English Prepositions A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation

to another word or element, as in: Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to. Some common prepositions are: about by outside above despite over across down past after during since against except through along for throughout among from till around in to at inside toward before into under behind like underneath below near until beneath of up beside off upon between on with

beyond onto within but out without. Prepositions typically come before a noun: For example:

after class at home before Tuesday in London on fire with pleasure

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. For example:

The book is on the table. The book is beside the table. She read the book during class.

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time. Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.

Simple prepositions Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above. For example:

The book is on the table.

Compound prepositions Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words. For example:

The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings. The book is in front of the clock.

Examples:

The children climbed the mountain without fear. There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated. The spider crawled slowly along the banister.

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions of Time: English

on

Usage days of the week months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now)

Example

on Monday

in

in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour

at

at night at the weekend at half past nine

since

since 1980

for

for 2 years

English

ago

Usage a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time telling the time telling the time marking the beginning and end of a period of time in the sense of how long something is going to last in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time

Example

2 years ago

before to past

before 2004 ten to six (5:50) ten past six (6:10) from Monday to/till Friday

to / till / until

till / until

He is on holiday until Friday.

by

I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five

English

Usage

Example pages.

Prepositions of Place: English

in

Usage room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with

Example in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work the picture on the wall

at

on

English

Usage a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio left or right of somebody or something on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but above ground

Example London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table

by, next to, beside

under

below

the fish are below the surface

English

over

Usage covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle higher than something else, but not directly over it getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side something with limits on top, bottom and the sides

Example

put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall

above

a path above the lake

across

walk across the bridge swim across the lake

through

drive through the tunnel

English

to

Usage movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something in the sense of where from

Example

go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house

into

towards

onto

jump onto the table a flower from the garden

from

ASK AND GIVE DIRECTIONS Untuk menanyakan arah (ask directions) ada banyak cara atau kalimat tanya yang bisa kita gunakan. Berikut beberapa contoh yang bisa digunakan. Menanyakan arah ke musium:

Where is the museum? Can you tell me where the museum is? Im looking for the museum. Can you direct me to the museum?

Ketika bertanya di jalan atau menginterupsi orang yang sedang melakukan sesuatu, awalilah dengan Excuse me. Agar lebih sopan, bisa juga tambahkan please di akhir kalimat. Masih ingat dengan preposition? Berikut prepositions of location and directionyang digunakan untuk memberitahu arah (give directions).

into (ke dalam) out of (keluar dari) along (sepanjang) past (melewati tempat)

through (melewati di dalam ruangan atau trowongan) at the end of (di ujung) in front of (di depan) next to/beside (di sebelah) on (di atas) opposite/across (di seberang) in/inside (di dalam) behind (di belakang) at the bottom/top of (di bawah/atas sebuah gedung) in the corner (di pojok).

Selain preposition, penting juga untuk mengetahui verbs of direction. Dengan kata lain bagaimana cara mengatakan belok kiri, lurus, dsb.

turn left (belok kiri) turn right (belok kanan) go down (turun) go up (naik) go through (lewati) go out of (keluar dari) go along (ikuti jalan) go straight (lurus) go across/go over (menyebrangi/melintasi)

walk (jika sedang berjalan kaki).

Biasanya asking and giving directions terjadi di dalam (indoor) maupun luar (outdoor) gedung. Gunakan kata atau frase sesuai dengan situasinya. Next,

Frase penting lain yang bisa digunakan:

on your left/right (di sebelah kiri/kanan) you wont miss it (tidak mgkn terlewatkan) its quite near/not too far (cukup dekat).

Senin Preference PREFERENCE(LEBIH MEMILIHDARIPADA.)

Setiap saat setiap waktu pasti kita akan dihadapkan padapermasalahan ini. Lebih memilih ini dibandingkan ini atau itu..nah dalambahasa inggris pun kita dapat menggunakan hal tersebut, akan tetapi selalu adarumus dan bentuk donkhihihihi.ok check dulu yang paling dasar dari semua,paling tidak belajar dari dasar dan yang paling sering digunakan.

1.Prefer .............. To .................. Prefer is followed by Noun and Gerund (Verb1 + ing) Formula 1 : Prefer + Noun + To + Noun Example : I prefer Mango to orange Formula 2 : Prefer + Gerund + To + Gerund

Example : I prefer cooking to sewing

2. Like .............. better than ............... Like and better than is followed by Noun and Gerund (Verb1 + ing) Formula 1 : like + Noun + better than + Noun Example : I like Mango better than orange Formula 2 : like + Gerund + better than + Gerund Example : I like cooking better than sewing

3. Would rather............. than ................ Would rather and than is followed by Verb1 Formula 1 : would rather + verb 1 + than + verb 1 Example : I would rather eat Mango than eat orange I would rather cook rice than sew clothes 4. Would Prefer .................rather than ..................

Would prefer is followed by : To + verb 1 and rather than is followed by :Verb1 Formula 1 : would prefer + to verb 1 + rather than + verb 1 Example : I would prefer to eat Mango rather than eat orange I would prefer to cook rice rather than sew clothes B. Direction : Study the following explanation in dialogue usage. Preference means liking one thing better than other. See the following examples: Questioner says : Which do you prefer/like better tea or coffee? Football or tennis?

Travelling by air or by sea? Sunbathing or swimming? Writing or receiving letters? What would you Prefer to / rather do, study arts or science? study in your country or in England? Go to university or travel around the world? Get married or remain single? Would you like to / shall we go out this evening? go to the cinema tonight ? Watch TV this afternoon ? Have a nice meal tonight Have a chinese meal ?

Answerer says : Yes ....... I prefer .......................

I like ................ better. Id prefer to ............... Id Rather ..................... No ....... Thank you. Id prefer to .............. Id rather ............... Id Rather not. C. Direction : Read the following dialogue and practice it. Student : I need to find a part-time job to help support my self through theschool. Councellor : What kind of job do you want? Student : I would rather work at the office Councellor : Do you have any skill? Student : I can type pretty well using a typewriter. I prefer typing withtypewriter to a computer Councellor : How fast can you type? Student : About one hundred and twenty words a

minute Councellor : Go to the poersonal Office and check to see if there any part-timeclerical openings. Student : Is there any test for me? Councellor : Of course there is. Performance or interview Student : Actually, I like performance test better than interview. Thank youanyway.

English exercise : 1. Make the dialogue by using the preference a. Prefer ----- to ----b. Like ------ better than -----c. Would rather -------- than -----d. Would prefer -------- rather than ------Hortatory Exposition Text Definition of Hortatory Exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the

attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

HORTATOTY EXPOSITION 10 Examples of Hortatory Exposition Text Examples of Hortatory Exposition Text :

1.The Importance of Speaking English

English nowadays has an important role in our daily life. It is the massive means of communication. Is there a strong argument which says that English will not give any benefit? Learning to speak English well may be the best way to improve our life. It seems all the people in the world

have agreed to use English to talk to each other. About 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English. While another 1,000,000,000 are still learning English. If we can communicate in English, we can contact people from all over the world. We can talk about our ideas and opinions on Internet discussion groups. We can chat with other interesting people to learn about their life and culture. If we can communicate in English, we can travel more easily. English is spoken in more than 100 countries. If we lost, we can ask directions or ask for help. Who knows, English will save our life somewhere someday. That is why we should make every effort possible to find somebody to speak with. Where can we find people who can speak English with us? We can find them at school, shopping mall, tourist destination, etc Above all, don't be afraid to speak English. We must try to speak, even if we make mistakes. We cannot

learn without mistakes. So, speak English as much as possible!

2.Television for Social Construction

Television is today a part of daily life. It is not only a source of entertainment but also news and information. television is also a valuable tool for science, education and industry What makes television even more interesting is that action is accompanied by sound, so that we can see as well as hear what on the television. Today we can stay at home and enjoy entertainment that once could be seen only in cinema, theaters and sport arenas. Television enables to meet important people. It can bring important guests and important scene to receivers who are located anywhere. Television has a great influence on our idea about what is right and what is wrong. It influences the way which we should behave. Television has close related

to our life in general. Some times the value and life style we get from television are in conflict with those that we get at home and school. Critics point out that crime and TV show often appeal to taste for violence, while many games and quizzes appeal to greedy. it is important to suggest that television should be used for socially constructive purpose for the shake of better life.

3.Online Job

Online jobs are selected in part-time employment for many, and some have taken more seriously. A growing number of people are willing to take a job online. Working online has its advantages if we manage efectively. Why not? It offers flexibility and convenience that no other job can give. We can work from home with minimal investment and get a good income. The idea of adding

weight to our pocket and makes life easier and comfortable is the most reassuring. The reason behind this great opportunity is that every day there are new companies to join. Every day and every minute men are seeking information aboute verything under the sky of the Internet. As we know, the Internet is the answer to every question, web sites need to update each section and also add reports on developments that have recently joined. Therefore, it is an expansive space for articles. There are a number of jobs we can work online. Some of them which strongly recommeded are writing, marketing, stock trading, and online education. However we should be very careful because scamming opportunities are always there.

4.Gesang Should hold a National Hero Status

"Those who don't learn from history are condemned to repeat it" and "A great nation is one which fully appreciates its heroes." say popular English aphorism and national adage. Then, proposing an important person who has taken a role in our nation history is important. I think Gesang should be a national hero. Who have never heard Bengawan Solo song? I doubt it if there is. This keroncong song has been a part of national voices. Gesang is a senior composer whose songs gained fame all the way to Japan. He has received a number of awards in art and everyone will admit that his art talent was dedicated to this nation. Government has declared the other great composer; WR. Suratman and Ismail Marzuki as national Heroes. Gesang might not be compared to others, but in my opinion, Gesang is as great as them. All of them are maestros. Due to his keroncong music maestro, Gesang has taken a role in building our national identity. It is obvious that government should name Gesang National Hero. We should not delay and wait for, in

case, our neighbor countries or other international communities go a head to recognize him and grant an award for what he deserves.

5.Tourism Benefit on Local People

What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, Tourism is now a huge contributor to the economies of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money, job vacancy and advancement especially to developing regions. However, this money often goes into the pockets of foreign investors, and only rarely benefits for local people.

Tourism industries will not give much benefit for local people if, for example, multinational hotel chains don't care about the surrounding nature when they build new hotels. This can cause many social, cultural and geographical problems. Some local people may get job and money from that International hotel chain.

However in case of missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own environment. Moreover, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit and spend their money in restaurants, bars and even luxury hotels of that multinational chains. They less go to such places; restaurant, bar, hotel, shop which are owned by local people. This can prevent the local people's business from becoming even larger. Most important thing, tours or excursions of tourism have little effect on nature. Even it can disrupt or destroy ecosystems and environments, and if it does, the local people will get the risk.

So the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that tourism will make the benefit spreading widely. The policies should guarantee that tourism will not cause any harm to any local people or places.

6.Removing Lead From Patrol

In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn't seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country. While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see the another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads. Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don't seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about. I feel that the country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

7.Learning English through music and songs is Fun

Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning. Firstly, the song stuck in my head Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory. Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although

usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample. Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types dont have precise people, place or time reference. In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution. Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.

8.Example in daily writing

Dear friend, Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of working all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired of having enough money to really enjoy yourself? Well, now there is a way out. We can show the way to give up work. Sit back and make millions for yourself and your loved ones on property market. Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our leaflet. Now he drives a sport car arround the South of France and his wife has one of her own too.

9.More Dust Bins Is leaner

Dear friend, Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of working all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired of having enough money to really enjoy yourself? Well, now there is a way out. We can show the way to give up work. Sit back and make millions for yourself and your loved ones on property market. Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our leaflet. Now he drives a sport car arround the South of France and his wife has one of her own too.

10.Television for Social Construction

Television is today a part of daily life. It is not only a source of entertainment but also news and information. television is also a valuable tool for science, education and industry

What makes television even more interesting is that action is accompanied by sound, so that we can see as well as hear what on the television. Today we can stay at home and enjoy entertainment that once could be seen only in cinema, theaters and sport arenas. Television enables to meet important people. It can bring important guests and important scene to receivers who are located anywhere. Television has a great influence on our idea about what is right and what is wrong. It influences the way which we should behave. Television has close related to our life in general. Some times the value and life style we get from television are in conflict with those that we get at home and school. Critics point out that crime and TV show often appeal to taste for violence, while many games and quizzes appeal to greedy. it is important to suggest that television should be used for socially constructive purpose for the shake of better life.

Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. There are three Degrees of Comparison in English. They are: 1. Positive degree. 2. Comparative degree. 3. Superlative degree. Let us see all of them one by one. 1.Positive degree. When we speak about only one person or thing, We

use the Positive degree. Examples: This house is big. In this sentence only one noun The house is talked about. He is a tall student. This flower is beautiful. He is an intelligent boy. Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun. The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is... 2.Comparative degree. When we compare two persons or two things with each

other, We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree. Examples: a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree) This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree) The term bigger is comparative version of the term big. Both these sentences convey the same meaning. b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative) This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive) The term more beautiful is comparative version of the term beautiful. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative) He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive) The term more intelligent is comparative version of the term intelligent. Both these sentences convey the same meaning. d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative) He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive) The term taller is comparative version of the term tall. Both these sentences convey the same meaning. The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is... 3.Superlative degree:

When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,

We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees. Examples: a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative) This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative) No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive) The term biggest is the superlative version of the term big. All the three sentences mean the same meaning. b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative) This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative) No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)

The term most beautiful is the superlative version of the term beautiful. All the three sentences mean the same meaning. c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative) He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative) No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive) The term most intelligent is superlative version of the term intelligent. Both these sentences convey the same meaning. d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative) He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative) No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive) The term tallest is superlative version of the term tall. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs* *Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons* He is the tallest student in the class. The term tallest is an adjective. Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively. The term effectively is an adverb. All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs. We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison. Let us see their models. Model -1: The best: Examples:

i. This is the best hotel in this area. No other hotel is as better as this on in this area. No other hotel is as good as this one in this area. ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country. Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country. No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment. Model-2: One of the best: Examples: i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India. Calcutta is large than most other cities in India. Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta. ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world. No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar. Model-3: Not the best: Examples: i. This is not the best solution to the problem. ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem. iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one. ii. New York is not the largest city in America. New York is not bigger than many other cities in America. Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York. Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting more before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting most before them. Examples: Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful Effective.more effectivemost effective Effectivelymore effectively.most effectively Enjoyable.more enjoyable.most enjoyable Useful.more useful..most useful Different..more differentmost different Honest..more honest..most honest Qualifiedmore qualifiedmost qualified Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting er after them and their superlative terms, by getting est after them.

Examples: Hard..harder..hardest Big.bigger.biggest Tall..tallertallest Longlongerlongest Short..shorter.shortest Costlycostliercostliest Simple.simpler.simplest Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.