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Unit1.3
Dr.DennisJennings
Professor,Psychology
t tests&hypothesistesting
Howdetermine
ifonegroupis
different?
Compareto
known
populationvalue
Onesampleor
singlesamplet
test
Compareto
themselvesor
matchedgroup
Pairedsamplest
test
Compareto
independent
group
Independent
samplest test
Whyneedpairedsamplest test?
Pros
Comparisonvalue
Unknown
Notrelevant
________________________________________
Con
Experimentaldesigncanbe
Difficult,or
sometimesImpractical
Twosourcesofcomparisonvalue
_________________________________
Personsharingcharacteristicsrelatedtodependent
variable
Twin
Sibling
_________or_______onIQ,age,income,
education,testscores,weight,heightorother
variablementionedinproblem
Logicforboth:Individualsineachpair_______
____________________________anydifferencein
scoresafterduetoIV
DoLibertyfemalesdifferin2typesof
aggression:Physical&Verbal?
A. No
B. Yes
Physical:sameitemsasbefore
Verbal#3of5:Whenpeopleannoyme,Imaytellthem
whatIthinkofthem.
Studydesign
Aggressionsurveyof62LibertyFemalesinPSYC312
Assess4typesofaggression,including
Physical 9itemsanalyzedearlier
Verbal#3of5:Whenpeopleannoyme,Imaytell
themwhatIthinkofthem.
Calculatecomposite(mean)answerforeachset
Key:Pairofscoresforeachperson.Eachperson
providesowncomparisonvalue
Analysisbasedondifferenceineachpair!
2tailedtest
Null:Difference=0,ResearchDifference 0
SPSS:VariableView
Definepair ofvariables
DataisUnit1.2SPSSfileforstudents.sav
inCoursecontentonblackboard
OPENIT!
SPSS:DataView
Pairsofscores.
Eachpairin
samerow!
SPSSGraph
Analysisbasedondifference ineachpair
SPSSdoesnotdirectlyproducerequiredchart
Requires2stepprocess
Calculatedifferenceforeachpair
Graph___________________________________
Calculatethedifference
1
2
Calculatethedifference
Typeinnewvariablename
Physical_m_Verbal_F
Calculatethedifference
Physical_Fmean
2
3
Calculatethedifference
Verbal_Fmean
5
4
Createboxplotforscores&difference
1. OpenGraphs
Boxplot,select
Summariesfor
separatevariables,
&clickDefine
2. Movebothscore
variables&the
computed
differencescoreto
right
3. SelectOK
BoxplotsshowsthatPhysicalis____
thanVerbalAgression
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Same
Whichboxplotmostsymmetric?
A. Physicalaggression
B. Verbalaggression
C. Difference(PhysicalVerbal)
Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
Textdescribesthatitisequivalenttoone
samplet testondifferences,with
Null:Difference=0,Research:Difference 0
CoulduseOneSamplet testSPSSprogram
analyzedifferencescorebut
Inpracticeeasiertointerpretresultsby
lookingatdifferencescoreANDmeansof2
scoresusedtocalculatedifference
SPSSprovidesthis:PairedSamplest test
Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
1
2
3
Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
7
5
8.TypeCI%
2
10
9
A. Movepairofscores notdifferencefromlefttoright
B. SelectCI%withoptions
Output
Summary
statsforpair
ofscores
Summarystatisticsfor Lower&Upper
t statistics
difference
ConfidenceInterval
Values
Pairedvs.OneSamplePrograms
Pairedvs.OneSamplePrograms
Cohensd
________
Largeeffectsize:Powerfultestbecausepaireddesign
resultsinextremelysmallSD ofdifference
Statisticalstatement 2tailed
61
5.778,
.001,
. ______
Priorslide
Correctstatisticalstatement
A.
B.
C.
D.
t(61)=5.778,p <.001
t(61)=5.778,p = .001,d =.73
t(61)=5.778,p <.001,d =.73
t(61)=5.778,p<.001,d=.73
Same2& 1taileddecisionrules
TwotailedRule
OnetailedRule
1.Predicted
Direction?
1.Sig?
Yes
Yes
No
p=Sig.or
p<.001
2.Sig/2 ?
ns
No
ns (onetailed)
Yes
No
p=Sig/2(onetailed)or
p<.001 (onetailed)
ns (onetailed)
Englishstatement
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Describewhatscore(s)measure
Describethesample
Includesummarystatisticsfordifference!
Significant/notsignificant(+directionif1tail)
Describethecomparisongroup themselves
Englishstatementwordingifused
matchedpairsofstudentsandsisters
Englishstatementfrompriorslide
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Noticedifferenceinwordingwordingmustaccurately
reflectdesignofstudy
Verbal Hostility
3.5
1.6
2.3
2.8
1.0
1.0
TestifthereVerbalAggressionis
4.4
lowerthanHostilityinasampleof 3.6
2.3
2.4
13malestudentsinPSYC312
3.9
5.0
Addvariables(right)toSPSS
3.8
2.2
Calculatedifference
4.3
2.4
Boxplotofscores&difference
2.3
3.2
99% confidenceinterval
5.6
4.8
1.8
2.4
CalculateCohensd
4.4
3.2
Writestatisticalstatement
2.9
3.8
WriteEnglishstatement
Youdoit!
Dataformat
10
Boxplots
Figure9.Boxplotsofverbalaggression,hostility,and
thedifferencescoresforasampleofmaleLiberty
students
Whatareupper&lower99%
confidenceintervals
A. 2.954&3.240
B. .9577&.3846
C. 1.2274&.6543
WhatisCohensd?
A.
B.
C.
D.
.26
.93
.89
1.11
11
Didthepredicteddirectionhappen?
A. Yes
B. No
Whatisthestatisticalstatement?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Englishstatement
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Describewhatscore(s)measure
Describethesample
Includesummarystatisticsfordifference!
Significant/notsignificant(+directionif1tail)
Describethecomparisongroup themselves
12
Homework#7
10points
Youwillcarryoutapairedsamplesttestfor
thisassignment thatisonblackboard.
13