LITERATURE MATRIX ON THE USE OF MANGIFERA INDICA (LEAF) IN LOWERING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

BY: CLOYD P. SEGUNDO, RN

LITERATURE MATRIX Bibliography (APA Format) Major Objectives/Research Questions The objective of the study is to determine the effect of anti diabetic activity of the ethanolic extract of root of mangifera indica on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Method Themes/Variables Major Findings

Anti Diabetic Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of root of Mangifera indica on Alloxan Induced Diabetes Rats G. Jyothi1*, Narendra Chary. T1, N. Lal Mahammed2, Ch. Venkateswara Reddy2 and G. Nagarjuna Reddy2 1Department of Pharmacy, MITS College of Pharmacy, Madhira Nagar, Chilkur (v&m), Kodad- 508206, Nalgonda dist, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2KLR Pharmacy college, Paloncha, Khammam(Dist), Andhra Pradesh, India.

Mangifera indica, alloxaninduced, anti diabetic activity, glibenclamide.diabetic rats

Method specified in the study:

Alloxan is widely used to induce diabetes in experimental animals. In The Plant Mangifera indica alloxan diabetes rats the blood glucose levels (Linn) collected from were in the range of different regions of 260-265 mg/dl, which Nugivedu, vijayawada, were considered as after proper identification by an severe diabetes. In the standard drug expert taxonomist Glibenclamide (5mg/kg) Dr.A.Srinivas Rao, and ethanolic extract Department of botany, (200 mg/kg) and VRS&YRN Degree college, (400/mg/kg) treated Chirala. After due to groups, authentication the roots (Table No.1) the peak were dried in shade and powdered to obtain coarse values of blood sugar significantly decreased to powder. 108 mg/dl, 165 mg/dl, Participants/Subjects: Rats and 105 mg/dl on the 21st day respectively. Data Gathering Instrument: Thus, the ethanolic extract Blood glucose examination (400 mg/kg) was found to be almost significant as standard drug in lowering blood glucose

level, whereas the ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg) treated group showed blood glucose level that is comparatively less to ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg) and standard drug.

LITERATURE MATRIX Bibliography (APA Format) Major Objectives/Research Questions To determine the Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats Method Themes/Variables Major Findings Streptozotocin treatment caused significant weight The method of isolation and determination of purity reduction of mangiferin can be found in rats as compared to the vehicle treated normal from our earlier report rats at day 30 of injection (Muruganandan et al., (163.3310.54 g versus 2002). Briefly, shade-dried 206.6713.18 g). However, and powdered the chronic treatment of leaves of Mangifera indica mangiferin (10 and 20 were soxhleted for 12 h with petroleum ether (60 mg/kg, i.p.) for 28 days significantly 80 C). The defatted plant (P < 0.05) restored the body material was extracted with ethanol weight loss as compared to under reflux for 16 h, which the vehicle treated diabetic was further, defatted again with control rats observed at the end of 28 petroleum ether and days of treatment period crystallized (191.6715.35 g and repeatedly in aqueous 20010.72 g ethylacetate into pale versus 1305.16 g, yellow needles. respectively). However, the The purity was 95.56% standard mangiferin upon high drug insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.) performance also exhibited significant liquid chromatographic improvement (HPLC) analysis using PDA in body weight loss of the detector

Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats S. Muruganandan a, , K. Srinivasan b, S. Gupta a, P.K. Gupta a, J. Lala a Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, UP, India b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India Received 8 March 2004; received in revised form 3 November 2004; accepted 7 December

Mangiferin; Streptozotocin; Atherogenic; Diabetic

2004

(254 nm) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 3% acetic acid (16:84) as reported earlier (Muruganandan et al., 2002). Participants/Subjects: Rats Data Gathering Instrument: Blood glucose examination

diabetic animals following 28 days of treatment (196.678.37 versus 1305.16). Streptozotocin treatment resulted in significant elevation of plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C and reduction in HDL-C levels as compared to the normal control rats as noted at different periods of the study (Table 1). The chronic administration of mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reduction in plasma glucose level at different periods in the experimental duration of 28 days in STZdiabetic rats with the maximum percent reduction of plasma glucose being 49.77 and 51.89, respectively on 28th day of treatment. However, the standard drug insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.)

exhibited significant and more potent antidiabetic activity with maximum percent reduction of plasma glucose 67.54 on 28th day as compared to the diabetic control group (Table 1). There was a significant reduction in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels of diabetic rats treated insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.) at various time intervals (Table 1). However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the HDLC level in mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) treated diabetic rats on 28th day as compared to the diabetic control group (Table 1). In addition, mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in atherogenic index starting from the 14th day of treatment period as comparable

to insulin (6 U/kg, i.p.). The chronic administration of mangiferin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days in normal rats resulted in significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance following oral glucose load as shown by the significant reduction in %IG at 60 min interval of OGTT (14.726.46 and 5.893.27 versus 91.6213.46) with the (AUGTC 0120 min) of 1442.38193.53 and 1335.58137.77 versus 5088.08542.59, as compared to the control group, respectively (Fig. 1). However, mangiferin treatment for 14 days did not alter basal plasma glucose level at any time of the study (data not shown).

LITERATURE MATRIX Bibliography (APA Format) Major Objectives/Research Questions To determine the effect of Antihyperglycemic activity of Mangifera indica Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic rats Method Themes/Variables Method: Antihyperglycemic activity of Mangifera indica Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic rats P. Kemasari, S. Sangeetha and P. Venkatalakshmi* Department of Biochemistry, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Womens College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Tamilnadu, India Ethanolic extract, Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycemic effect, Mangifera indica. Collection of plant materials - Fresh leaves of Mangifera indica were collected during MarchApril 2011, from Mahadhevapattinam, Thiruvarur District, Tamil nadu, India and botanically identified. The leaves were washed with distilled water, shade dried, powdered, and stored in an air tight container until future use. Preparation of ethanolic extract- Preparation of plant extract was done according to the previously described procedure (Reka and Varga, 2002). The collected fresh leaves were thoroughly cleaned with distilled water, dried well and powdered. It was soaked in absolute Plants may act on blood glucose through different mechanisms[26]. Anti diabetic herbs stimulates beta cell in the pancreas by activating regeneration of pancreatic cells [27,28]. Fiber of plant also interferes with carbohydrate absorption, affecting blood glucose level. Alloxan induced diabetic rats exhibited loss of body weight (Table 1) which is one of the threats associated with DM. Treatment with Mangifera indica extract showed signs of recovery as comparable with the standard drug glibenclamide . Qualitative analysis of urine sample indicated the presence of glucose and albumin (Table 2) in group 2 which was a characteristic Major Findings

ethanol in cold (72 hrs). After three days, the extract was filtered, and then it was evaporated at 400C in cylindrical water bath for the elimination of solvent. A semisolid extract (40g) was obtained after complete elimination of alcohol under reduced pressure. It was stored in refrigerator until used. Experimental animals- In the present study, healthy, pathogen free, albino rats (both sexes) of Swiss strain weighing 150 200g were purchased from Rainbow institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, and housed under, standard husbandry conditions (300C 20, 6070% relative humidity and 12h : 12h day- night cycle), supplied with standard rat feed (Sai Durga feed and food, Bangalore) and water ad libitum. Participants/Subjects: Rats

feature of diabetes. Treatment with herbal extract arrested excretion of glucose and protein in urine. Administration of alloxan significantly increased the level of glucose when compared to control rats, which might account for the cytotoxic effect of alloxan on beta cells. Alloxan is relatively toxic to insulin producing pancreatic beta cells because it preferentially accumulates in beta cells through uptake via the GLUT2 glucose transporter [6]. This cytotoxic action is mediated by ROS source of generation of ROS is dialuric acid, a reduction product of alloxan. These radicals undergo dismutation to H2O2. The action of ROS with a simultaneous massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration causes rapid destruction of beta cells[29] there by decreasing the secretion of insulin, which in

turn increase the blood glucose level. In the present Data Gathering Instrument: study there is Blood glucose examination increase in blood glucose (Table ,3) in alloxan induced rats when compared to normal group, which account for the cytotoxic action of alloxan. Administration of Mangifera indica extract remarkably reduced the altered sugar level.

LITERATURE MATRIX Bibliography (APA Format) Method Themes/Variables Major Findings

Major Objectives/Research Questions

Antihyperglycemic Effect of Mangifera indica Linn (seed kernel) Naveen Jain *1, Birendra Srivastava 3, Piush Sharma 2 & D. K. Khandelwal 1 1.Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur 2. Department of Pharmacognosy, Maharishi Arvind College, Jaipur 3.Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur-302025, (Raj.), India

To determine the effect of mangifera indica linn (seed kernel) on diabetic albino wister rats.

Mangifera indica, seed kernel, alloxan, antihyperglycemic

Induction of diabetes:Adult albino Wister rats of either sex were made diabetic with an intraperitoneal injection of 120mg/kg body weight of alloxan (Sigma Aldrich) dissolved in water immediately before use. Alloxan injected animals exhibited massive glycosuria and hyperglycaemia within few days (after 72 hrs). Diabetes was confirmed in alloxan rats by measuring the fasting blood glucose concentration, on 3rd day after the injection with alloxan. Adult albino Wister rats with blood glucose levels more than 200 mg/dl were

In the present study, seed kernel of Mangifera indica Linn of Family Anacardiaceae were subjected to acute toxicity study and antidiabetic activity. The diabetes was induced by the administration of Alloxan (Dose 120mg/kg, b. w; i. v.). The dose selected for the study was based on acute toxicity study carried out according to OECD guidelines. The acute study included the measurement of blood glucose level at 0day, 3day and 7day after administration of test material orally. Alcoholic extracts (200 mg/kg b. w.) Showed more significant (p<0.01) antidiabetic activity in both acute and prolonged treatment, which were

considered to be diabetic and were used in this experiment. The extracts at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight were administered orally after suspending in water. The blood samples were collected from retro orbital plexus and the blood glucose levels were determined using Glucometer.

compared to standard Glibenclamide. However, this claim demands further study to pin point the antidiabetic activity of Mangifera indica Linn. due to particular poly phenol present in seed kernel of Mangifera indica Linn.