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98061425 Fitch KR Yasuda GK Owens KN Wakimoto BT Paternal effects in Drosophila: implications for mechanisms of early development [In Process Citation] Eng T32 GM07735/GM/NIGMS 19971216 1998 0070-2153 Curr Top Dev Biol 1-34 M UNITED STATES 38 DWN AUTHOR The study of paternal effects on development provides a means to identify sperm-supplied products required for fertilization and the initiation of embryogenesis. This review describes paternal effects on animal development and discusses their implications for the role of the sperm in egg activation, centrosome activity, and biparental inheritance in different animal species. Paternal effects observed in Caenorhabditis elegans and in mammals are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on paternal effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic and cytologic evidence for paternal imprinting on chromosome behavior and gene expression in Drosophila are summarized. These effects are compared to chromosome imprinting that leads to paternal chromosome loss in sciarid and coccid insects and mammalian gametic imprinting that results in differential expression of paternal and maternal loci. The phenotypes caused by several early-acting maternal effect mutations identify specific maternal factors that affect the behavior of paternal components during fertilization and the early embryonic mitotic divisions. In addition, maternal effect defects suggest that two types of regulatory mechanisms coordinate parental components and synchronize their progression through mitosis. Some activities are coordinated by independent responses of parental components to shared regulatory factors, while others require communication between paternal and maternal components. Analyses of the paternal effects mutations sneaky, K81, paternal loss, and Horka have identified paternal products that play a role in mediating the initial response of the sperm to the egg cytoplasm, participation of the male pronucleus in the first mitosis, and stable inheritance of the paternal chromosomes in the early embryo. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. O:099 0009399075 Curr Top Dev Biol 1998;38:1-34

98059904 Liu MY Bull DL Plapp FW Jr Effects of exposure to cypermethrin on saxitoxin binding in susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant houseflies [In Process Citation] LA - Eng DA - 19971213 DP - 1998

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0739-4462 Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 73-9 M UNITED STATES 1 37 A9G AUTHOR Saxitoxin (STX) binding was measured in susceptible (SBO) and pyrethroid-resistant (KDR) female houseflies having only target site insensitivity as a resistance mechanism. In KDR flies, there was a quantitative decrease in STX binding capacity (Bmax) relative to SBO flies coupled with an increase in binding affinity (Kd). Treatment of SBO flies with sublethal doses of cypermethrin resulted in a large decrease in the number of STX binding sites and an increase in STX binding affinity. In KDR flies, identical treatments had the opposite effects. Treatment of both strains with higher doses of cypermethrin resulted in smaller decreases in Bmax values coupled with decreases in binding affinities. The results show that physiological changes in STX binding occur upon exposure to extremely low doses of cypermethrin. The data suggest that the kdr resistant gene may be expressed as changes in STX binding kinetics and that measurements of STX binding in pyrethroidtreated insects may be a useful approach for studying pyrethroid's mode of action and resistance. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China. myliu@mail.ncku.edu.tw O:099 0009397515 Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 1998;37(1):73-9 0 Gibbs A LouieÝ A j Effects of temperature on cuticular lipids and water balance in a desert Drosophila: is thermal acclimation beneficial? ENG JOURNAL ARTICLE 19971209 1998 0022-0949 J Exp Biol 71-80 1 201 I2F The desert fruit fly Drosophila mojavensis experiences environmental conditions of high temperature and low humidity. To understand the physiological mechanisms allowing these small insects to survive in such stressful conditions, we studied the effects of thermal acclimation on cuticular lipids and rates of water loss of adult D. mojavensis. Mean hydrocarbon chain length increased at higher temperatures, but cuticular lipid melting temperature (Tm) did not. Lipid quantity doubled in the first 14 days of adult life, but was unaffected by acclimation temperature. Despite these changes in cuticular properties, organismal rates of water loss were unaffected by either acclimation temperature or age. Owing to the smaller body size of warm-acclimated flies, D. mojavensis reared for 14 days at 33 °C

lost water more rapidly on a mass-specific basis than flies acclimated to 25 °C or 17 °C. Thus, apparently adaptive changes in cuticular lipids do not necessarily result in reduced rates of water loss. Avoidance of high temperatures and desiccating conditions is more likely to contribute to survival in nature than changes in water balance mediated by surface lipids. PMID- 0009390938 SO - J Exp Biol 1998;201(1):71-80 UI AU AU AU AU TI LA MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH RN RN PT PT PT DA DP IS TA PG SB CY VI JC AA EM AB 98013442 Moens PB Pearlman RE Heng HH Traut W Chromosome cores and chromatin at meiotic prophase. Eng Animal Chromatin/*physiology Chromosomes/*ultrastructure DNA/analysis Meiosis/*physiology Microscopy, Electron Prophase/*physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Synaptonemal Complex/*physiology Transcription, Genetic 0 (Chromatin) 9007-49-2 (DNA) JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW REVIEW, TUTORIAL 19971209 1998 0070-2153 Curr Top Dev Biol 241-62 M UNITED STATES 37 DWN Author 199802 We review the synaptonemal complex, SC, of the synapsed homologous chromosomes at meiotic prophase in insects and mammals in terms of its formation, and the association of specific chromatin elements with the synaptonemal complexes. The focus is: (1) The SC as visualized with a variety of techniques; (2) The nature of the chromatin loops where they are associated with the SCs--the bases of the loops may be instrumental in recombinant events judging from the presence of Rad51 protein and late recombination nodules at the SCs; (3) Differences in DNA content of similarly sized loops; (4) Requirements for chromatin attachment to the chromosome cores, requirements that are apparently lacking in foreign DNA inserts; (5) Regulation of loop size by the position along the chromosome; (6) The structural correlates of recombination at the SCs--these comments are based on studies of SC structure, DNA-core protein associations, fluorescent in situ hybridization to visualize specific DNA segments, and fluorescent immunocytology to visualize the chromosome core proteins. AD - Department of Biology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada. RF - 55 -

PMID- 0009352188 SO - Curr Top Dev Biol 1998;37:241-62 UI AU AU AU TI LA PT DA DP IS TA PG IP VI JC AB 0 Lemaitre B Reichhart JM Hoffmann JA Drosophila host defense: Differential induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after infection by various classes of microorganisms ENG JOURNAL ARTICLE 19971223 1997 Dec 23 0027-8424 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 14614-9 26 94 PV3 Insects respond to microbial infection by the rapid and transient expression of several genes encoding potent antimicrobial peptides. Herein we demonstrate that this antimicrobial response of Drosophila is not aspecific but can discriminate between various classes of microorganisms. We first observe that the genes encoding antibacterial and antifungal peptides are differentially expressed after injection of distinct microorganisms. More strikingly, Drosophila that are naturally infected by entomopathogenic fungi exhibit an adapted response by producing only peptides with antifungal activities. This response is mediated through the selective activation of the Toll pathway. Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Propre de Recherche 9022 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France 0009405661 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14614-9 98054262 Jones G Sharp PA Ultraspiracle: An invertebrate nuclear receptor for juvenile hormones [In Process Citation] Eng 19971213 1997 Dec 9 0027-8424 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 13499-503 M X UNITED STATES 25 94 PV3 AUTHOR Juvenile hormones (JH), a sesquiterpenoid group of ligands that regulate developmental transitions in insects, bind to the nuclear receptor ultraspiracle (USP). In fluorescence-based binding assays, USP protein binds JH III and JH III acid with specificity, adopting for each ligand a different final conformational state. JH III treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a LexA-USP fusion protein

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stabilizes an oligomeric association containing this protein, as detected by formation of a protein-DNA complex, and induces USPdependent transcription in a reporter assay. We propose that regulation of morphogenetic transitions in invertebrates involves binding of JH or JH-like structures to USP. School of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Section, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. O:099 0009391054 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13499-503 98069483 Ben-Dov E Zaritsky A Dahan E Barak Z Sinai R Manasherob R Khamraev A Troitskaya E Dubitsky A Berezina N Margalith Y Extended screening by PCR for seven cry-group genes from fieldcollected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis [In Process Citation] Eng 19971223 1997 Dec 0099-2240 Appl Environ Microbiol 4883-90 M UNITED STATES 12 63 6K6 AUTHOR An extended multiplex PCR method was established to rapidly identify and classify Bacillus thuringiensis strains containing cry (crystal protein) genes toxic to species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. The technique enriches current strategies and simplifies the initial stages of large-scale screening of cry genes by pinpointing isolates that contain specific genes or unique combinations of interest with potential insecticidal activities, thus facilitating subsequent toxicity assays. Five pairs of universal primers were designed to probe the highly conserved sequences and classify most (34 of about 60) genes known in the following groups: 20 cry1, 3 cry2, 4 cry3, 2 cry4, 2 cry7, and 3 cry8 genes. The DNA of each positive strain was probed with a set of specific primers designed for 20 of these genes and for cry11A. Twenty-two distinct cry-type profiles were identified from 126 fieldcollected B. thuringiensis strains. Several of them were found to be different from all published profiles. Some of the field-collected strains, but none of the 16 standard strains, were positive for cry2Ac. Three standard and 38 field-collected strains were positive by universal primers but negative by specific primers for all five known genes of cry7 and cry8. These field-collected strains seem to contain a new gene or genes that seem promising for biological control of insects and management of resistance. Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'erSheva, Israel.

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RO - O:099 PMID- 0009406409 SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Dec;63(12):4883-90 UI AU AU TI LA DA DP IS TA PG SB CY IP VI JC AA AB 98066353 Lathe WC 3rd Eickbush TH A single lineage of r2 retrotransposable elements is an active, evolutionarily stable component of the Drosophila rDNA locus [In Process Citation] Eng 19971218 1997 Dec 0737-4038 Mol Biol Evol 1232-41 M UNITED STATES 12 14 MOB AUTHOR R2 elements are non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that insert specifically in the 28S rRNA genes of many insects. Previous reports concerning this element in the genus Drosophila have suggested that R2 elements are absent from many species of this genus, particularly those species from the subgenus Drosophila. In this report, we present an extensive study of the distribution and evolution of R2 elements in Drosophila. A PCR survey of 59 species from 23 species groups of the two major Drosophila subgenera found that R2 elements are present in all but two species of the melanogaster species subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences of R2 elements from 23 species demonstrates that the relationships of R2 elements are congruent with those of the Drosophila species phylogeny, suggesting that these elements have been vertically inherited since the divergence of this genus some 60 MYA. Sequence variation between different copies of R2 elements within each species was less than 0.16%, indicating that these elements are undergoing concerted evolution similar to that of the 28S genes. Several properties of the R2 sequences suggest that these elements depend on retrotransposition in addition to simple recombination to remain within the rDNA locus: the rates of synonymous substitutions averaged 4.8 times the rate of replacement substitutions, 82 of 83 R2 copies partially sequenced contained intact open reading frames, and, finally, length variation associated with the poly(A) 3' tails indicated that many R2 copies are the direct result of retrotransposition. Department of Biology, University of Rochester. O:099 0009402733 Mol Biol Evol 1997 Dec;14(12):1232-41

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