnetic survey (yellow) produce lateral seals to the tight gas sand compartments within the field. The footprint of the full-fold 3D seismic survey is outlined in black.
Aeromagnetics
from previous page
conversion. The figure displays a synthetic block model, its magnetic field model and a shaded relief image of the first horizontal derivative amplitude. The magnetic anomaly has its steepest gradient (dip) over the bounding faults of the body. Nearly linear intrasedimentary faults or lateral termination of slightly magnetic sands produce correspondingly linear observed magnetic gradients that can be imaged in the same manner. Figure 3 (page 53) is a northeast sun shaded relief image of the horizontal derivative grid over the Rulison Gas Field. Townships are overlaid in blue for location and scale. Actual subsurface fault/lineament locations are at linear trends, where lighter slopes facing the northeast sun turn to dark away from the sun toward the southwest. The line of change from light to dark is highlighted in pink, and is the fault/lineament location. Figure 4 (page 53) demonstrates a northwest sun angle for the same area, highlighting anomaly trends that are much weaker in a northeast orientation. Real time sun angle rotation on the computer screen is very helpful for detecting lineaments of a preferred orientation. Highlighting All Dip Directions A new method of lineament detection uses the full horizontal gradient, including both amplitude and azimuth. Figure 5 (above) shows a color SUNMAG image showing all dip directions as a unique color, with the color key superimposed in the top left corner of the figure. SUNMAG imaging delineates lineaments of all orientations simultaneously and, in fact, picks up more subtle faults than the gray singledirection sun shadowgraphs, because the horizontal gradient direction is a more sensitive indicator of fault anomalies than the gradient amplitude alone. The computer automatically detects faults with an AUTOFAULT algorithm based upon a neural network technique for detecting discontinuities in the horizontal gradient azimuth and amplitude data. The AUTOFAULT computer fault picks are superimposed as black lines on the figure 5 SUNMAG image to highlight dip compartments between faults.
MAY 2001