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Outline of Talk History Physical Examples Idea of De Rham cohomology Exterior Calculus Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
(1899) First general proof of Stokes theorem by Henri Poincar e (1869-1951) Exterior calculus on manifolds is due to Elie Cartan (1903 - 1990) Georges de Rham gave a rigorous proof of De Rhams Theorem in 1931
In dierential geometry there are two ways to learn things: Operationally: ie Calculate like this d (cos(xy )dx ) = x sin(xy )dy dx
In dierential geometry there are two ways to learn things: Operationally: ie Calculate like this d (cos(xy )dx ) = x sin(xy )dy dx
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Outline of Talk History Physical Examples Idea of De Rham cohomology Exterior Calculus Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Solar energy ux
2 }. Let M = {(x , y , z ) R3 |x 2 + y 2 + z 2 Rsun
Solar energy ux
2 }. Let M = {(x , y , z ) R3 |x 2 + y 2 + z 2 Rsun
The ux of energy from the sun through any surface S M is determined by integrating the following 2-form over S :
Solar energy ux
2 }. Let M = {(x , y , z ) R3 |x 2 + y 2 + z 2 Rsun
The ux of energy from the sun through any surface S M is determined by integrating the following 2-form over S : E x dy dz 4 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 y + 2 dz dx 2 (x + y + z 2 )3/2 z + 2 dx dy 2 (x + y + z 2 )3/2
f =
This ux is divergence-free (think physically!) everywhere in M so perturbing the surface S by a little (keeping boundary xed) doesnt change the total ux through it.
This ux is divergence-free (think physically!) everywhere in M so perturbing the surface S by a little (keeping boundary xed) doesnt change the total ux through it. Stokes theorem hints that f is the curl of some vector potential A.
This ux is divergence-free (think physically!) everywhere in M so perturbing the surface S by a little (keeping boundary xed) doesnt change the total ux through it. Stokes theorem hints that f is the curl of some vector potential A. Indeed, in any small open ball U , this ux is the curl of some vector potential AU : f |U = AU But we can not patch together the local potentials AU to get a global potential because ...
Irrotational 2-d uid Let M = {(x , y ) R2 |x 2 + y 2 1}. Consider the ow depicted here:
To get the circulation of V along a path M we must integrate the 1-form x y dx + 2 dy x2 + y2 x + y2 along .
To get the circulation of V along a path M we must integrate the 1-form x y dx + 2 dy x2 + y2 x + y2 along . Greens theorem says that the circulation along a loop L is C=
L
v dr =
U
x y ( 2 ) ( 2 )dx dy 2 x x + y y x + y 2 0 dx dy
=
U
This means: If we just consider a disk-like neighbourhood N then v is given by a gradient N in that neighbourhood.
This means: If we just consider a disk-like neighbourhood N then v is given by a gradient N in that neighbourhood. But this fails globally because ...
Notice that we can easily make up another velocity eld that is curl-free but doesnt have a potential: v2 = v + d (xy /2)
Notice that we can easily make up another velocity eld that is curl-free but doesnt have a potential: v2 = v + d (xy /2)
Notice that we can easily make up another velocity eld that is curl-free but doesnt have a potential: v2 = v + d (xy /2)
Question: what other curl-free ows on M lack a potential? De Rhams answer: essentially v is the only one
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Outline of Talk History Physical Examples Idea of De Rham cohomology Exterior Calculus Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
The De Rham cohomology of a space M identies the dierential forms on M where: is closed (ie d = 0), which is the same as saying that has an anti-derivative in any disk-like neighbourhood = d for any ( is not exact, it has no global anti-derivative). The derivative we are talking about here is the exterior derivative. For now, think of it as a generalization of div, grad and curl.
The De Rham cohomology of a space M identies the dierential forms on M where: is closed (ie d = 0), which is the same as saying that has an anti-derivative in any disk-like neighbourhood = d for any ( is not exact, it has no global anti-derivative). The derivative we are talking about here is the exterior derivative. For now, think of it as a generalization of div, grad and curl. Specically,
k Hde Rham (M ) =
where Hk (M ) is the k -dimensional singular homology. The upshot is that,modulo the addition of exact forms d , the number of linearly independent k -forms on M that are closed but not exact is exactly the number of independent k -dimensional holes in the space M .
where Hk (M ) is the k -dimensional singular homology. The upshot is that,modulo the addition of exact forms d , the number of linearly independent k -forms on M that are closed but not exact is exactly the number of independent k -dimensional holes in the space M . Looking back at our two examples ...
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Outline of Talk History Physical Examples Idea of De Rham cohomology Exterior Calculus Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Exterior calculus (due to Cartan) on a manifold M deals with the algebra of dierential forms on M (M ) = 0 (M ) 1 (M ) . . . n (M ). The exterior derivative is the mysterious map d : k (M ) k +1 (M ) that has appeared already as a generalization of div, grad and curl.
Exterior calculus (due to Cartan) on a manifold M deals with the algebra of dierential forms on M (M ) = 0 (M ) 1 (M ) . . . n (M ). The exterior derivative is the mysterious map d : k (M ) k +1 (M ) that has appeared already as a generalization of div, grad and curl.
Here is a sketch of what d : k (M ) k +1 (M ) is: By denition, 0 (M ) is just the smooth functions on M . If f 0 (M ) then df is a dual-vector eld on M . In particular ...
Here is a sketch of what d : k (M ) k +1 (M ) is: By denition, 0 (M ) is just the smooth functions on M . If f 0 (M ) then df is a dual-vector eld on M . In particular ... If vp is a tangent vector at p represented by the path where (0) = p then d dfp (v ) = f ( (t )) dt t =0
In general, a dierential k -form k (M ) is something which, for each p M , provides a multi-linear, alternating function Tp M Tp M . . . Tp M R. Intuitively, this provides a way to measure the volume of innitesimal k -dimensional boxes with one corner at p .
In general, a dierential k -form k (M ) is something which, for each p M , provides a multi-linear, alternating function Tp M Tp M . . . Tp M R. Intuitively, this provides a way to measure the volume of innitesimal k -dimensional boxes with one corner at p . A bit of pure algebra shows that for any (nite-dimensional) vector space V there is an isomorphism : V V . . . V {alt. k-linear forms on V } where
(v1 v2 . . . vk )(w1 , w2 , . . . , wk ) = (1)sign() v (1) (w1 )v (2) (w2 ) . . . v (k ) (wk ) Sk
Therefore, given local coordinate functions x1 , x2 , . . . , xn dened near p , any k -form can be written as =
1i1 <i2 <...<ik
Therefore, given local coordinate functions x1 , x2 , . . . , xn dened near p , any k -form can be written as =
1i1 <i2 <...<ik
It can be shown that this denition is consistant with the following formal properties, which actually characterize d uniquely:
Formal properties of d If f is a smooth function, df is dened as stated above (function on tangent vectors)
Formal properties of d If f is a smooth function, df is dened as stated above (function on tangent vectors) If p (M ) and q (M ) then d ( ) = d + (1)p d
Formal properties of d If f is a smooth function, df is dened as stated above (function on tangent vectors) If p (M ) and q (M ) then d ( ) = d + (1)p d
d2 = 0
Formal properties of d If f is a smooth function, df is dened as stated above (function on tangent vectors) If p (M ) and q (M ) then d ( ) = d + (1)p d
d2 = 0 If U M is open, then d
U
= d (
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Contents
Outline of Talk History Physical Examples Idea of De Rham cohomology Exterior Calculus Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Proof is quite straightforward but requires careful use of technical denitions. The important part is that we see that, for the bilinear pairing of k -forms and k -dimensional submanifolds, d is the adjoint of the boundary operator .
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Proof is quite straightforward but requires careful use of technical denitions. The important part is that we see that, for the bilinear pairing of k -forms and k -dimensional submanifolds, d is the adjoint of the boundary operator . In fact, Stokes theorem allows us to dene a bilinear pairing
k Hde Rham (M ) Hk (M ) R
where ([ ], [ ])
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
Proof is quite straightforward but requires careful use of technical denitions. The important part is that we see that, for the bilinear pairing of k -forms and k -dimensional submanifolds, d is the adjoint of the boundary operator . In fact, Stokes theorem allows us to dene a bilinear pairing
k Hde Rham (M ) Hk (M ) R
where ([ ], [ ])
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
de Rham cohomology essentials Outline of Talk Generalized Stokes Theorem and De Rhams Theorem
De Rhams theorem shows that this map is actually an isomorphism. If Hk (M ) is nite-dimensional, then
k dim(Hde Rham (M )) = dim(Hk (M ))