I

UNIVERSITI

FINAL EXAMTNATION MAY 2012 SEMESTER

COURSE

PCB1033 / PABI033 RESERVOTR ROCK AND FLUTD PROPERTIES

30th AUGUST 2012 (THURSDAY)

DATE : TIME :

9.00 AM

12.00 NOON (3 HOURS)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Note

Answer ALL questions from the Questions Booklet. Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer booklet given. lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate

ALL assumptions.
Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

i. ii.

There are FOURTEEN (14) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover page and Appendix. ONE (1) graph papers is provided.

Universiti

Teknologi

PETRoNAS

PCB1033/PA81033
1.

a.

A core plug has a diameter of 4.4 cm and a length

completely saturated with brine having a density

o'f 11 cm.

lt

is

of

1200 kg/m3. The dry

core plug weighted 390 g and 42o g when it was saturated with brine.
Calculate the porosity of core plug.

[3 marks]
il

State whether the calculated porosity is effective or total

porosity. [1 marks]

iii.

What is the most probable lithology of the core sample.

Justify your answer.
[2 marks]

b.

Show that the average permeability for

vertical layers, stacked beside

[6 marks]

each other, is given by the following formula (see FIGURE e1).

1,

N-

av8

Where kand Lare the permeablity and length of the layer i.

PCB1O33/PAB1O33
c.

water injection is carried out in s0 ft thick, 300 ft wide and 400 ft long gridblock which has a porosity of 33% and absolute permeability of 500
mD. The injection of water started at
So,.

of 20%. The relative permeability

to water at so. is 0.67. The pressure drop across the gridblock is s atm and water viscosity is 1cP.

i.

Calculate the storage capacity for the gridblock in barrels. (1cuft = 0.178 bbt). [2 marks]

ii. iii. d.

Estimate water saturation at the start of the injection.

[1 marks]

Calculate the water flow rate in bbl/day.

[3 marks]

List FOUR (4) assumptions considered in Darcy's equation.

[4 marks]

PCB1O33/PAB1O33
2. a.

Using oil-water relative permeability curyes, describe the difference

between oil wet reservoir and water wet reservoir indicating the two phase flowing region, S*", and So..
[4 marks]

b.

The laboratory data given in TABLE e2a is

recorded

at stationary

conditions during relative permeability experiment. using the following data, determine the oil and water relative permeabilities.
[B marks]

qo fcm"lhourl

TABLE Q2a q*[cm"lhour] AP [atm]

0
5

V*[cm"]
2.17
2.87

90 75 60

3.36 6.23 7.48 8.42

I
20 34 85
122

3.63 4.65 5.93

7.95

45
30
15
0

9.35
11.22

10.03

986

is the volume of water in the core sample, determined by weighing. qo and q* is the oil and water rate through the sample, respectively. ap is the pressure drop. Additional data is given in TABLE e2b.

v'

TABLE Q2b
Absolute permeability
Porosity 16.7 mD

20%

Length of core sample

Dameter of core sample

9cm
3.2 cm
8.04 cm' 1.1 cp

Area of core sample Water viscosity

Oil viscosity

2.0 cp

PCB1O33/PAB1O33 3.
a.

Dranage and imbibition are the principal flow process for any reservoir; describe the mechanism for each process.
[4 marksJ

b.

Explain shortly why high permeability reservoirs have shorter transition zones than low permeability reservorrs.
[4 marks]

c.

The capillary pressure data for a water-oil system are given in TABLE e3. The core sample used in generalizing the capillary pressure data was taken from a layer that is characterized by an absolute permeability of 300 mD and a porosity of 1To/".

TABLE Q3

s*
0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50
1.0

Pc

35
16

8.5
5 0

Generate the capillary pressure data for a different layer that is characterized by a porosity and permeabirity on i5% and 200 mD,
respectively. The nterfacial tension is measured at 3s dynes/cm. [10 marks]
il

Draw the capillary pressure curve versus height and determine & indicate the thickness of the transition zone, S*., and WOC.
[5 marks]

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

4.

a'

Explain why

a petroleum engineer needs to identify reservoir fluid type

14

early in the life of a field. marksl

b.

Sketch the phase diagram for a single component system and ndicate all necessary features.
[6 marks]

c'

TABLE Q4 shows the composition of a real gas mixture of methane,

ethane and propane.

i'

Calculate the number of moles for the gas mixture which contained in 43560 ft3 at g300 psia and 290"F (R = 1 0.732). [10 marks]

ii-

using the gas gravity method, carcurate the viscosity of the gas
mixture at 1 atm and 1S0 "F.
[4 marks]

TABLE Q4
Gas Component Mol. Wt 16.04 30.07 0.059 o.o2

Mol. Frac.

Pc-psi 667

Tc-oR

Methane Ethane

344 550

708
616

Relevant charts are attached in Appendix.

PCB1033/PA81033
5. a.

Define the following:

i.

Bubble point pressure

[2 marks]

ii. Source rock

[2 marks]

ii. Oil formation volume factor

[2 marks]
b.

FIGURE Q5 demonstrates the phase diagram of two types of fluids. The current reservoir condition is indicated by a straight line. As a reservoir

engineer, explain what type of fluids are represented by FIGURE and b).

es

(a

o
0)

l) a
0
L
U)

a
0
L
0-

L 0.

II 0,

100 200 300

emperature in degree C

400

Q5b FIGUREQs

PCB1O33/PAB1O33
c.

An oil well is producing at a constant gas-oil ratio of 1000 scf/STB. The oil and gas specific gravities are 0.825 and 0.70 respectively. producing gasoil ratio has remained constant, so you believe reservoir pressure is above the bubble-point pressure. using the correlation charts given in Appendix,
fnd th,e following when the reservoir temperature is 200 "F:

Bubble-point pressure.
[4 marks]

ii.

Formation volume factor at the bubble point pressure.

iii.

Oil viscosity at the bubble point pressure.

END OF PAPER _

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

APPENDIX

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PCB1O33/PAB1O33

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2.

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Mdecular Tl,teighl

10

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

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,-i_l

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11

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

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1,m

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ir

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0

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lt

12

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

SlG

oilt grrlt'

"Fl

Dead oil viscosities

:o.\

E 6
t

dt

= a
a
o

5 t I s'1O

Co 3 4J ea eaf

vlscG*lly

ot gs-tre

e.ll-/Ltt",, cp

Viscosities of saturated black oils.

13

PCB1O33/PAB1O33

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onrple+sibjilFty F,act'ors for N,aturat acos as a nf Pseudoedlrd Fressuns artd TereprT-ur.

trcr=jtdE

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14