CONCRETE BRIDGE ENGINEERING

Performance and Advances

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

CONCRETE BRIDGE ENGINEERING Performance and Advances

Edited by

R.J.COPE
Plymouth Polytechnic UK

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE

LONDON and NEW YORK

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex IG11 8JU, England This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. Sole Distributor in the USA and Canada ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING CO., INC. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA WITH 23 TABLES AND 158 ILLUSTRATIONS ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD 1987 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Concrete bridge engineering: performance and advances. 1. Bridges, Concrete I. Cope, R.J. 624'.2 TG335 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Concrete bridge engineering. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Bridges, ConcreteDesign and construction. 2. Bridges, ConcreteMaintenance and repair. I. Cope, R.J. (Robert J.) TG335.C57 1987 624'.2 8713672 ISBN 0-203-49779-1 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-55403-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-85166-110-7 (Print Edition)

No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Special regulations for readers in the USA This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside the USA, should be referred to the publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

To John and James

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

Preface

Concrete bridges have played a vital role in enabling the growth of the communication facilities demanded in the second half of the twentieth century to be achieved. It is difficult to imagine how the needs for greater speed and volume of goods transported could have been met without the rapid developments in design and construction technologies that took place between the 1950s and the 1970s. So fast were those developments that some risks had, inevitably, to be taken. Partly as a result of the need to provide a large number of structures in a short time, and partly due to lack of adequate research and development funding over that period, the growing technologies of the 1980s are as much concerned with assessment, repair and maintenance of existing structures, as they are with the development of new concretes and with improved methods of design and construction for new structures. This book describes the latest methods for assessing and repairing concrete bridges, and provides information on developments in materials and design methods for future bridges. Bridge decks, joints and substructures are all considered. Each invited chapter is written by an eminent international authority. In compiling and editing the text, the writer came to appreciate that so vast is the range of technologies now used by bridge engineers, that there are likely to be only a limited number of single-authored technical texts on bridge engineering in the future. The information provided is distilled for practising bridge engineers, researchers and postgraduate students from both long-running research programmes and the experiences of very senior engineers. The text provides a state-of-the-art report on major aspects of developments in design and materials and in methods for assessment and repair of concrete bridge structures. R.J.COPE

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

Contents

Preface List of Contributors Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 PLANNING SITE INVESTIGATIONS J.H.BUNGEY

Introduction Types of investigation Test programme preparation and execution Interpretation General observations

Chapter 2

ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE IN BRIDGE STRUCTURES J.H.BUNGEY 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Range of techniques available 2.3 Assessment during construction 2.4 Assessment of deterioration 2.5 Corrosion of reinforcement and prestressing steel 2.6 Assessment of structural integrity 2.7 Assessment of physical properties of concrete 2.8 Assessment of concrete strength 2.9 Mix constituents and proportions 2.10 Permeability 2.11 Performance testing, monitoring and assessment of repairs 2.12 General observations and future developments

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

Chapter 3

ASSESSMENT OF LOAD EFFECTS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGES R.J.COPE

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Introduction Partial safety factors Loading Structural analysis Material properties and section capacities Comments

Chapter 4

REPAIR AND PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES P.BENNISON

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

Introduction Durability of concrete Porosity and permeability Causes of deterioration of concrete bridges Materials for repair Concrete repair methods Conclusions

Chapter 5

THE THERMAL RESPONSE OF CONCRETE BRIDGES M.J.N.PRIESTLEY

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Introduction Ambient thermal loading Heat of hydration Properties of concrete for thermal analysis

Chapter 6

MEMBRANE ENHANCEMENT IN TOP SLABS OF CONCRETE BRIDGES B.deV.BATCHELOR

6.1 6.2 6.3

Introduction Historical background Theoretical developments

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

6.4 6.5 6.6

Laboratory and field studies Design code provisions Conclusions MODIFIED CONCRETES FOR USE IN BRIDGE STRUCTURES J.L.CLARKE

Chapter 7

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10

Introduction Lightweight aggregate concrete High strength concrete Admixtures Cement replacements Polymer modified concretes Fibre reinforced concrete Permanent formwork Non-corroding reinforcement Conclusions PRESTRESSED PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGES H.P.J.TAYLOR

Chapter 8

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

Introduction Historical review Design criteria Bridge types Precast concrete in bridges Special problems JOINTS AND SUBSTRUCTURES H.AIZLEWOOD

Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

Introduction Provision for articulation Substructures Inspection and maintenance Materials for de-icing

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

List of Contributors

H.AIZLEWOOD 158 Baginton Road, Coventry CV3 6FT, UK B.deV.BATCHELOR Department of Civil Engineering, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 P.BENNISON Liquid Plastics Ltd, PO Box 7, London Road, Preston PR1 4AJ, UK J.H.BUNGEY Department of Civil Engineering, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK J.L.CLARKE Cement and Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, Slough SL3 6PL, UK R.J.COPE Department of Civil Engineering, Plymouth Polytechnic, Plymouth PL1 2DE, UK

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.

M.J.N.PRIESTLEY Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA H.P.J.TAYLOR Dow-Mac Concrete Ltd, Tallington, Stamford, Lincolnshire PE9 4RL, UK

Copyright 1987 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.