Bacterial

Pneumonia

Pratik Dhakal 12-2-31485

Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia associated with bacterial infection. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. People with pneumonia usually complain of coughing, mucus production, fever, shortness of breath, and/or chest pain. Bacterial pneumonia usually affects an entire lobe of the lung; doctors call this lobar pneumonia. People of any age can get it. Two types of bacteria are:

Streptococcus pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumonia is a Gram-positive diplococcus with a well-formed capsule. This organism is one of the commonest seen in community-acquired pneumonias, accounting for up to 25% of these infections. In the preantibiotic era streptococcal pneumonia or pneumococcal pneumonia had a high fatality rate, being a frequent cause of death in the elderly. Today certain serotypes of S. pneumonia will rarely produce necrotizing abscesses in the lung. Usually, however, pneumococcal pneumonia presents as homogeneous air space consolidation occupying a portion of a segment or lobe of lung particularly in the periphery. Air bronchograms are frequently identified as evidence of parapneumonic effusion. Both single and multiple lobes may be involved. Radiographic evidence of resolution is generally identified within a few days of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Complete resolution of the pneumonia, however, may be delayed for several weeks. Clinically patients present with high fever, chills, productive cough, and occasionally pleuritic pain. In patients with a healthy immune system the prognosis with appropriate antibiotic therapy is very good. However, in patients with a failure to develop leukocytosis the mortality rate is very high. Characterstics 1. Gram Staining: Gram-positive bacteria gives purple color when staining

2. Virulence Factor: polysaccharide capsule 3. Immunologic Factor: cytokine macrophages 4. Transmission portal of entry: nasopharynx, person to person by droplet 5. Reservoir: nasopharynx

Figure: Streptococcus pneumonia gram stain.

Haemophilus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the Pasteurellaceae family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe. H. influenzae was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of influenza became apparent. The bacterium is colloquially known as bacterial influenza. Still, H. influenzae is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases. H. influenzae was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995. Characterstics 1. Gram Staining: Gram-negative bacteria; gives red color when staining

2. Virulence Factor: polyribitol ribose phosphate 3. Immunologic Factor: cytokine macrophages and IgG 4. Transmission portal of entry: nasopharynx 5. Reservoir: humans only Figure: Haemophilus influenza gram stain.