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Moisture content
The relative saturation level of moisture in the oil As a general rule, for every doubling of moisture in oil (and my inference moisture in the paper) the life of the transformer will be halved. Additionally increased moisture exposes the transformer to increased risk of short circuit
Periodic testing
If a customer does not have on-line monitoring the only way to verify a transformer is to perform periodic off line DGA and moisture analysis. This involves: Manually collecting 2 separate oil samples from the transformer and ship to a laboratory. Wait for analysis (several days normally) Laboratory GC for analysis of dissolved gas. Karl Fischer titration for determination of moisture content.
You then compared the measured values with the values from previous tests looking for any increase and for the trend of this increase.
Rules available to allow for quick and accurate determination of the presence of a fault and the nature and severity of that fault
o GE product are now market leader in almost every country global and are overall global leaded for online monitoring.
TRANSPORT X*
All based on Photoacoustic MULTITRANS* TRANSFIX* Spectroscopy and Headspace gas extraction
Full 8 gas + moisture on-line DGA
TAPTRANS*
Full 8 gas on-line DGA for main tank & LTC in one unit
MINITRANS*
Cost-Effective on-line DGA Discrete gas measurement (H2, CO, C2H2 + H2O)
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Photoacoustics - Basics
Photo-acoustic affect discovered by A. G. Bell Measures individual gas in a mixture without physical separation. Spectral domain identification
2000s Dissolved Gas Analysis - KELMAN (CO, CO2, CH4, 200,000 PAS based detectors worldwide for all the above application, and others There are 7000+ GE PAS instruments worldwide
What is IR
Infrared absorption
Almost every compound in the universe will absorb IR energy Every compound in existence has a unique absorption profile like a finger print. If we target a region of the IR energy spectra that is unique for a compound we can measure its concentration. For DGA application, compounds are all simple gases
Heating of gas
Pressure waves
Photoacoustic IR Filters
GAS IR-light pulses Sound wave proportional to gas concentration
Photo-acoustic affect discovered by A. G. Bell Measures individual gas in a mixture without physical separation. Spectral domain identification Photo-acoustic effect quantification Employs one detector and no carrier gases Operated in ambient environment.
PAS Layout
Benefits of PAS
No regular calibration or maintenance required No costly consumables such as calibration or carrier gases Capable of measuring at very low detection levels (e.g. 0.5ppm for acetylene) and very high detection levels (>50,000ppm) Capable of measuring individual gases in a mixture Ability to move from high gas levels to lower gas levels without cross contamination (TRANSPORT X, Tap TRANS Direct measurement of both CO & CO2, vital gases for understanding cellulose condition, giving increased accuracy & repeatability
GE use headspace as laid out in ASTM 3612 : Standard Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography.
TRANSPORT X Schematic
Products
Product Summary
TRANSFIX
What is it?
An on-line system that continuously monitors: The concentration of 9 key gases in the insulating oil of electrical equipment. The concentration of moisture in insulating oil. Optionally transformer load and tank temperatures around others It will alert personnel of fault conditions at an early stage and provide vital health information on the transformer or tap changer.
Differentiated Value
An integrated solution from a sole supplier. When the TRANSFIX is integrated with a BMT 300 bushing monitor unit, GE can offer a unique all-in-one solution that provides a more indepth view of the transformer's health Enabling more condition based maintenance, resulting in reduced maintenance costs.
DGA is measured as follows: Oil pumped through the TRANSFIX unit, past an oil immersed Oxygen and Moisture sensor and on to fill a sample chamber to a predetermined volume. Gas extracted out of sample in sample chamber and analysis of this gas using a photo-acoustic gas analyzer Moisture is measured as follows: Oil flows over a capacitance moisture sensor and during sampling and together with oil temperature (if recorded) ppm and RS are determined
No consumables or calibration
6 Analog Inputs, 3 Digital inputs Full PERCEPTION integration Can be upgraded to include fibre optic temperature sensors
Oil Manifold: 1. Takes oil sample from Transformer 2. Extracts Gas from oil System Board: 1. Provision of I/O 2. Provision for communications modules
Measures
Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Acetylene Moisture
MiniTrans
Simplified PGA and simplified construction
PG A
Measureme nt of:
H2 C2H2 H2O CO
CnHn
Hourly Measurements*
Extensive communication/alarm options No consumables or calibration
PGA
Oil Manifold: 1. Takes oil sample from Transformer 2. Extracts Gas from oil System Board: 1. Provision of I/O 2. Provision for communications modules
Oil Manifold 2: Divertor 1. Takes oil sample from Transformer 2. Extracts Gas from oil
Oil Manifold 1: Main & Selector 1. Takes oil sample from Transformer 2. Extracts Gas from oil System Board: 1. Provision of I/O 2. Provision for communications modules
Failure Modes
25 20 15 10 5 0
gs ies n r i o s nd i s e W cc a gs n i ind
s s er t rs re g ng i r g l e n o i a n o h C t o sh ha O sp C u e C B iv p r a d T tor o M
% 30
25 20 15 10
5 0
gs n i ind
re o C Ta
h C p
ge n a ta n
es gs st. i n r y i s ia h l l i s i x o Bu & Au
rs e h Ot
in a M
% 30
25 20 15 10 5 0
s s g g n n hi di s n i Bu W
TC L O
re o C
s nt nt d e e a m m p p i Le i qu qu E E ry ng i a l i l o xi u Co A
he t O
Percentage (%)
25 20 15 10 5 0
Tap Changer
Bushings
Cooling System
Other
Control room
Benefit
Advance warning of Transformer needing maintenance/replacement
Enables Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Avoids catastrophic failure and /or transformer loss Avoids need for routine visits to site and manual sampling Early warning of possible arcing in main transformer tank Tracks load current, moisture content and ambient temperature for advanced trending capabilities
Addition of models data for a more complete view of transformer internal faulth activity Provides a complete transformer solution to effectively monitor the majority of root causes of transformer failures. Uses same PERCEPTION software to visualize data Less vendors installing equipment in your switchyard Single vendor integrated solution that works/communicates
Diagnostics
Main Tank: Windings failure, Partial Discharge, Excessive H2O, surface contamination, connection failure, circulating currents, overloading hazard. OLTC: contact overheating and coking, desynchronization, excessive number of operations, mechanical damage, neutral switch inactivity Bushing: moisture penetration, oil leak, partial discharge Cooling System: clogged coolers by pollen or dust, fan/pump failure, sludge, oil leak DGA can provide for detection of the majority of the above faults by tracking changing gas concentrations or gas ratios Other Failure Modes not detectable by on-line monitoring: External, such as lightning, animal interference, operation error,
Nearly all fault conditions, low energy PD Oil overheating between 200C and 500C Oil overheating between 300C and 500C Oil overheating over 500C, possible formation of carbon particles High energy arcing, oil overheating over 800C, strong formation of carbon particles, metal melting Paper insulation overheating
CO2
O2
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
What is Perception
Advanced Transformer Management Software Specially designed for the power industry Provides simplified trending Provides advanced transformer diagnostics Intuitive/configurable interface
Utility value
What is Perception
Shipped with Transfix unit Designed for single user/local database Requires manual result download Recommended for low number of DGA units Utility value
Enterprise version of Perception. In addition to Express features: Multiple users Central database Scheduler (Console) for automated results download Email alarm notification
Transformer Services