Diploma Project 22 2.

Load Evaluation

2. Load Evaluation
2.1. Load Classification by destination: o self-weight o imposed loads by structural response: o static loads o dynamic loads by nature o weight load o partition load o seismic load o live load o wind load o snow load by movement o statistic load o nominal load o design load 2.1.1. Load classification by new frequency (EU including RO): o Dead (Permanent or Self Weight) Loads o Variable Loads o Accidental Loads 2.1.2. Load Groupings by new frequency (EU including RO): o Ultimate Limit States (ULS) o Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

Diploma Project 23 2.Load Evaluation 2.2. Load Evaluation 2.2.1. Dead loads (Permanent loads from self-weight of construction elements) Self-weights of construction elements are classified as permanent (dead) actions and generally are also fixed actions. For simplicity, the weight of masonry walls may be based upon the density of the body material, ignoring the mortar. Where permanent partitions are indicated, their weight shall be included in the dead load, acting at the given partition location. The equivalent uniformly distributed load of

partitions which are not permanent may be taken as not less than one third of the load per meter run of the finished partitions. The values of these loads were calculated in the table below, following the stratification of structural and nonstructural elements detailed in architectural drawings and in Chapter 1: Hygrothermal assessment. The characteristic values of permanent loads of each layer are computed with the formula: gk=d* (kN/m2) The design values of permanent loads of each layer are computed with the formula: gd=f*gk (kN/m2)

Element

Layer Material Ceiling Plaster Reinforced concrete slab Sloping concrete layer Vapor Barrier(cardboardbitumen) Thermal Insulation (extruded polystyrene) Double layer roof skin TOTAL

Thickness d (m) 0.015 0.15 0.03 0.001

Unit Weigt (kN/m3) 18 25 21 11

Characteristic load gk (kN/m2) 0.270 3.750 0.630 0.011

Partial safery coefficient

Design Load gd (kN/m2) 0.365 5.063 0.851

Non-pedestrian terrace

1.35

0.015

0.2 0.01

0.32 11 gk=

0.064 0.110 4.835 gd=

0.086 0.149 6.527

Diploma Project 24 2.Load Evaluation

Thickness d (m) External Wall Interior Plaster BCA Masonry Thermal Insulation Faade Plaster TOTAL Sandstone Slab above the semibasement M100 Euqalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Thermal Insulation (Glass Wool ) Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Sandstone Cold floor slab M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Parquet Warm floor slab Polyethylene Foil M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Interior BCA Interior RC Walls d=25 cm Walls Interior Plaster RC Wall Interior Plaster TOTAL Interior Plaster BCA Masonry Interior Plaster TOTAL 0.015 0.25 0.015 0.015 0.25 0.015 0.02 0.002 0.03 0.15 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.015 0.015 0.25 0.1 0.025 0.02 0.03 0.18 0.15 0.015 Unit Weigt (kN/m3) 18 6 0.2 18 gk= 24 17 25 1 18 gk= 24 17 25 18 gk= 4 1 17 25 18 gk= 18 25 18 gk= 18 6 18 gk= Characteristic load gk (kN/m2) 0.270 1.500 0.020 0.450 2.240 0.480 0.510 4.500 0.150 0.270 5.910 0.480 0.510 3.750 0.270 5.010 0.080 0.002 0.510 3.750 0.270 4.612 0.270 6.250 0.270 6.790 0.270 1.500 0.270 2.040 1.35 gd= 1.35 gd= gd= gd= 1.35 gd= 1.35 1.35 Partial safery coefficient Design Load gd (kN/m2) 0.365 2.025 0.027 0.608 3.024 0.648 0.689 6.075 0.203 0.365 7.979 0.648 0.689 5.063 0.365 6.764 0.108 0.003 5.063 5.063 0.365 6.226 0.365 8.438 0.365 9.167 0.365 2.025 0.365 2.754

Element

Layer Material

gd=

1.35

Diploma Project 25 2.Load Evaluation

Thickness d (m) Interior BCA Walls d=20 cm Interior Plaster BCA Masonry Interior Plaster TOTAL Faade Plaster Attic Thermal Insulation BCA Masonry Thermal Insulation Faade Plaster TOTAL Sandstone M100 Equalizing layer RC Ramp Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Slab over basement Slab over basement Slab over basement (rolled concrete) (Sandstone) (rolled concrete) Rolled Concrete M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Sandstone M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Rolled Concrete M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.18 0.015 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.015 Staircase 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.015 0.025 0.1 0.25 0.1 0.025 0.015 0.2 0.015 Unit Weigt (kN/m3) 18 6 18 gk= 18 0.2 6 0.2 18 gk= 24 17 25 18 gk= 18 17 25 18 gk= 24 17 25 18 gk= 18 17 25 18 gk= Characteristic load gk (kN/m2) 0.270 1.200 0.270 1.740 0.450 0.020 1.500 0.020 0.450 2.440 0.480 0.510 3.750 0.270 5.010 0.900 0.510 4.500 0.270 6.180 0.480 0.510 4.500 0.270 5.760 0.900 0.510 4.500 0.270 6.180 gd= 1.35 gd= 1.35 gd= 1.35 1.35 gd= 1.35 gd= 1.35 Partial safery coefficient Design Load gd (kN/m2) 0.365 1.620 0.365 2.349 0.608 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.608 3.294 0.648 0.689 5.063 0.365 6.764 1.215 0.689 6.075 0.365 8.343 0.648 0.689 6.075 0.365 7.776 1.215 0.689 6.075 0.365 8.343

Element

Layer Material

gd=

Diploma Project 26 2.Load Evaluation

Thickness d (m) Slab over basement Slab over basement (rolled concrete) (Sandstone) Sandstone M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Rolled Concrete M100 Equalizing layer Reinforced concrete slab Ceiling Plaster TOTAL Interior Plaster RC Wall Thermal Insulation Faade Plaster TOTAL Interior Plaster Basement walls RC Wall Hydro insulating layer Brick Protection Wall Faade Plaster TOTAL Elevator shaft RC Walls Interior Plaster RC Wall Interior Plaster TOTAL Interior Plaster Partition walls Plasterboard Metallic Frame Plasterboard Interior Plaster TOTAL 0.015 0.15 0.015 0.005 0.0125 0.1 0.0125 0.005 0.02 0.3 0.04 0.065 0.025 0.015 0.25 0.1 0.025 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.18 0.015 Unit Weigt (kN/m3) 24 17 25 18 gk= 18 17 25 18 gk= 18 25 0.2 18 gk= 18 25 21 18 18 gk= 18 25 18 gk= 18 11 11 18 gk= Characteristic load gk (kN/m2) 0.480 0.510 4.500 0.270 5.760 0.900 0.510 4.500 0.270 6.180 0.270 6.250 0.020 0.450 6.990 0.360 7.500 0.840 1.170 0.450 10.320 0.270 3.750 0.270 4.290 0.090 0.138 0.200 0.138 0.090 0.655 gd= 1.35 1.35 1.35 gd= 1.35 gd= 1.35 Partial safery coefficient Design Load gd (kN/m2) 0.648 0.689 6.075 0.365 7.776 1.215 0.689 6.075 0.365 8.343 0.365 0.884 0.027 0.365 9.437 6.480 187.500 17.640 21.060 8.100 13.932 0.365 5.063 0.365 5.792 0.122 0.186 0.270 0.186 0.122 0.884

Element

Layer Material

Exterior RC Wall

gd=

gd= 1.35 gd=

Diploma Project 27 2.Load Evaluation 2.2.2. Quasi-permanent temporary loads These actions take place for a long period of time and have average intensities or frequently, having high intensities. In this category we consider the load of the partition walls which can be modified during the exploitation period of the construction or can be cancelled without affecting the structural resistance of the building. This action is considered as being a uniformly distributed load all over the floor which supports the walls, having an average value of 50-150 daN/m2, according to the effective weight of the walls. This simplification is valid only if:
o the weight of the walls isnt bigger than 500daN/m;

o the partition walls arent situated only on one resistance element to whom they
transmit the total weight of their own loads (these walls aren't supposed to support, for example, a single beam or a single strip of the prefab floor ).

The resulted loads of the partition walls whose weight isnt bigger than 5 kN/m and cannot be indicated at the moment of the designing or whose position can change in time, are considered live loads, uniformly distributed on the floor such as:

For In our case: o

we consider the effective weight of the wall.

( ( )

) (

( )

It is considered:

Diploma Project 28 2.Load Evaluation

2.2.3. Live loads (according to SR EN 1991-1-1:2004) Imposed loads on buildings are those arising from occupancy. Values given in this section, include: o normal use by persons; o furniture and moveable objects (e.g. moveable partitions, storage, the contents of containers); o vehicles; o anticipating rare events, such as concentrations of persons or of furniture, or the moving or stacking of objects which may occur during reorganization or redecoration. The imposed loads specified in this part are modeled by uniformly distributed loads, line loads or concentrated loads or combinations of these loads. For the determination of the imposed loads, floor and roof areas in buildings should be sub-divided into categories according to their use. Areas in residential, social, commercial and administration buildings shall be divided into categories according to their specific uses shown in Table 6.1 (SR EN 1991-1-1:2004). Categories of use:
Category A B C D Specific Use Areas for domestic and residential activities Office areas Areas where people may congregate (with the exception of areas defined under category A,B, and D) Shopping areas

The categories of loaded areas, as specified in Table 6.1, shall be designed by using characteristic values qk (uniformly distributed load) and Qk (concentrated load). Values for qk and Qk are given in Table 6.2 and 6.7. Where a range is given in this table, the value may be set by the National Annex. The recommended values, intended for separate application, are

Diploma Project 29 2.Load Evaluation underlined. qk is intended for determination of general effects and Qk for local effects. The National annex defines different conditions of use of this Table. The following values were chosen (National Annex Table 6.2 and 6.8):
Floor Category Destination Live Load qk (kN/m2) Slab 1-8 A Areas for domestic and residential activities Stairs Balconies Terrace (non-pedestrian) (Cat. H) 1.5 4 3 0.75 4 2.5

GF SB+B

D F

Areas in general retail shops (D1) Garages and spaces for vehicle traffic (Weight<30kN)

2.2.4. Snow load(according to CR 1-1-3/2012) CR 1-1-3/2012 provides guidance for the determination of the snow load to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. The snow load on the roof is derived from the snow load on the ground, multiplying by appropriate conversion factors (shape, thermal and exposure coefficients). sk Snow load on the ground; is intended as the upper value of a random variable, for which a given statistical distribution function applies, with the annual probability of accidence set to 0,02 (a probability of not being exceeded on the unfavorable side during a reference period of 50 years). The snow the snow layers on a roof can have many different shapes depending on roofs characteristics: its shape, its thermal properties, the roughness of its surface, the amount of heat generated under the roof, the proximity of nearby buildings, the surrounding terrain, the local meteorological climate, in particular its windiness, temperature variations, and likelihood of precipitation (either as rain or as snow). For the persistent/transient design situations meaning no exceptional snow falls or drifts, the characteristic value of snow load at the roof level is computed using the following formula:

Diploma Project 30 2.Load Evaluation , where: o - building importance-exposure factor for the snow load

o sk characteristic value of snow load on the soil; o Ce constructions exposure coefficient; o Ct thermal coefficient; o i shape coefficient. In this case, we have: o =1 according to Table 4.2, for Class III of importance-exposure

o sk=2.5 kN/m2 - according to Annex A from CR1-1-3/2012, for Suceava City o Ce=1 according to Table 4.3 for normal exposure (Because of the topography and the presence of other buildings or trees no important dissipation of the snow by the wind is allowed) o Ct=1 the global transmittance coefficient < 1W/(m2*K) (no special case) Snow load on the roof Shape coefficients 2.2.4.1. Uniform Distribution

The value of the shape coefficient 1 for the snow load for a non-pedestrian terrace roof (only one slope <5) according to CR 1-1-3-2012, Table 5.1: 1=0.8, for 00<<300

2.2.4.2.

Snow load accumulated near the parapet

For terrace roofs with parapet, the distribution coefficient for snow load accumulated behind the parapet has the value:

Diploma Project 31 2.Load Evaluation

, where: { o =2 (kN/m3) snow unit weight o sk=2.5 (kN/m2) o h=1m heitgh of the parapet(attic) o b1=21.3 m o { {

{ {

2.2.5. Accidental load - Seismic Force(according to P100-2006) The Seismic Load is computed according to P100-2006. The design shear force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall seismic force thus obtained at each floor level shall then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action. The structure has an irregular shape in plan imposed by the terrain, and architectural reasons. According to Table 4.1 from the Seismic Design Code P100 for irregular structures in elevation, the model needs to be a spatial one and the seismic action is computed by modal analysis, using response spectra corresponding to unidirectional translation movement of the terrain described by accelerograms. The seismic horizontal action is described by two horizontal components evaluated in the same design response spectrum, according to Annex C from P100-2006 Code. The vertical component of the seismic action will note be considered.

Diploma Project 32 2.Load Evaluation The building is classified as importance class II, according to P100 2006. This category is specific to buildings for which the seismic resistance is important under the aspect of consequences given by the failing or high impairment. The fundamental shear force Fb,k, applied on the direction of the seismic action associated in the k vibration mode, is determined by: ( ) , where

I=1.2 the importance-exposure factor of the construction for importance class II (Table 4.3); Tk the period in the k vibration mode; Sd(Tk) - the ordinate of the answer spectrum for acceleration, corresponding to the
period Tk in the k" vibration mode on the considered distance;

mk - the effective modal mass associated to the k" vibration mode (represents the mass of an equivalent oscillating system with only one degree of dynamic freedom ,based on which the acceleration spectrum is being determined; ( )

mi the level mass; si,k the component of the eigenvector in k vibration mode on the direction of Degree of Freedom i; ( )
( )

, where:

ag=0.16*g ground acceleration for Suceava ; g gravitational acceleration; q structure behavior factor; (Tk) - normalized spectrum for elastic response; Tc=0.7s corner period for Suceava;

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration of a reinforced concrete frame may be estimated by the empirical expression: , where:

Diploma Project 33 2.Load Evaluation

H - Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns.

The structure behavior factor q depends on the capacity of energy dissipation and has the value q=3.5*u/1, in case of frame structures. Because of the in-plane irregularities, the structure behavior factor will be reduced by 20%. For frame structures, the ratio u/1 has the value 1.35. Therefore:

The basement and semi basement are realized as a rigid box having thick perimeter walls of 30 cm being supported on a pile foundation. Accepting the rigid box basement as a fixed end, the base shear produced by seismic action will be considered over the semibasement of the building at +0.00 m.