DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW LAHORE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES 2012

Absence of labor Organizations in Formal Politics of Pakistan

By Umer Mukhtar 2013-02-0492 Faisal Hayat 2014-02-0584

11/25/2012

Table of Contents
Part 1: Overview... ....................6 Connotation7 Significance of Past and Recent History8 Pakistani Labor Laws....9 Part 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................................11 Part 3: Methodology Employed for Gathering Data:...15 Qualitative Research

Methods:....Error! Bookmark not defined.6 Interviews and Questionaire:17 Ethical Responsibilities18 Part 4: Discussion.19 Lack of opportunities/ Counselling/Awareness.......19 Landlords and Industrialists A Huge Restriction towards progress for a common worker.19 Financial Situation of labourers...........20 Lack of Effective Projects to Assist the Labourers.20 Political Opportunities are only for rich..20

Role of Corruption...21 Educational Constraints Defining the Fate of Future Generations of Labourers..21 Biased or deactivated Electronic Media...21 Inconsistency in Government Policies.....22 Independence of Labour Unions......22 Privatization or Nationalization.......22 Responsibility of Political parties and Intelligence Agencies..23 Lack of Digital Innovations.....23 Lack of Intellectuals who can actually lead.........24 Weak Labour or Trade Union Structure......24 The Ultimate Man of Power The Rich.25 Role of Previous Governments...25 Role of our Current Leadership..26 Lost Hope...26 Part 5: Wrapping UP...27 General Responsibility of all..29 Introduction of New Leadership.....29 Changing the trends of National Politics....29 Policies30 Gaining a sense of Equality Financial Support..30 Privatization Vs. Nationalization........30

Effective Projects to be devised more in Rural Areas....30 Role of Corruption..31 Educational Facilities.....31 Role of Electronic Media31 Bringing Digital Innovations..31 Weak Labour or Trade Union Structure.........31 Stopping Migration of Local Labour Force....32 References ...................................................................................................................................33

Part 1 Overview
It was the labor movement that helped secure so much of what we take for granted today. The 40-hour work week, the minimum wage, family leave, health insurance, Social Security, Medicare, retirement plans. The cornerstones of the middle-class security all bear the union label. Barrack Obama Labor means any sort of lively and vigorous work. By and large it involves work done physically, not mentally. In modern society, it is particularly associated with industrial work performed by the ordinary working classes (1911 Encyclopedia). Basically, there are two categories of labor. First refers to a single worker and defines his or her rights and duties in his or her working environment and is known as Individual labor whereas second category is collective labor which represents the relationship that exists among employee, employer and trade unions made for resolving complex problems (Eurofound, 2009). Conventionally, labor unions are concerned to impact upon or interfere in governmental policies regarding apprenticeships and training procedures etc. However, they turn out to be largely defensive in its interference. For example, in Germany and Scandinavia, labor training became the most important factor in defining a countrys economic progress largely in terms of agriculture and industrial sector in 1980s. Thus labor unions demanded governmental authorities to provide certain facilities and infrastructure at workplace as it is impractical to compete with other countries without having learnt technological innovations. Authorities do assist the laborers in terms of technological innovations. Anyhow labor unions always remained insecure and never accepted the managerial initiatives for problem solving and team working skills opted by the government. On the other hand, labor unions have chosen the path of multi-tasking and started

training technological innovations on their own. It was an attempt made to manage and polish the existing skills with newer technology. It established a number of labor unions to have a distinction among other unions. Moreover this promoted the founding of an autonomous and self-determining research centers in which supervision was provided by the authorities. Therefore the encouragement and aid facilitated by the respective governments established a culture of new technology and work style at the workplaces. In the late 1980s, it was made essential by the German metal industry for all the laborers to learn new technological innovations to advance their expertise (Rutherford, 1998: 2-3). Introduction of labor parties in mainstream politics has been carried out in most of countries in order to give an appropriate consideration and representation of the interest of ordinary working people. Labor party is there to protect rights of working laborers by demanding a minimum wage to create a sense of social equality in society. The minimum wage differs from society to society based upon their contemporary resources. Labor parties form trade union or labor unions to put up their demands to the concerned authorities in a more efficient manner by making labor laws in the country. Labor legislations are as old as the human history in the universe (1911 Encyclopedia). Majority countries do have some kind of legislation devised by labor parties in accordance with the governmental authorities that aim for protecting and limiting labors as well as authorities simultaneously. For example, minimum wage, working time, health issues and child labor etc. History of France confirms that Waldeck Rousseaus laws made their way to be included in national laws in 1884. Similarly, suggestions like paid vacations of two weeks annually to the workers and limiting the time to 40 hours per week were passed by the French authorities in late 1930s to facilitate the labor parties. In May 1968, the works hours were more reduced to 44 hours per week and trade unions were made easier to form for labor parties in France. China is probably one of those countries that have a large number of factories with record number of workers working in it. The laws to support and facilitate the labor parties were introduced in the country in 1994 (Adopted at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress on June 29, 2007, Effective from January 1, 2008). Geneva is now headquartering for International Labor Organization. They provide revolutionary reforms to improve the conditions of laborers throughout the world after First World War. Basic principle

behind these laws was to balance demand and supply items from authorities and laborers in workplace (actrav, International Labor Law). What are the factors behind the failure of Pakistani labor parties in national politics? How labor wings in Pakistan differ from that of other countries? How available literature upon Labor parties help in defining and aiming the actual role of labor parties? A concise but thorough history of labor parties, their significance and comparing it to the past and contemporary Pakistani labor party culture and analyzing salient factors that then made labor parties weaker in national politics will provide the readers an in depth understanding and knowledge to understand the political history, culture and laws with respect to labor parties in Pakistan. The factors include illiteracy, leaderless politics, corruption, nepotism, exploitation etc. In addition to this, a number of recommendations presented in conclusion can improve the contemporary stipulation of labor parties. Officially labor party trend started in 18th century in the contemporary developed countries like Australia, Sweden, Norway, U.S. and New Zealand etc. Due to their huge accomplishment and execution in protecting labor rights, workers from other countries also decided to form such labor parties that would play an active role in their national politics and defend their appropriate demands. One of the oldest labor parties is known as the socialist labor party of America. Recently, Australian labor party has also been named as the governing party referring to commonwealth of Australia. By the same token, labor party in the U.K also searched out an enormous support from public and eventually came into the government set up and served the roles of opposition and government for more than one hundred years. As far as the U.S. is concerned, there are more than seven labor arties currently working and during the recent era, their popularity has gained new heights of success. In order to keep up the pace of the countrys economy towards progress, it is extremely indispensable to bestow proper rights to laborers and placing them in the mainstream politics. It is a renowned reality that authorities do not notice to the requirements of labor parties that eventually has an outcome in terms of child labor, strikes, trade unions etc. Anyhow, in recent times, laborers are also becoming united to stand up for their rights by forming large labor unions to put forward their demands in front of the concerned establishment.

The countries where labor unions are quite stable, strong, straightforward and sincere in their demands and supply like United Kingdom, no one can stop bringing progress to that country even if a heavy recession is going on. On the contrary, some people can argue that it is the capital investment that is important for a country to keep up the pace for progress but it is the quality as well as quantity of labor that actually matters more. It is also vital to keep them updated with the latest technological innovations. The more they are connected with the finest contemporary facilities, the more they will be efficient in their work. Therefore, it is recommended for authorities not to get things done by laborers all the time but also facilitate them by giving trainings and make them more efficient.

Pakistani Labor Laws

Some of imperative labor laws included in the Constitution of Pakistan (1973) are as under. Article 11 of the Constitution prohibits all forms of slavery, forced labor and child labor; Article 17 provides for a fundamental right to exercise the freedom of association and the right to form unions;

Article 18 proscribes the right of its citizens to enter upon any lawful profession or occupation and to conduct any lawful trade or business;

Article 25 lays down the right to equality before the law and prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex alone;

Article 37(e) makes provision for securing just and humane conditions of work, ensuring that children and women are not employed in vocations unsuited to their age or sex, and for maternity benefits for women in employment (Labor Laws Pakistan, 2006), Most of the labor laws currently at hand in Pakistan is inherited from the legislation present at the time of partition in 1947. Necessary modification was also made in these laws in order to cope with the given conditions of the labor. Certainly, socio-economic situation, child

and forced labor, increment in population and decrement in foreign investment and thus employment rate, international and local trade unions have had effects upon these amendments. Federal government and provincial government are legally accountable to amend labor policies if indispensable at any juncture. A variety of new labor policies is also being introduced from time to time. Federal government has also given free authority to provincial authorities so that they may change the laws and regulations regarding labor within their boundaries under some specific conditions. These policies involve employment contract, contract termination, working and resting hours, child labor, health of the workers, no gender discrimination, minimum wages, role of the workers representation in their workplace, regulation of trade unions, paid leave, maternity leave and other leave entitlements etc. It is estimated that 37.15 million people are laborers in Pakistan currently, working in agriculture sector (47%), manufacturing and mining (10.50%) and others (42.50%) (Labor Laws Pakistan, 2006). Recently, present government of Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians has also passed some practical resolutions to facilitate the laborers. It is the party that has come into power several times since 1973 by putting a slogan of Roti, Kapra aur Makaan (Food, Clothing and Shelter). Their ideology is to provide basic necessities of the life to all citizens of Pakistan. Policy of nationalizing the industries in Pakistan was also one of the crucial steps made by PPPP in 1970s to protect the rights of all laborers in Pakistan under the government authorities. Labor courts, free constitution and regulation of trade unions and opening of social security fund for laborers were some of the most beneficial policies through which PPPP excelled to their political rivals. If we study the labor political wings in the other political parties, we see that they are still taking initiatives for supporting the laborers. PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf) which currently gained popularity especially in the urban areas of Pakistan has also introduced a special and separate labor wing through which laborers can get support on every issue they feel discriminatory in their workplace (PTI for Labor Party leaders release - thenews.com.pk). In additions to this, Pakistan Muslim League (N) and MQM have also played somewhat central roles in changing the life style of laborers on urgent basis. Labor Party Pakistan was introduced in 1986 and now it is the leading labor union in Pakistan. It also works under the collaboration Fourth International. In 2009, it is estimated that total members are more than 7000. The authorities of Labor Party Pakistan did some work under the

guidance of Pakistan Peoples Party that is known as The struggle. It was also associated with CWI (A socialist committee for workers on a global scale) until it accepted funding from some NGOs and was also participating in Jeddojuh Inqilabi Tehrik (JIT) or Struggle Revolutionary Movement (Taafe, 2005). Coming on to the success of LPP, it is now working with the collaboration of National Trade Union Federation and the peasants present in Punjab striving for their rights. Most of the LPP members belong to the Punjab and the Sind (Labor Party Pakistan). Along with LPP, another labor party was formed known as Workers Party Pakistan. Merger of five left hand parties to form it was done in 2010. These five progressive parties were National Workers Party Pakistan, Communist Mazdoor kissaan Party, Peoples Rights Movement, Watan Dost Mazdoor Federation and Peoples Labor Association. It now also collaborates with many progressive democratic groups, educational intellectuals, trade unions and educated and skilled youth through meetings, discussion and debates they conduct on a regular basis in different areas of Pakistan. Its official site demonstrates its aim as This Party is a link in the chain of national and international progressive movements. Its goal is to have an establishment of a democratic order in which a particular class of elitist exploiters and their collaborators in civil and military bureaucracy will not dominate the economy and politics of Pakistan. (Welcome to the Workers Party Pakistan online - a big merger of Pakistani Left, Progressive Forces, 2005).

Part 2

Literature Review
According to a study conducted by Broadberry and Burhop, an average British laborer got more wage than that of the German worker. This result was based upon the comparison between British and German workers during 1871 and 1938. Both researchers also pointed out some key differences present in German and British set ups to explain the gap of wages. It was the gap that made an enormous distinction between the quality of life of laborers and services sector employees. For German citizens, government was willing to pay their agricultural and service sector employees more than that of the German industrial workers. On the other hand, British government paid more almost equal wages to their laborers and service sector employees. This

difference in wages had yawning effects upon the economies of both countries. In addition to this, skill level and poverty level in both countries were also affecting the real wages of employees (Broadberry and Burhop, 2010). Irving and Seager study the association of labor and politics with each other in Canada and Australia. The major aim was to witness the behavior of two countries towards labor, politics and their mutual interaction to participate in development. The major similarity is their long lasting struggle to have formal labor parties in their political system, though some differences are still there to discuss. Australia is more inclined towards the concept of trade unions than that of Canada to give laborers a proper forum through which they can present their demands to the concerned authorities. The first Australian party achieved political supremacy in 1910. On the other hand, Canada has bestowed their laborers to perform in the national politics as their routine work. In Australia, the involvement in politics is only the responsibility of trade unions. As Canada does not favor much to their laborers to form trade or labor unions so they are still in the process of gaining power. Therefore, it may be said that Australia is currently offering more autonomy to labor parties than that of Canada by granting key opportunities to participate in the national politics (Irving and Seager, 1996). Sassen Koob has studied the impact of international migrations upon the world economic system. Koob studied this impact while dividing it into three parts. First and second part tells us the reasons due to which countries create specific conditions for laborers to migrate to another country in search of better wages. The third part tells us where the workers are actually going. These countries are mostly the oil exporting countries that demand the skilled laborers and attract them with better wages. The increment in the labor migration has seen a rapid growth from the last 30 to 40 years that has a deep and devastating effects upon the economy of the countries from which laborers are migrating. The top countries involve Pakistan, India, Egypt and Afghanistan etc. (Koob, 1981). Keely (1980) is also critical upon the labor migrations and give us the statistics that somewhat is a blessing in disguise for the countries from which the migrant laborers belong to. According to Egyptian Foreign exchange statistics, 30 percent of their foreign exchange was sent from remittances in 1979. It is also estimated that more than two million workers working in the gulf countries belong to Egypt. If this population of workers is comparative to Egyptian labor force, it constitutes 15 percent labor force of Egypt. Similarly

workers of India and Pakistan have been migrated to South Korea to add foreign exchange to their respective countries. In 1978, it is estimated that over two billion dollars have been received by their governments from these workers working in South Korea. Although labor export from Egypt, India and Pakistan may add foreign exchange for the country but labor force in the country is reduced to a great extent to add economic problems. Similarly export of labor from different countries in Korean firms placed a huge competition among their own labor force that has started a great social, economic and moral problems for Korean citizens (Keely, 1980). Lee (2006) discusses the impact of militant mobilization in labor unions has brought certain economic, structural and organizational differences among the leading political institutions of the country. This pattern of labor unions has been motivated for militant activity due to the permissiveness of political establishment and the incentives the workers see through this militant activity to get their rights. These labor unions generally are also having supportive alliances for electoral incentives (Lee, 2006). If we study the labor system of Poland, Egypt, Mexico and Czech Republic, there is constant interaction between the government political institutions and organized labor. This interaction has generated huge negative effects upon the process of privatization of public organized industrial sector to put the laborers in the hands of private industrialists. This privatization has influenced the economic situation of these countries negatively, and governments there are still ready to promote state and labor interaction. This behavior is affecting financial and legal privileges for organized labor due to privatization (Paczynska, 2007). Asia Monitor resource has published an article about Hong Kongs experience of having trade unions entering into the electoral politics to do power politics in the country. It is to note that the publishing center is officially assigned to publish those articles which support the democratic and labor movements in the whole Asia. It is now estimated that Hong Kong has more than 80 labor unions with the membership of over 170,000 laborers. Government allowed them to participate in the national politics for the first time in 1995 by making some precious amendments in the constitution of Hong Kong to facilitate the labor parties. The first labor party was formed in 1989 to construct a unanimous forum for workers to protect their country from assault of China. Their first aim was not to enter into the national politics. When eventually they got power, they protected their rights and work for the countrys progress more efficiently. Unfortunately the party had great

opposition from the political establishment of the country and was forced to go out of the government only after two years of power but it was succeeded in securing the rights of workers in this era through peaceful and justifiable way (Cheuk-Yan, 2009). Kiran khan discusses the impact of laborers in the national politics and why they should be given a chance to make a political party to do power politics. Labor parties are formed by those people who only have the skill to do labor and they have nothing really to enjoy except to work hard most of the time in their lives. Khan is inspired by their dedication and devotion to work hard and therefore wants them to be given the opportunity to form independent labor parties, gain power and work for the development of the country. Khan gives the examples of the countries like Russia, United Kingdom and China etc. where independent labor parties came into power either by on their own or having alliances with the other political powers and they have done really well for their respective countries. Therefore, the need of the hour is to form more and more independent labor parties or labor wings in various political parties to give them a golden opportunity to come into power and work for the country (Khan, 2012). Although labor parties have not gained any major success in the country yet they are making their way to enter into the national politics. For example, Labor Party of Pakistan (LPP) has expressed their concerns on the issue of Lyari operation in Karachi announced by the current government of Pakistan. This party has demanded to bring peace in Karachi by bringing harmony, equality and proper implementation of laws, not by using violent means. They also said that violent operation does not only kill innocent peoples but also create hatred among the people of Karachi for the government (Rehman, 2012). Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) started its political struggle in 1994 under the head of famous Cricketer Imran Khan. At first it was the party of middle class working people but since 2010 when it gained popularity and many rich politicians have joined it to get success, it has become third major political power in Pakistan. By having rich politicians it has somewhat lost its main aim which is to help underprivileged class by bringing economic and educational revolution in country. According to Tariq (2011), this party does own has a labor wing but it is unable to work on a major scale yet. He has called Pakistan Labor Party attention to learn lessons from the success of this political party for gaining popularity so that it may work for basic labor dilemmas e.g. Protecting legal demands of workers belonging to middle and poor class families. However,

it should not follow the footsteps of PTI but follow only those steps that can be helpful in getting popularity. The countrys current situation is quite supportive for Pakistan Labor Party as all major parties including Pakistan Peoples Party has lost their support in public to a great extent. So Labor Party should be expanding their interaction with the public to meet their needs and gaining more popularity and it is the best time to do genuine power politics and attaining actual political supremacy (Tariq, 2011)

Part 3 Methodology Used for Gathering Data

Research and experimental development is creative work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications (OECD (2002) Frascati Manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development, 6th edition) Methodology can be defined in a number of ways. Methodology is usually a guideline system for solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools (Bruce, 2009) or "the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline" (Creswell, 1998) or "the study or description of methods" (Creswell, 2003). Methodology is a characteristic that desires for research questions to be answered competently and directly. Considering all the above definitions, it can be said that research questions functions to make up a certain methodology (Ellis and Levy, 2008). There are many types of research methodologies employed to respond to the research questions. Most popular research methods in the contemporary world are quantitative and qualitative. Both of them have their own methodological tools to progress during field work. After using all these methodological tools, a researcher can gather constructive and valuable counter his or her research questions. Quantitative Research Methods are defined as Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze

utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive).[15] Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. (Creswell, 2008) Whereas Qualitative research method is defined as: Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005) We preferred qualitative research methods as the research questions were of subjective type. We put up some questions regarding labor politics in front of the interviewees. Questions were of different niches. They included questions that stipulated a broad-spectrum response in accordance with the role of labor parties in mainstream politics or people were given a particular situation about labor parties and they were required to give opinions upon these specific circumstances. This was a survey based research to gather data. An appropriate set of questions and sample size were selected to carry out the survey appropriately. The questionnaires were distributed more than 200 workers and 8 small labor union heads. As national language of Pakistan is Urdu, so these interviews were then translated into English. The workers, who had not had the ability to read and write, were questioned orally and their answers were recorded. There are number of advantages we can have by using qualitative research methods for this subjective nature of research questions. Qualitative research methods allow us to explore and even constructs new theories. It is possible to analyze in depth assessment of the research questions and the data gathered by the qualitative interviews. Complicated questions can be answered rigorously and in detail which is quite impossible by using quantitative research methods. With this method, researcher is not restricted to use only some strict definable variables. He or she has full freedom to be innovative and constructs new conjectures depending upon the results. By using this method, we can motivate other researchers by having built new research questions to be explored in future.

The method of semi structured interview was chosen so that we could come up with new questions during the interview timing and note the responses of the person. This method is flexible naturally and it has proper themes in it to be surveyed in the interviews. It is quite different from the structural interviews that are of specific format and conducted formally that may lead to an artificial situation during the interviews for interviewees. It is beneficial to prepare the questionnaire beforehand, read it carefully and practiced with different angles so that interview can ask questions in different styles to different participants (Lindlof and Taylor, 2002). The reason to choose semi structured interviews to give the researcher a proper chance to gather comprehensive and wide spread data in order to understand the real thinking of the workers about the workers organizations. If structured interviews were used, they might have restricted the interviewees to tell only their own experiences and that could make this research a narrow minded research made upon labor party concept in Pakistan. Interviews Questions were tried to be made as open and easy as possible so that people can fully understand what they should ideally be answering. Twelve standard questions were asked to the participants in order to gain valid reliable and narrative data. It was purposed that the questionnaire should be divided into two parts but both will be questioned in one time so that people might not get any further ideas which were not their true feeling. This was done in order to avoid the atmospheric pressure upon the interviewees. The first part consisted of their individualistic approach towards labor party concepts in Pakistan so that they might get interested towards our purpose of interview and the second part consisted of some general and somewhat historical questions. Part One Q.1 Do you know any workers association in your area? Q.2 how would you see the schooling in resolving the current predicament situation? Q.3 Have you been constantly involved in social activities relating to your professional and personal life? Q.4 what do you think about having a trade union in your area or in the whole Pakistan?

Q.5 why you and your colleagues refuse to join a labor union? Q.6 How effective is your leadership today? Are you satisfied? What should be the role of leadership in the current situation? Q.7 Have you ever been contacted by any politically activated workers association or did you ever try on your own to contact them?

Part Two Q.8 Have you or your colleagues been offered any political opportunities to present you r demands to your concerned authorities? Q.9 Do you think that Government has forced workers not to make labor parties to point out their rights? Explain historically. Q.10 what kind of resources do you think that laborers should be given to honor their hard work? Q.11 what are restrictions you and your colleagues had faced or will face in your professional life? Q.12 Your recommendations for improvement in the lifestyle of workers? Ethical Responsibilities We contacted heads of labor unions by first gaining appointments to meet all of them. First we explained our purpose of research and then proceed with the questions. We tried to be formal but use the language in which they are comfortable with so that they may not feel any backwardness and it is done to attain the best data to make our project successful. Upon request of the heads of the labor unions and laborers, we decided not to disclose the names of individuals and organizations. We just have to give numbers instead of names so that they feel secured and give all the information they have in their minds.

Part 4 Discussion
Lack of opportunities/ Counseling/ Awareness

One of the interviewees pointed out that they have not been aware of any kind of labor parties helping the laborers to get appropriate wages. There is not only lack of awareness but they do not have the say on their own without any proper labor party to the concerned authorities and if they do that they lose their wages of that day and if the wages are already low, how can they afford not to work a whole day. Therefore it is essential for laborers to form labor parties, to get counseling how they should do that, to be aware of the current situation of the country and to do things depending the situation and tradition. It is also the need of the hour to invest money in politics to finance the budget for protests and awareness campaigns etc. Landlords and Industrialists A Huge Restriction towards progress for a common worker The workers working in the agriculture sector do not own their own fields and they have to work to earn their livelihood upon the fields of landlords. As the unemployment has risen to a great extent throughout the world, so landlords in fields and industrialists in factories exploit their laborers and give them least amount of money and if they protest that they are threatened to knocking out of their jobs immediately. In addition to this, they are also not allowed to form alliances or unions to protest. Therefore workers are forced to work to feed their families.

Private ownerships have been the reason of exploitation of the workers mostly in the rural areas and most of the Pakistani population live in rural areas. This exploitation can only be reduced if industrialists and private ownerships are forced to give a standard wage to the laborers. Financial Situation of Laborers

In order to do politics or form labor parties, laborers do need to have enough money to fund their election campaigns and most of the laborers in Pakistan are underpaid by their owners.. When there is a situation where it is difficult to save a penny for them, how can they be able to finance their political parties? Also they earn this small money through the hard work of all the day. There is a time constraint too to enter into the political game to better off. So if people hope that they do not form their political wings themselves, they are unaware of the ground realities. First we need to look at situation of the underpaid workers and then hope for a better Pakistan. How can they even organize a meeting or social event if they dont have the desired time and money? Lack of Effective Projects to Assist the Laborers

Government has not introduced enough projects to facilitate the laborers so that they may get rid of underpaid work and get skillful jobs and if there is some project available, it would not be either available on all locations or to be an eligible persons for this support they require heavy conditions like age restrictions, skillful labor and somewhat educated person etc. In this situation, it is not possible for the majority of the labor force to get some aid for their future. Also most of the projects are not aimed towards the actual development of laborers but they are only to give some money to them. In this way, we feel insulted like beggars. Money is not the solution; we need education and proper training to earn enough money on our own. It is the responsibility of the governments and local NGOs to devise long term beneficial projects for laborers. Political Opportunities are only for rich

Politics is the name of money in Pakistan. If you have enough money to finance your campaigns, social support to the poor etc., you can win the election for sure. If you dont have, you cannot even see yourself as a winner in your dreams. So how can we think of getting power? If

government will even give laborers the necessary resources, they will not be able to gain power in politics soon to protect their rights. In order to gain success under the name of labor party politics, laborers need to work even harder to get support on long term basis. If the government is not planning to assist laborers soon, they will be rather helping the rich persons to expand their political careers with full ease. Role of Corruption

Corruption is probably the worst enemy of Pakistan. During the past three or four years, billions were taken up by politicians and bureaucrats in the name of helping the poor and announcing developmental projects for them. Now the worse is that donor nations are also not giving their aid to these corrupt persons sitting in governments and establishment and rather trusting local NGOs to provide aid to the poor workers. Also the projects even headed by the NGOs are not even as transparent as they should be. If anyone wants to do real development for laborers, he or she should be auditing these projects and placing local laborers as part of these laborers because laborers cannot betray their fellow laborers. Educational constraints Defining the Fate of Future Generations of Laborers

As most of the laborers live in the rural areas and there have no appropriate schools there to educate their children so that they may live better lives than that of their ancestors. If there is a school building, teachers do not come there to teach. Also there is no education after matriculation and in this modern and competitive era you do need to get higher education to get your desirable life and we laborers remain deprived of these facilities. High quality education is only prescribed for rich families. Also there is no system to educate the current laborers so that they may be aware of their rights and participate actively in the national politics. No or less educational reforms have been implemented in the villages and if there is any school working, feudalists and industrialists force the authorities to stop educating laborers because if they got education who will work in their homes, fields and factories to serve them in less salaries.

Biased or deactivated Electronic Media

As most of the laborers are illiterate, so they can only listen to the electronic media. This electronic media has not been able to aware laborers of their rights. It is always socializing and publicizing the popular political parties to gain more and more TRPs. They sometime prefer to show entertainment instead of teaching and making these laborers aware of their standard wages or how they can demand their rights or form political labor parties to protect their rights and gain rights based upon equality. They do not even know whether there are some labor laws to protect their rights or not. On the other hand, media should be targeting their majority audiences and work for their betterment and surely more than 55 percent of Pakistani population lives in rural areas where most of the people are laborers. Therefore it can be thought this media id biased or deactivated by a certain group of people for their own benefits. Inconsistency in Government Policies

Every government come in the government while promising many things to the labor society and every time they betray laborers. These inconsistencies in governmental policies are coming into the ways of progress of laborers for the past 60 years and they cannot do anything due to lack of power in the mainstream politics. Laborers do think that it is somewhat our responsibility to vote those persons who are actually determined for our development but the most important thing is that no one from them can actually stand up to do politics to help them in getting their legal rights. Also they are not given awareness by media or through any social gathering about realities of the nature of politics in the country. Therefore, they are betrayed after every election and forced to live the same lifestyle for more five years. Independence of Labor Unions

None of the Pakistani labor unions was allowed to form independent research centers just like the authorities of Germany and Scandinavia did. Lack of new technological skills and appropriate work style is thus the consequence of this obstruction put by management. Privatization or Nationalization

Majority laborers during fieldwork did supported nationalization concept of industries. It was due to the relaxation associated with it in terms of payments and after retirement in the form of pension. On the other hand, some also criticized upon the procedure of searching out government labor jobs that often involve bribery and favoritism. Unemployment is a huge restriction there and corruption is again the worst enemy present to haunt them. So they are forced to do under paid jobs in the privatization. On the other hand, in the current condition, there are countless firms which are privatized now and are offering under paid labor jobs which laborers are compelled to do to earn some livelihood for their families. So there is again a dire need to do nationalization along with a huge increment in the number of jobs on high scale for the laborers and freedom to form political parties to enter into the mainstream politics. Responsibility of Political parties and Intelligence Agencies

It is the responsibility of the political parties, developmental and intelligence agencies to find out the reasons why laborer have not still able to form a strong and powerful political party on their own and create a situation where laborers are facilitated and encouraged to do so without any kind of political, social or financial pressure. On the other hand, the ground realities tells us that these kind of agencies have killed or kidnapped the leaders of the few agencies formed by the laborers for their self-support by naming them as spies or enemies to the national interests of the country. If this kind of political party was established by some elite class, these agencies would not have dared to accuse any of their leaders because their benefits are mutual. In this way, they did not only discouraged laborers to form their association but also made them not to think about these kinds of political parties in future if they really want to live safe and sound. Lack of Digital Innovations

Labor management negotiation is also another important concept that is urgently needed to introduce in the labor and owner structure of Pakistan. This structure should be as innovative as possible. It is seen that no or less computerized services are available in the national politics. So it is the need of the hour that responsible authorities should demonstrate interests in the labor structure and laborers are encouraged to form associations to work on their computerized conflict resolution structure on their own. This program can be time effective and conflict resolution would be in access of everybody working in the given structure. This computerized study of

labor conflict resolution has been successfully demonstrated by Frazer and Hipel in their case studies (Frazer and Hipel, 1981).

Lack of Intellectuals who can actually lead

There are no or less intellectuals available to the labor society to form a strong political party on their own. This has been due to three reasons. First is the less educated labor class not even able to think about their rights on their own, secondly the killing or kidnapping of their former leaders by various national agencies and the current labor class has seen their ancestors being slaves to their owners and hence now they also are compelled to live as their forefathers helplessly. A leader coming from this kind of society is no more than a miracle and miracle do not happen every day. So we should not wait for miracle and should do something for educating these people in the shortest but effective way so that no agencies would be able to crush the efforts of labor political movements in the future due to their honest determination. Weak Labor or Trade Union Structure

A labor or trade union is formed in order to influence the establishment and governments to give laborers their rights with equal social, political and financial status. It is a fact that if laborers will be strong in a country and do justice after getting power in the mainstream politics especially within their own professional, it would not be possible that the economy of this country collapse at any point in the history of man. Man power is actually the strength behind countries economic success and these unions are necessary to lift that man power in real business and this can only be done by giving them equal rights in all spheres of life. Unfortunately, authorities of Pakistan has been less or no interested in making their man power strong to come up as an economic power in the world. This is also one of the reasons the economy of Pakistan has been collapsing badly these days. Where there is somewhat freedom to form a labor political party, membership is deliberately shortened due to political pressure or financial pressure and most of the time corrupt officers are appointed as heads of these labor unions which can do nothing but feeding their own families. So

it perhaps wont be possible for an honest leader representing laborers to fight for the rights and get success in politics. Constitution is also behind the success of the popular political parties, industrialists and landlords who do not want any kind of labor resistance in their political career. For example, trade union activities are discouraged under the Essential Services Act of 1952 (ESA). These activities include the resistance against state services and state owned land and ports etc. i.e. it deters the strikes and resistance made by labor political parties for gaining their legal rights. If we look at the figures of the labor unions memberships, less than one percent of the total labor force is the member of more than 7000 registered trade unions. This fact really slaps the efficiency of these trade unions in Pakistan and the worse thing is that in the past twenty to twenty five years, the percentage of becoming a member of a labor or trade unions has been going downwards instead of going upwards to show some improvement in the labor political party structure. Now some prominent authorities are of the opinion that these trade unions are lacking trust so they should stop working. Another reason for the weakened structure of these trade unions is that industrialist and landlords have given the prominent leadership of these unions their desired pays without giving any credit to the members and other labors working in the same field and after getting this reward, these fake leaders are relaxed and celebrating their own success as they dont have any concern with other members of the same trade union. The Ultimate Man of Power The Rich

Pakistani aristocrats have never allowed any common man to snatch their position from power politics. They have been succeeding in what they do since 1947. Labor parties today have no formal structure that they may be able to defeat these aristocrats at least not in the near future. In short, ultimate power in Pakistan is about money that brings a man near to power. Role of Previous Governments

The role of previous governments like Ayub Khan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif, Benazir Bhutto and Pervez Musharraf is also not supportive towards the devising any major useful policy for labor union and their participation in the national politics. More or less all of them came with

the slogans of helping laborers in attaining equal rights and forming labor unions and political parties for gaining political power but neither of them fulfilled their promises to the extent they said. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto did nationalization of various industries to provide support to the labor unions but the other government especially Musharrafs era was worst when unions were more or less banned from doing any political activity. It is also the two approaches that were followed by different leaders i.e. socialism and capitalism. These inconsistencies in governmental policies also led the labor unions to destruction. Role of our Current Leadership

The role of current leadership is also the same as the leaders of past did to Pakistani Labor Union system. It is the result of past and current leadership that Pakistan is still considered a third world country where violence, inequality and corruption can be found in every professional field. All parties came with dozens of promises but none of them delivered to the best of their ability. They all come forward to get their own benefits and flown away and they are still perhaps doing the same. Lost hope

Pakistani labor unions and other laborers have totally lost the hope in the government policies. Now the worst thing is that (as demonstrated in the literature review section) laborers from Pakistan have started migration very rapidly to the gulf or western countries in search of getting more resources and wages. Although this is a blessing in disguise as Pakistan is gaining dollars but it is nothing because this huge amount of laborers were under some structured labor system in Pakistan, they can be a few times more beneficial to the Pakistani economic growth. So it is essential to encourage a proper labor system so that laborers are discouraged from migrating and encouraged to gain equal citizenship in Pakistan.

Part 5
Wrapping up
There are three basic and major factors along with some minor factors due to which labor politics did not make itself to enter into the mainstream politics. First is the alliances made by the Pakistani Governments with the western democratic forces to promote capitalist system in the country and begging before organizations like IMF and World Bank for money to boost up its economy and sometimes promoting the socialist system to make all Pakistani citizens of equal status without any discrimination. Along with that, a small layer of secularization has also derailed Pakistani government and they did not bother to think about the legal rights of Labor unions and their members. Similarly, long term dictatorships were also the reason for not promoting a specific policy throughout and eventually resulting in restrictions upon the activities of labor unions and their participation in the mainstream politics. Second reason was the system of feudalism and industrialists who always do not want to give away the legal rights of laborers to form political associations, gain power and have equal status as they have in the society. Both are the owners of most of the land and industries of Pakistan respectively. They underpaid them and created a situation of helpless where people cannot help without working for them as they were threatened to deaths or they were deprived of earning a respectable income so that they may work on their own. Third factor is the undercover criteria given for participating in the national politics announced by different governments. Politicians need to have money and intellect attained by having high quality education. Lack of financial resources and high quality educational facilities compelled the laborers not to participate in politics for protecting their rights actively. In addition to this, government also made such laws that made the elite class of the country to be eligible for gaining power and deciding the fate of labors. Industrialists and landlords also helped them to

side line all the labor parties in the national politics. Different developmental agencies and intelligence agencies are also headed by elite class people who in any case do not want the poor labor party workers to attain their power because they can be dangerous to their benefits if gained political power at any time. In addition to this, the laws that were made for the welfare of the labor unions had been hidden in the constitution and majority of the labor force in Pakistan do not even know them. These three major factors have such string power that they have easily defeated all the revolts or movement taken up by labor unions to gain their rights. At this time, it seems that if something miracle happens in the labor political wings, even then they also need a long term planning to gain major success in the electoral process. In terms of minor factors, lack of trust and unity, lack of strong and intellectual leadership and improper guidance etc. have and still are playing their role in defining the future of the labor unions and their participation in national politics. Additionally, Lack of trust also comes in terms of strict supervision in terms of labor skills by not allowing labor unions to have their own system of learning technological innovations. It is the trust that can bind laborers in this phase of no hope but distrust has been created by the government agencies which were involved in killing or kidnapping the leaders of the few trade unions that are working for political goals. Now laborers have no trust on each other. They see each other at least not as friends if not enemies. No one is hay under the leadership of anyone else. In this way, they are divided and when you do not unite to make an association to achieve something common, you eventually lose and the enemy would succeed in any way. So they have to be united under one leadership. Lack of intellectual leadership is another problem for labor parties as no one is highly educated but they have to find someone highly influential among them to gain popularity in the mainstream politics. For this purpose, they need proper guidance. They have to now recognize the suggestions given by their opponents as they have not done so and that is why, they are suffering till now. They have to unite and think what better should be done in the current scenario. The most important thing is that they start to provide education to their children on their own by extra hard work because hard work of today can only lead the future generations towards successful destinations. In addition to this, they have to devise long term planning because short term planning will not be enough as the current situation is really worse for them and there is no hope of gaining immediate success. On a one step further, they should

be making alliances with the popular parties of today to become a partner party in forming the governmental structure in the country. In this way, they may definitely be able to protect the rights of their people and can save their future generations from this kind of life. These minor solutions can also be a useful initiative towards forming various labor unions and hence efficient labor political parties that can actually beat their opponents in the electoral process. It is also important to consider that the more the laborers in country are successful, the more the countrys economy will boost up and Pakistans current scenario also wants this kind of economic boost as soon as possible.

Suggestions
These suggestions are for both laborers and governmental authorities to bring a silent but active revolution in the labor society so that they may be able to play their role in the progress of the country more efficiently. General Responsibility of all

Labor politics can play important role in defining the economic growth of the country. Therefore it is the responsibility of all the professional workers working in any field to do what he or she can for the development of labor unions so that strong labor political parties can protect and gain equal rights in the society. Introduction of New Leadership

As the old leadership has been disastrous, so it is the need of the hour that new and honest leadership for labor union should be introduced which can grow it for establishing a powerful and supportive labor political party to participate in the national politics. The new leadership should be confident as well as compromising because in politics you need to be comprising for gaining mutual interest and it is very essential for labor leaderships to have alliance with the present popular parties. Changing the trends of National Politics

It is the time to change the current trends in the political system of Pakistan where only a rich and influential person can only take part in the formal elections. It is also necessary for

governmental authorities to introduce a new kind of political system in which people with financial constraints can also easily not only participate but also win the electoral process depending upon their individual abilities. This will not only beneficial for countrys reputation i n the world but the relationship between the poor and the rich will get stronger. Policies

Policies should be made consistent. For example, the decision between the capitalist system or the socialist system should be taken wisely and if it is taken once, it should last longer until there is a dire need to change the system. However, it is suggested that one system should be chosen considering its long term benefits. Gaining a sense of Equality

Governmental authorities should revise their pay system and there should be a decent increment in the system. Otherwise, we will become the German system which overpays their services worker, underpays their laborers and eventually goes into loss in terms of economic growth. Government should also force the private industries to revise the pay system for laborers so that all laborers can get the sense of equality in the society. Financial Support

Government and NGOs should be providing financial support to the labor unions to form labor parties and fund the awareness events, labor movements and political campaigns etc. so that they can easily get into the mainstream politics without any financial burden on their shoulders. Privatization Vs. Nationalization

Government should now support the nationalization of the industry in order to protect the rights of the laborers permanently. In this way, labor parties can participate in politics more efficiently because they will have less tension about their employment. Labor force will also support their agenda of nationalization of the private enterprises. Effective Projects to be devised more in Rural Areas

Effective projects like adult education, training workshops etc. should be conducted on regular basis especially in the rural areas of Pakistan. Money distribution projects should be discouraged. They do not lead to the developments of the laborers because the amount is not enough for most of the laborers that they can start their own business with this money. Role of Corruption

Corruption is probably the worst thing that is unfortunately seen in almost every professional field in Pakistan. Similarly large developmental projects started by government and NGOs are heavily affected by corruption. Therefore, proper auditing should be made to make these projects as transparent as possible because these projects will eventually make the future of laborers either dark or bright. Educational Facilities

Educational facilities should be provided on urgent basis especially to the rural labor families so that new and intellectual leadership can develop among these families which can actively participate in various professional fields of life along with working for labor arties in the politics. Role of Electronic Media

Electronic media should be directed to present labor awareness programs so that they may be aware of their rights and limitations. For example, today majority of the laborers do not know their rights according to the constitution, media can aware them of their legal rights. Media can devise programs that can provide honest and unbiased guidance to them on regular basis. Bringing Digital Innovations

Digital computerized system should be taught to the laborers so that they may be able to cope with the latest technological innovations. It will not only save their time and hard work but also will be productive towards the economic and technological development of the country. Conflict resolutions will be made easier by using technology as demonstrated by Frazer and Hipel in their research case studies (Frazer and Hipel, 1981).

Weak Labour or Trade Union Structure

Revolutionary reforms should be brought to the present weak labor or trade union structure to make it effective for forming labor political parties. Formal labor parties will give confidence to the laborers that they now have an influential say in the national mainstream politics and they will be able to demand their legal rights in a more efficient way. In addition to this, they can get more support to form their government in the long run as well. Stopping Migration of Local Labor Force

Local labor force is now migrating towards other countries in search of better wages. Government has to stop the process of migration of local labor force. This can only be done if the government can bring a decent increment in their wages immediately and also force the private enterprises to do so or otherwise threaten them to cancel their licenses.

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