Television

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American family watching TV, 1958 Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or colored, with or without accompanying sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television program, or television transmission. The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin, meaning "far sight": Greek tele (), far, and Latin visio, sight (from video, vis- to see, or to view in the first person). Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for molding public opinion.[1] Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material. In recent years, Internet television has seen the rise of television available via the Internet through services such as iPlayer and Hulu. Although other forms such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) are in use, the most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television, which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the television signal to individual TV receivers.

The broadcast television system is typically disseminated via radio transmissions on designated channels in the 54890 MHz frequency band.[2] Signals are now often transmitted with stereo or surround sound in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as an analog television signal, but during the decade several countries went almost exclusively digital. A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a video monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous. Some studies have found a link between infancy exposure to television and ADHD.[3]

This video shows the operation of a typical CRT television manufactured in 1980

Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Geographical usage 3 Content o 3.1 Programming o 3.2 Funding 3.2.1 Advertising 3.2.1.1 United States 3.2.1.2 United Kingdom 3.2.1.3 Ireland 3.2.2 Taxation or license 3.2.3 Subscription o 3.3 Genres 4 Sales of televisions 5 Social aspects and effects on children 6 Environmental aspects 7 See also

8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

History
Main article: History of television In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television.

Braun HF 1 television receiver, Germany, 1958 The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanical fax machines, including the pantelegraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that light could be transmitted over copper wires, as sounds were. The idea of using scanning to transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraph, through the use of a pendulum-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward, scanning in one form or another has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date, including television. This is the concept of "rasterization", the process of converting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses.

In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany,[4] patented the first electromechanical television system which employed a scanning disk, a spinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equal angular intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the electrical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotating disk, each hole captured a horizontal "slice" of the whole image.[5] Nipkow's design would not be practical until advances in amplifier tube technology became available. Later designs would use a rotating mirror-drum scanner to capture the image and a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a display device, but moving images were still not possible, due to the poor sensitivity of the selenium sensors. In 1907 Russian scientist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a CRT in the receiver of an experimental television system. He used mirror-drum scanning to transmit simple geometric shapes to the CRT.[6]

Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929). Using a Nipkow disk, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird succeeded in demonstrating the transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925,[7] and of moving, monochromatic images in 1926. Baird's scanning disk produced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough to discern a human face, from a double spiral of Photographic lenses.[8] This demonstration by Baird is generally agreed to be the world's first true demonstration of television, albeit a mechanical form of television no longer in use. Remarkably, in 1927 Baird also invented the world's first video recording system, "Phonovision": by modulating the output signal of his TV camera down to the audio range, he was able to capture the signal on a 10-inch wax audio disc using conventional audio recording technology. A handful of Baird's 'Phonovision' recordings survive and these were finally decoded and rendered into viewable images in the 1990s using modern digital signal-processing technology.[9] In 1926, Hungarian engineer Klmn Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube.[10][11][12][13] On 25 December 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan.[14] This

was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent.[15] By 1927, Russian inventor Lon Theremin developed a mirror-drum-based television system which used interlacing to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines.[16]

Philo Farnsworth In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pickup and display devices,[17] which he first demonstrated to the press on 1 September 1928.[17][18] WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on 13 January 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY, under the call letters W2XB.[19] It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters W2XBS, and which today is known as WNBC. The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the Cat doll, rotating on a turntable, was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years, as new technology was being tested by the engineers. At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave the world's first public demonstration of a television system using a cathode ray tube for both transmission and reception. The world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935. In August 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were carried by cable to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could view the games live.[20] In 1935 the German firm of Fernseh A.G. and the United States firm Farnsworth Television owned by Philo Farnsworth signed an agreement to exchange their television patents and technology to speed development of television transmitters and stations in their respective countries.[21]

On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.[22] It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. In 1936, Klmn Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display, the first flat panel display system.[23][24] Mexican inventor Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena also played an important role in early television. His experiments with television (known as telectroescopa at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system" color television in 1940,.[25] Although television became more familiar in the United States with the general public at the 1939 World's Fair, the outbreak of World War II prevented it from being manufactured on a large scale until after the end of the war. True regular commercial television network programming did not begin in the U.S. until 1948. During that year, legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini made his first of ten TV appearances conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra,[26] and Texaco Star Theater, starring comedian Milton Berle, became television's first gigantic hit show.[27] Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for molding public opinion.[1] Amateur television (ham TV or ATV) was developed for non-commercial experimentation, pleasure and public service events by amateur radio operators. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial TV stations came on the air.[28] In 2012, it was reported that television revenue was growing faster than film for major media companies'.[29]

Geographical usage

Television introduction by country 1930 to 1939 1980 to 1989 1940 to 1949 1990 to 1999 1950 to 1959 After 2000 1960 to 1969 No television 1970 to 1979 No data Main article: Geographical usage of television

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

Content
Programming
See also: Television program and Category:Television genres Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels: 1. Original Run or First Run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the television producers to do the same. 2. Broadcast syndication: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, TV stations or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers. First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic free-to-air (FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first-run material appearing on FTA. Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centred around local programming.

Funding
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January
2010)

Television sets per 1000 people of the world 1000+ 100200 5001000 50100

300500 200300

050 No data

Around the globe, broadcast television is financed by either government, advertising, licensing (a form of tax), subscription or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscription payers receive the decryption codes to see the signal. Unencrypted channels are known as free to air or FTA. In 2009 the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one television, and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% compared to 2008).[30] North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39%, followed by Europe (31%), AsiaPacific (21%), Latin America (8%) and Africa and the Middle East (2%).[31] Globally, the different TV revenue sources divide into 45 to 50% TV advertising revenues, 40 to 45% subscription fees and 10% public funding.[32][33] Advertising Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Many television networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") in order to fund their programming.[34]
United States

Since inception in the U.S. in 1941,[35] television commercials have become one of the most effective, persuasive, and popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great creative license to the advertisers over the content of the show. Perhaps due to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s,[36] networks shifted to the magazine concept introducing advertising breaks with multiple advertisers. U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a television commercial can cost. For example, the highly popular American Idol can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time; while the same amount of time for the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-viewed time slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers of infomercials, at far lower rates. In recent years, the paid program or infomercial has become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour. Some drug companies and other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast, known in the industry as video news releases, paying program directors to use them.[37] Some TV programs also weave advertisements into their shows, a practice begun in film[38] and known as product placement. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular chain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very

subtle, where shows have vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost, rather than wrangling them.) Sometimes a specific brand or trade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists, who perform on the show.)
United Kingdom

The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul, Roy Thomson, likened the broadcasting licence as being a "licence to print money".[39] Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels: ITV, Channel 4, and Five can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural pauses where the UK company does not utilize the narrative breaks intended for more frequent US advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current affairs program, documentaries, and programs for children. Nor may advertisements be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any religious broadcasting service or other devotional program, or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements. The BBC, being strictly non-commercial is not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK, although it has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes from television license fees (see below) and broadcast syndication, the sale of content to other broadcasters.
Ireland

The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) (Irish: Coimisin Craolachin na hireann)[40] oversees advertising on television and radio within Ireland on both private and state owned broadcasters. Advertising is found on both private and state owned broadcasters. There are some restrictions based on advertising, especially in relation to the advertising of alcohol. Such advertisements are prohibited until after 7 pm. Broadcasters in Ireland adhere to broadcasting legislation implemented by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland and the European Union. Sponsorship of current affairs programming is prohibited at all times. As of 1 October 2009 the responsibilities held by the BCI are gradually being transferred to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. Taxation or license Television services in some countries may be funded by a television licence or a form of taxation which means advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including:

Australia (ABC) Japan (NHK)

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Norway (NRK) Sweden (SVT) United Kingdom (BBC) United States (PBS) Denmark (DR)

The BBC carries no television advertising on its UK channels and is funded by an annual television Licence paid by premises receiving live TV broadcasts. Currently, it is estimated that approximately 26.8 million UK private domestic households own televisions, with approximately 25 million TV Licences in all premises in force as of 2010.[41] This television license fee is set by government, but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by government. The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90 percent of the population each week and overall have 27 per cent share of total viewing.[42] This in spite of the fact that 85% of homes are multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview.[43] The licence that funds the seven advertising-free BBC TV channels currently costs 139.50 a year (about US$215) irrespective of the number of TV sets owned. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion's share of the audience, indicating viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted by advertising. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) carries no advertising (except for internal promotional material) as it is banned under the ABC Act 1983. The ABC receives its funding from the Australian Government every three years. In the 2008/09 Federal Budget the ABC received A$1.13 Billion.[44] The funds assist in providing the ABC's Television, Radio, Online and International outputs. The ABC also receives funds from its many ABC Shops across Australia. However funded by the Australian Government the editorial independence of the ABC is ensured through law. In France, government-funded channels carry advertisements yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").[45] In Japan, NHK is paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as reception fee ( Jushinry?)). The Broadcast Law which governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture. Subscription Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions therefore the signals are encrypted during broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch pay television or specialty channels. Most subscription services are also funded by advertising.

Genres

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Television genres include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually drama and dramatic miniseries. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may also have high production costs. Popular culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas. Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure. Comedy is a popular genre which includes situation comedy (sitcom) and animated shows for the adult demographic such as South Park. The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and Reality television. Game shows show contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows feature interviews with film, television and music celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers such as comedians and magicians introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows, because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments. Reality TV shows "regular" people (i.e., not actors) who are facing unusual challenges or experiences, ranging from arrest by police officers (COPS) to weight loss (The Biggest Loser). A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life (The Osbournes, Snoop Dogg's Father Hood) or doing manual labor (The Simple Life).

Sales of televisions
North American consumers purchase a new television on average every seven years, and the average household owns 2.8 televisions. As of 2011, 48 million are sold each year, at an average price of $460 and size of 38 inches.[46]

Televisions for consumer purchase Worldwide large-screen television technology brand revenue share in 2012 DisplaySearch[47] Rank Manufacturer

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1 2 3 4 5

Samsung Electronics LG Electronics Sony Panasonic Sharp Corporation Others

27.7% 15.0% 7.8% 6.0% 5.4% 38.2%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Worldwide TV Shipments by Technology in 2012 DisplaySearch[47] Technology LCD TV 87.3% PDP TV 5.7% OLED TV 0.0% CRT TV 6.9% RPTV 0.0% Total 100%
Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Social aspects and effects on children

Main article: Social aspects of television Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including media violence research. In 2010 the iPlayer incorporated a social media aspect to its internet television service, including Facebook and Twitter.[48] Also, the use of the television for video games, especially games such as the Wii, has contributed to a growing kinaesthetic connection between television and viewers.[49]

Environmental aspects
With high lead content in CRTs, and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, some of which (LCDs) use lamps which contain mercury, there is growing concern about electronic waste from discarded televisions. Related occupational health concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing electrical energy requirements.[50]

See also

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Television portal

Broadcast-safe Content Discovery Platform Handheld television How television works Satellite television Information-action ratio Internet television List of countries by number of television broadcast stations List of television manufacturers List of years in television Media psychology Outdoor television Computer monitor/VDU units Sign language on television Technology of television

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ^ a b Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p.48 ^ Television Frequency Table, CSGNetwork.com., a Division of Computer Support Group. ^ Study Finds Link Between Television Viewing And Attention Problems In Children retrieved 19 July 2012 ^ "Paul Nipkow". Bairdtelevision.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02. ^ "Paul Nipkow and John Baird: The Inventors of the Mechanical Television". Juliantrubin.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02. ^ "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Retrieved 4 October 2009. ^ "World Analogue Television Standards and Waveforms section Timeline". Histrorical television data 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011. ^ R. W. Burns, John Logie Baird: television pioneer, IET, 2000 ISBN 0-85296-797-7 pp. 73, 88 ^ Mr ali283280 says: (8 October 2009). "World's First TV Recordings". Tvdawn.com. Retrieved 18 June 2010. ^ "Hungary Klmn Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application 'Radioskop'". Memory of the World. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved 22 February 2008. ^ United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,133,123, 11 Oct 1938. ^ United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2,158,259, 16 May 1939 ^ "Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, 18891982". Bairdtelevision.com. Retrieved 17 April 2009. ^ Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television , NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23. ^ Milestones Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941 - GHN IEEE Global History Network.htm ^ Glinsky, Albert. Theremin: ether music and espionage. University of Illinois Press, 2000. pg. 46. ^ a b "Philo Taylor Farnsworth (190671)", The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco ^ Farnsworth, Elma G., Distant Vision: Romance and Discovery on an Invisible Frontier, Salt Lake City, PemberlyKent, 1989, p. 108. ^ "The First Television Show" Popular Mechanics, August 1930, pp. 177-179 ^ "TV History". Gadgetrepublic. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009. ^ "Exchange of Patients Speed Home Television" Popular Mechanics, July 1935 pp.24-25 ^ Teletronic The Television History Site ^ [1][dead link]

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24. 25. 26. 27. ^ http://www.scitech.mtesz.hu/52tihanyi/flat-panel_tv_en.pdf ^ Patent 2296019 Chromoscopic Adapter for Television Adapter. Google patents ^ Arturo Toscanini- Bio, Albums, Pictures Naxos Classical Music. retrieved 10 October 2012 ^ Sackett, Susan (1993) Prime-time hits: television's most popular network programs, 1950 p.1954. Quotation: "The city of Detroit was baffled when the reservoir water levels dropped each Tuesday evening shortly after 9:00 pm An investigation revealed that Detroit's citizens were waiting until Berle was off the air to go to the bathroom; the simultaneous flushing of thousands of toilets created havoc with Detroit's water works." ^ Kowalewski, Anthony, "An Amateur's Television Transmitter", Radio News, April 1938. Early Television Museum and Foundation Website. Retrieved 19 July 2009. ^ Lang, Brent (6 June 2012). "Why Television Is Trouncing Film at Major Media Companies". TheWrap.com. ^ Global TV 2010 Markets, Trends Facts & Figures (20082013) International Television Expert Group ^ Global TV Revenues (200809) International Television Expert Group ^ iDate's Global TV Revenue Market Shares International Television Expert Group ^ OFCOM's Global TV Market Report 2009 International Television Expert Group ^ Karen Hornick "That Was the Year That Was" American Heritage, Oct. 2006. ^ "1940-1949 C.E. : Media History Project : U of M". Mediahistory.umn.edu. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 201211-02. ^ "The American Experience | Quiz Show Scandal | People & Events | The The Aftermath of the Quiz Show Scandal". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2012-11-02. ^ Jon Stewart of "The Daily Show" was mock-outraged at this, saying, "That's what we do!", and calling it a new form of television, "infoganda". ^ Segrave, Kerry (1994), Product Placement in Hollywood Films, ISBN 0-7864-1904-0. ^ "Kenneth Roy Thomson". Press Gazette. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2010. ^ "BCI :: Introduction to the BCI". Bci.ie. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2010. ^ "TV Licensing-FOI: Licences facts and figures". tvlicensing.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2012. ^ "viewing statistics in UK". Barb.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2009. ^ "The Communications Market: Digital Progress Report Digital TV, Q3 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2010. ^ [2][dead link] ^ Ministry of Finance[dead link] ^ Martin, Andrew (2011-12-27). "Plummeting TV Prices Squeeze Makers and Sellers". The New York Times. pp. B1. Retrieved 27 December 2011. ^ a b "Global LCD TV Shipments Fall for the First Time in 2012; Outlook Cautious for 2013". DisplaySearch. 21 March 2013. ^ New BBC iPlayer: Integration with Facebook and Twitter ^ Giddings, S.; H. Kennedy (2010). ""Incremental Speed Increases Excitement": Bodies, Space, Movement, and Televisual Change". Television and New Media 11 (3): 163. ^ "The Rise of the Machines: A Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today" (PDF). Energy Saving Trust. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2007.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Further reading

Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, Jefferson, NC, and London, McFarland, 2003, ISBN 0-7864-1220-8. Pierre Bourdieu, On Television, The New Press, 2001. Tim Brooks and Earle March, The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 8th ed., Ballantine, 2002. Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler, Echographies of Television, Polity Press, 2002. David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube: the Invention of Television, Counterpoint, Washington, DC, 1996, ISBN 1-887178-17-1.

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Steven Johnson, Everything Bad is Good for You: How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter, New York, Riverhead (Penguin), 2005, 2006, ISBN 159448-194-6. Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Perennial, 1978. Jerry Mander, In the Absence of the Sacred, Sierra Club Books, 1992, ISBN 0-87156509-9. Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, New York, Penguin US, 1985, ISBN 0-670-80454-1. Evan I. Schwartz, The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television, New York, Harper Paperbacks, 2003, ISBN 0-06-093559-6. Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television, Rutgers University Press, 2002. Alan Taylor, We, the Media: Pedagogic Intrusions into US Mainstream Film and Television News Broadcasting Rhetoric, Peter Lang, 2005, ISBN 3-631-51852-8.

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History of television
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search "Experimental television" redirects here. For the production studio, see Experimental Television Center. The history of television comprises the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The earliest proposal was in 1908, in a paper by A. A. CampbellSwinton and postulated the use of cathode rays. The first practical demonstrations of television, however, were developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit, and reproduce an image. As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to all-electronic systems in nearly all applications.

Contents
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1 Electromechanical television 2 Electronic television 3 Color television 4 Broadcast television o 4.1 Overview o 4.2 United Kingdom o 4.3 United States o 4.4 Mexico o 4.5 Canada o 4.6 France o 4.7 Germany o 4.8 Soviet Union (USSR) o 4.9 Japan 5 Technological innovations 6 Television sets 7 Television inventors/pioneers 8 Television museums 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

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Electromechanical television[edit]
Main article: Mechanical television

The Nipkow disk. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith in 1873, the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884 and John Logie Baird's demonstration of televised moving images in 1926. As a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in 1884.[1] Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk "image rasterizer" for television became exceedingly common, and remained in use until 1939.[2] Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others.[3] However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee DeForest and Arthur Korn among others, made the design practical.[4] The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of still silhouette images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909, using a rotating mirror-drum as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver.[5] In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the "Braun tube" (cathode ray tube or "CRT") in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy".[6] On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge's Department Store in London.[7] AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories transmitted halftone still images of transparencies in May 1925. On June

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13 of that year, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution.[8][9] However, if television is defined as the live transmission of moving images with continuous tonal variation, Baird first achieved this privately on October 2, 1925. But strictly speaking, Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October 2. His scanner worked at only five images per second, below the threshold required to give the illusion of motion, usually defined as at least 12 images per second. By January, he had improved the scan rate to 12.5 images per second.[citation needed] Then on January 26, 1926 at his laboratory in London, Baird gave what is widely recognized as being the world's first demonstration of a working television system to members of the Royal Institution and a newspaper reporter.[citation needed] Unlike later electronic systems with several hundred lines of resolution, Baird's vertically scanned image, using a scanning disk embedded with a double spiral of lenses, had only 30 lines, just enough to reproduce a recognizable human face.[citation needed] In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow. In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore-to-ship transmission. He also demonstrated an electromechanical color, infrared (dubbed "Noctovision"), and stereoscopic television, using additional lenses, disks and filters. In parallel, Baird developed a video disk recording system dubbed "Phonovision"; a number of the Phonovision recordings, dating back to 1927, still exist.[10] In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental electromechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and Bernard Natan of Path established France's first television company, Tlvision-Baird-Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of the Epsom Derby.[11] In 1932, he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's electromechanical system reached a peak of 240-lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead a 17.5mm film was shot, rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public television service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London[12] following alternate daily test broadcasts of the Baird and Marconi systems to the Radio Show at Olympia at the end of August. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. The intermediate film system was discontinued within three months in favour of a 405-line all-electronic system developed by Marconi-EMI.[13] Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a

19

copper wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds. (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: "It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality."[14] Meanwhile in the Soviet Union, Lon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926, and as part of his thesis on May 7, 1926 he electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a five foot square screen.[9] By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA, with 120 lines.[citation needed] On December 25, 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. His research in creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II.[15] Mechanical scanning systems, though obsolete for the more familiar television systems, nevertheless survive in long wave infrared cameras because there is no suitable all-electronic pickup device.[citation needed]

Electronic television[edit]
Main article: Video camera tube In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube (or "Braun" tube, after its inventor, Karl Braun) as both a transmitting and receiving device,[16][17] apparently the first iteration of the electronic television method that would dominate the field until recently. He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times[18] and the Journal of the Rntgen Society.[19][20] In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam.[21][22] These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died,[23] but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI,[24] and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA.[25] Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with

20

using a cathode ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel.[26] By the late 1920s, when electromechanical television was still being introduced, several inventors were already working separately on versions of all-electronic transmitting tubes, including Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin in the United States, and Klmn Tihanyi in Hungary. On September 7, 1927, Farnsworth's Image Dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco.[27][28] By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press.[28] In 1929, the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts.[29] That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required).[30] Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images. While working for Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. But in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary.[31] Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. But RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus RCA, on the basis of Zworykin's 1923 patent application, filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth. The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application,[32] he also divided his original application in 1931.[33] Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$1 million (the equivalent of $13.8 million in 2006) over a ten-year period, in addition to license payments, to use Farnsworth's patents.[34][35] The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved by Tihanyi beginning in 1924.[36] His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ("photoelectrons") within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed "Radioskop".[37] After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application,[36] Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930,[38] and so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA's "iconoscope" in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval.[39][40] Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day.[41] Development continued around the world. At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both

21

transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film.[42] Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, and for ten days afterwards.[43][44] In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle.[45] Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector.[citation needed] However, Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique "multipactor" device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931.[46][47] This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better[48] and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. A problem with the multipactor, unfortunately, was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate.[49] In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed "the Emitron",[50][51] which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. On November 2, 1936, a 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace, and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated for a short time with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios, but was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular high-definition television service.[52] The original American iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available.[53][54] The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum.[55][56] They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron.[57][58][59] The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater.[55] It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph.[60] This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings, because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World's Fair.

22

Television antenna on a rooftop On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken.[61] The "image iconoscope" ("Superikonoskop" in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron.[citation needed] The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerrhre fr Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television) in Germany in 1925,[62] two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States.[63] The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon.[64][65] The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games,[66][67] later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955,[68] finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958.[65][69] American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941.[70] RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco.[71] In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents.[72] With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems.[71]

23

In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television.[73][74] The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944, and became a national standard in 1946.[75] The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow.[76] The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard.[77]

Color television[edit]
Main article: Color television

Broadcast television[edit]
Further information: Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

Overview[edit]
Programming is broadcast by television stations, sometimes called "channels", as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band. At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of channels available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which had public service as part of its Royal Charter.

United Kingdom[edit]
The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929. Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930. During this time, Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first-ever live television interview, which featured Peggy O'Neil, an actress and singer from Buffalo, New York.[78] On August 22, 1932, BBC launched its own regular service using Baird's 30-line electromechanical system, continuing until September 11, 1935. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual-system service, alternating between Marconi-EMI's 405-line standard and Baird's improved 240-line standard, from Alexandra Palace in London, making the BBC Television Service (now BBC One) the world's first regular high-definition television service. The government, on advice from a special advisory committee, decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic system gave the superior picture, and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937. TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939. There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers. Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events (Dunlap, p56).The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1, 1939, immediately after announcing the afternoon's programmes, so that transmissions could not be

24

used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London.[79] It resumed, again from Alexandra Palace on June 7, 1946 after the end of the war, showing a cartoon which had been the last programme broadcast before the war.[79] At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers, compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time.[80] The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York[81] by the Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television, although this signal was not broadcast to the public. The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23, 1962. The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27, 1950.

United States[edit]

WNBT (later WNBC) schedule for first week of commercial TV programming in the United States, July 1941 The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2, 1928. The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. For at least the first eighteen months, 48-line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast, although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones.[82][83] Hugo Gernsback's New York City radio station began a regular, if limited, schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14, 1928, using 48-line images. Working with only one transmitter, the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station's call sign, faces in motion, and wind-up toys in motion.[84][85] Speaking later that month, Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts, intended for amateur experimenters. "In six months we may have television for the public, but so far we have not got it."[86] Gernsback also published Television, the world's first magazine about the medium.

25

General Electric's experimental station in Schenectady, New York, on the air sporadically since January 13, 1928, was able to broadcast reflected-light, 48-line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles, and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly. It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB. The Queen's Messenger, a oneact play broadcast on September 11, 1928, was the world's first live drama on television.[87] Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS, the predecessor of current television station WNBC. The 60-line transmissions consisted of pictures, signs, and views of persons and objects.[88] Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931.[89] General Broadcasting System's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26, 1931, with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-fourth Street. Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six-inch (15 cm) square image, in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the fourhour daily broadcasts. Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera, actors Gertrude Lawrence, Louis Calhern, Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill, WHN announcer Nils Granlund, the Forman Sisters, and a host of others.[90] CBS's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven days a week television schedule on July 21, 1931, with a 60-line electromechanical system. The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker, the Boswell Sisters, Kate Smith, and George Gershwin. The service ended in February 1933.[91] Don Lee Broadcasting's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931. Using the UHF spectrum, it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years.[92] By 1935, low-definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's August 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television's future. On June 15, 1936, Don Lee Broadcasting began a one month-long demonstration of high definition (240+ line) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO (later KTSL) with a 300-line image from motion picture film. By October, W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films. RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343-line electronic television broadcast, with live and film segments, to its licensees on July 7, 1936, and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6. Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938.[93] Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York (to the second week of June, and resuming in August) and Los Angeles.[94][95][96][97] NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30, 1939 with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World's Fair. By June 1939, regularly scheduled 441-line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles, and

26

by November on General Electric's station in Schenectady. From May through December 1939, the New York City NBC station (W2XBS) of General Electric broadcast twenty to fifty-eight hours of programming per month, Wednesday through Sunday of each week. The programming was 33% news, 29% drama, and 17% educational programming, with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year, and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand. A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles (16 km) away from the transmitter, which was located atop the Empire State Building. Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden. The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles (80 km) from the Empire State Building, an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people (Lohr, 1940). The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning, 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation. Sets sold since 1939 which were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC and CBS owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco's station WPTZ in Philadelphia. The first advertising to appear on American television occurred on the afternoon of July 1, 1941 when New York NBC station WNBT, now WNBC, broadcast a test pattern modified to look like a clock, with the words "Bulova Watch Time" in the lower right quadrant. Picture at: http://www.earlytelevision.org/images/rca_bulova_ad-1.jpg link title The image appeared just prior to that afternoon's telecast of a Brooklyn Dodgers game live from Ebbets Field. After the U.S. entry into World War II, the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours. Most TV stations suspended broadcasting; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war[98] On the few that remained, programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays, events at Madison Square Garden, and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers. In 1942, there were 5,000 sets in operation, but production of new TVs, radios, and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 (Dunlap).

The Philco Predicta, 1958. In the collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis By 1947, when there were 40 million radios in the U.S., there were about 44,000 television sets (with probably 30,000 in the New York area).[80] Regular network television broadcasts began on

27

NBC on a three-station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946, and on CBS and ABC in 1948. Following the rapid rise of television after the war, the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses. With more applications than available television channels, the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14, 1952.[98] By 1949, the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River, and by 1951 to the West Coast. Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a fieldsequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons. The television industry's National Television System Committee (NTSC) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers, and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953.

Mexico[edit]
The first experimental television station in Mexico signed on in 1935. When KFMB-TV in San Diego, California signed on in 1949, Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air. Within a year, the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525-line B/W 60-field-per-second system as the country's broadcast standard. In 1950, the first commercial television station within Mexico, XHTV in Mexico City, signed on the air, followed by XEW-TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952. Those three were not only the first television stations in the country, but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano which was formed in 1955. That year, Emilio Azcarraga Vidaurreta, who had signed on XEW-TV, entered into a partnership with Romulo O'Farril who had signed on XHTV, and Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena, who had signed on XHGC. The earliest 3D Television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954. Color television was introduced in 1962, also over XHGC-TV. One of Telesistema Mexicano's earliest broadcasts as a network, over XEW-TV, on June 25, 1955, was the first international North American broadcast in the medium's history, and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States, where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Except for a break between 1969 1973, every commercial television station in Mexico, with exceptions in the border cities, was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor, Televisa (formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico). This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993, when Imervision was privatized to become TV Azteca (now known simply as Azteca).

Canada[edit]
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) adopted the American NTSC 525-line B/W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard. It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952. The first broadcast was on September 6, 1952 from its Montreal, Quebec station CBFT. The premiere broadcast was bilingual, spoken in English and French. Two days later, on September 8, 1952, the Toronto, Ontario station CBLT went on the air. This became the English-speaking flagship station for the country, while CBFT became the French-language

28

flagship after a second English-language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade. The CBC's first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario, launched in October 1953 (at the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that was relaxed in 196061 when CTV, Canada's second national Englishlanguage network, was formed).

France[edit]
The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s, but the French were slow to employ the new technology. In November 1929, Bernard Natan established France's first television company, TlvisionBaird-Natan. On April 14, 1931, there took place the first transmission with a thirty-line standard by Ren Barthlemy. On December 6, 1931, Henri de France created the Compagnie Gnrale de Tlvision (CGT). In December 1932, Bathlemy carried out an experimental program in black and white (definition: 60 lines) one hour per week, "Paris Tlvision", which gradually became daily from early 1933. The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13, 1935, the date of the official inauguration of television in France, which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8:15 to 8:30 pm. The program showed the actress Batrice Bretty in the studio of Radio-PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris. The broadcast had a range of 100 km (62 mi). On November 10, George Mandel, Minister of Posts, inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel tower. On the 18th, Susy Wincker, the first announcer since the previous June, carried out a demonstration for the press from 5:30 to 7:30 pm. Broadcasts became regular from January 4, 1937 from 11:00 to 11:30 am and 8:00 to 8:30 pm during the week, and from 5:30 to 7:30 pm on Sundays. In July 1938, a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF (whereas three standards were used for the experiments: 441 lines for Gramont, 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson). In 1939, there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets, some of which were also available in a few public places. With the entry of France into World War II the same year, broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel tower was sabotaged. On September 3, 1940, French television was seized by the German occupation forces. A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken, and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale (Vichy's radio). On May 7, 1943 at 3:00 evening broadcasts. The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris (Paris Tlvision) was transmitted from rue Cognac-Jay. These regular broadcasts (5 hours a day) lasted until August 16, 1944. One thousand 441-line sets, most of which were installed in soldiers' hospitals, picked up the broadcasts. These Nazi-controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers,[99] who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen. In 1944, Ren Barthlemy developed an 819-line television standard. During the years of occupation, Barthlemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines. On October 1, 1944, television service resumed after the liberation of Paris. The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq-

29

Jay studios. In October 1945, after repairs, the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service. On November 20, 1948, Franois Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. France was the only European country to adopt it (others will choose 625 lines).

Germany[edit]
Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929, but were without sound until 1934. Network electronic service started on March 22, 1935, on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film, intermediate film system, or cameras using the Nipkow Disk. Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15, 1936. The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both all-electronic iconoscope-based cameras and intermediate film cameras, to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936. Twenty-eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. The Germans had a 441-line system on the air in February 1937, and during World War II brought it to France, where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower. After the end of World War II, the American Armed Forces Radio Network provided US TV programming to the occupation forces in Germany via US TV receivers originally designed to operate at 525 lines and 60 fields. For operation in Germany, the vertical frequency was changed to the European mains frequency standard of 50 Hz to avoid power line wiggles. The horizontal frequency moved from 15,750 Hz to 15,625 Hz a 0.5 microsecond change in the length of a line. US TV receivers thus modified needed only an adjustment to the vertical hold control to display a 625 line (= 576 visual lines + 49 lines of non-visual synch and burst data), 50 field scan, which became the German standard. This AFN system, however, was not identical to Germany's later PAL standard. PAL, invented by Walter Bruch, operated at 576 lines while the modified American sets displayed only the standard NTSC 486 visual lines. Effectively, the sets displayed even less, namely 243 visible lines due to display-internal deinterlacing. This involved alternately discarding one field and applying line doubling on the result. Also, the PAL-specific YUV color system was not invented until the 1960s.

Soviet Union (USSR)[edit]

The Soviet Union began offering 30-line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31, 1931, and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932. The first experimental transmissions of electronic television took place in Moscow on March 9, 1937, using equipment manufactured and installed by RCA. Regular broadcasting began on December 31, 1938. It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run, thus a specification for 441-line format was developed in 1940, superseded by a 625-line standard in 1944. This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard. The experimental transmissions in 625-line format started in Moscow from November 4, 1948. Regular broadcasting began on June 16, 1949. Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845-55, basic parameters for black-and-white television broadcast.

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In particular, frame size was set to 625 lines, frame rate to 25 frames/s interlaced, and video bandwidth to 6 MHz. These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM. Starting in 1951, broadcasting in the 625-line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union. Color television broadcast started in 1974, using SECAM color system.[75]

Japan[edit]
In 1979, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio.[100] The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK television programming. Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high-definition television system HDTV capable video camera, monitor and video tape recorder (VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers. The HDVS range was launched in April 1984, with the HDC100 camera, HDV-100 video recorder and HDS-100 video switcher all working in the 1125-line component video format with interlaced video and a 5:3 aspect ratio.

Technological innovations[edit]
The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4, 1951 when President Harry Truman's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco, California was transmitted over AT&T's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets.[101][102][103] The first live coast-to-coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18, 1951 during the premiere of CBS's See It Now, which showed a split-screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia. Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a "breaking" news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill Mining Disaster, which began on October 23 of that year. The development of cable and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences. It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels, such as Home Box Office (HBO) and Showtime in the U.S., and Sky Television in the U.K.

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Television sets[edit]
Main articles: Television set and analog television With his 1884 patent of the Nipkow disc, German technician Paul Nipkow is regarded as the inventor of the TV set. In television's electromechanical era, commercially made television sets were sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom,[104] United States, and the Soviet Union.[105] The earliest commercially made sets sold by Baird in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (the Nipkow disk) with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Baird "Televisor" was also available without the radio. The Televisor sold in 19301933 is considered the first mass-produced set, selling about a thousand units.[106] The first commercially made electronic television sets with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934,[107][108] followed by other makers in France (1936),[109] Britain (1936),[110] and America (1938).[111][112] The cheapest of the pre-World War II factorymade American sets, a 1938 image-only model with a 3-inch (8 cm) screen, cost US$125, the equivalent of US$1,863 in 2007. The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 ($6,633).[113] An estimated 19,000 electronic television sets were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,0008,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S.[114] before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945.

RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 19461947 Television usage in the United States skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the gradual expansion of the television networks westward, the drop in set prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. In 1947, Motorola introduced the VT-71 television for $189.95, the first television set to be sold for under $200, finally making television affordable for millions of Americans. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television set in 1946, 55.7%

32

had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.[115] In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968.

Typical 1950s United States television set For many years different countries used different technical standards. France initially adopted the German 441-line standard but later upgraded to 819 lines, which gave the highest picture definition of any analogue TV system, approximately double the resolution of the British 405line system. However this is not without a cost, in that the cameras need to produce four times the pixel rate (thus quadrupling the bandwidth), from pixels one-quarter the size, reducing the sensitivity by an equal amount. In practice the 819-line cameras never achieved anything like the resolution that could theoretically be transmitted by the 819 line system, and for color, France reverted to the 625-line CCIR system used by most European countries. With advent of color television most Western European countries adopted PAL standard. France, Soviet Union and most Eastern European countries adopted SECAM. In North America the original NTSC 525-line standard was augmented to include color transmission with slight slowing down of frame rate. Throughout the 1960s, television sets used exclusively vacuum tube electronics. This resulted in relatively heavy and unreliable TVs. In addition, vacuum tubes were poorly suited to color television, as it required a large amount of tubes which caused further reliability problems. Because vacuum tubes only allowed for very simple NTSC/PAL filtering, the picture quality of early color sets was rather poor. The tint control that is still found on NTSC televisions originally was meant to correct the color burst phase's drifting when channels were changed. In addition, the large number of vacuum tubes required for color prevented the use of it in portable TVs. By the early 1970s, solid-state electronics appeared and quickly displaced vacuum tubes in color TVs (black and white sets generally continued to be tube-based). This allowed for significantly more reliable TVs and better picture quality. 1971 was the first year that sales of color TVs in the US exceeded B&W ones. In other countries, color was slower to arrive and did not become common in Western Europe until the '80s.

33

By 1965, the FCC began requiring UHF tuners in all TVs sold in the United States. In 1971, there were 170 UHF stations in the country, mostly low-power ones that carried local programming. Previously, UHF support from TV manufacturers was sporadic. Most sets did not come factory-equipped with them, and often merely included an empty slot in the cabinet where an optional UHF tuner could be installed. During the 1970s, electronic tuners began appearing in high-end TVs in place of traditional dials, and they would gradually become standard along with remote controls. Remotes had first appeared in the 1950s with Zenith's Space Command Control, but these were mechanical devices that emitted a high-pitched audio frequency that the TV detected. The first electronic remote controls did not appear until the 1980s. 1980s TV developments mainly centered on the above-mentioned features. Electronic television tuners also went hand-in-hand with the rise of cable television. Analog comb filters, first introduced in the '70s on high-end sets, gradually became more common. Black-and-white TVs virtually disappeared from the American market except for 5-inch, battery-powered models. 1983 marked the widespread commercial availability of the first LCD TV sets: the Seiko wristwatch TV (the receiver was in a separate unit, connected by a thin cable that ran down the wearer's sleeve)[116] and the pocket-size Casio TV-10. Both were black-and-white receivers with low-resolution displays that suffered from poor contrast and serious pixel lag problems. Improved pocket-size units, including the first color sets, soon followed.[117] Hitachi has been credited with the first trade-shown prototype, exhibited in Berlin in 1977.[118] In the 1990s, three-line digital comb filters appeared on high-end TVs. In addition, composite video and S-video inputs began appearing to support devices like video games and VCRs. Analog broadcast television in the United States ended on June 12, 2009 in favor of Digital terrestrial television (DTV) or digital-only broadcasting.

Television inventors/pioneers[edit]
Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries.

Manfred von Ardenne Antonio Quirino John Logie Baird Alan Blumlein Walter Bruch (PAL television) Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton Assis Chateaubriand Allen B. DuMont Philo Taylor Farnsworth Boris Grabovsky Charles Francis Jenkins

Lubo Micic[119] Earl Muntz Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Constantin Perskyi Boris Rosing Ulises Armand Sanabria David Sarnoff Kenjiro Takayanagi Lon Theremin Klmn Tihanyi Vladimir Zworykin

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Siegmund and David Loewe, founders of Loewe AG in 1923

Television museums[edit]

The Paley Center for Media (formerly The Museum of Television & Radio) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum

See also[edit]

Archive of American Television BBC Archives Geographical usage of television Golden Age of Television, c19491960 in the US History of radio History of videotelephony How television works List of experimental television stations List of years in television Muntzing Oldest television station Television Hall of Fame Timeline of the introduction of television in countries Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

References[edit]
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69. ^ Philips (1952 to 1958). "5854, Image Iconoscope, Philips". electronic tube handbook. Philips. Retrieved 2010-01-15. 70. ^ Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co,. ISBN 978-0-405-06042-7, page 248. 71. ^ a b Abramson, Albert (1987), The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 254. ISBN 0-89950-284-9. 72. ^ Schatzkin, Paul (2002), The Boy Who Invented Television. Silver Spring, Maryland: Teamcom Books, pp. 1878. ISBN 1-928791-30-1. 73. ^ "Go-Ahead Signal Due for Television", The New York Times, April 25, 1941, p. 7. 74. ^ "An Auspicious Beginning", The New York Times, August 3, 1941, p. X10. 75. ^ a b "On the beginning of broadcast in 625 lines 60 years ago", 625 magazine (in Russian). 76. ^ "M.I. Krivocheev an engineer's engineer", EBU Technical Review, Spring 1993. 77. ^ "In the Vanguard of Television Broadcasting". 78. ^ Hawley, Chris, "Peggy O'Neil sang her way from the Hydraulics to stardom", The Hydraulics [blog], January 15, 2009. 79. ^ a b "The edit that rewrote history Baird". Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 28 May 2007. 80. ^ a b Shagawat, Robert. "Television recording The origins and earliest surviving live TV broadcast recordings". Early Electronic Television. Early Television Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2011. 81. ^ Associated Press (February 9, 1928). "Human Faces Sent By Radio 3000 Miles Across The Sea". Evening Independent. p. 1. Retrieved July 15, 2011. 82. ^ "What Television Offers You", Popular Mechanics, November 1928, p. 823. 83. ^ "The Latest in Television", Popular Mechanics, September 1929, p. 472. 84. ^ "WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts; Radio Audience Will See Studio Artist", The New York Times, August 13, 1928, p. 13. 85. ^ "WRNY Has Extended Television Schedule", The New York Times, September 30, 1928, p. 155. 86. ^ "Television Drama Shown With Music", The New York Times, August 22, 1928, p. 1. 87. ^ The Queen's Messenger, Early Television Museum. 88. ^ "Television Placed on Daily Schedule", The New York Times, March 22, 1929, p. 30. 89. ^ "Six Visual Stations on the New York Air", The New York Times, July 19, 1931, p. XX13. 90. ^ "Radio Talkies Put On Program Basis", The New York Times, April 27, 1931, p. 26. 91. ^ CBS considers it to be an ancestor of WCBS-TV, which first went on the air on July 1, 1941 as one of the first two commercially licensed television stations in the country (the other being the National Broadcasting Company's WNBC). 92. ^ W6XAO later moved to VHF Channel 1 before World War 2, and to Channel 2 in the post-war television realignment. It was commercially licensed in 1947 as KTSL and is the direct ancestor of current station KCBS-TV. 93. ^ "Where Is Television Now?", Popular Mechanics, August 1938, p. 178. 94. ^ "Telecasts Here and Abroad", The New York Times, Drama-Screen-Radio section, April 24, 1938, p.10. 95. ^ "Early Birds", Time, June 13, 1938. 96. ^ "Telecasts to Be Resumed", The New York Times, Drama-Screen-Radio section, Aug. 21, 1938, p. 10. 97. ^ Robert L. Pickering, "Eight Years of Television in California", California Magazine of the Pacific, June 1939. 98. ^ a b p.78 Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States Routledge, 1998 99. ^ http://www.earlytelevision.org/raf.html R.A.F. Reception of German TV from Paris, retrieved 2013 April 23 100. ^ "Researchers Craft HDTV's Successor". 101. ^ "Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up", The New York Times, September 4, 1951, p. 2. 102. ^ "Television Highlights", The Washington Post, September 4, 1951, p. B13. 103. ^ "Coast to Coast Television" (CBS advertisement), The Wall Street Journal, September 4, 1951, p. 9. 104. ^ Early British Television: Baird, Television History: The First 75 Years. 105. ^ Pre-1935, Television History: The First 75 Years. The French model shown does not appear to have entered production. 106. ^ Pre-1935 Baird Sets: UK, Television History: The First 75 Years. 107. ^ Telefunken, Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. 108. ^ 193435 Telefunken, Television History: The First 75 Years.

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109. ^ 1936 French Television, Television History: The First 75 Years. 110. ^ 1936 Baird T5, Television History: The First 75 Years. 111. ^ Communicating Systems, Inc., Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. 112. ^ America's First Electronic Television Set, Television History: The First 75 Years. 113. ^ American TV Prices, Television History: The First 75 Years. 114. ^ Annual Television Set Sales in USA, Television History: The First 75 Years. 115. ^ Number of TV Households in America, Television History: The First 75 Years. 116. ^ The SEIKO TV-Watch. Retrieved 14 May 2013. 117. ^ Shuldiner, H. "Hand-size, but here at last: flat-screen color TV". Popular Science, November 1983, pp. 100-102. Retrieved 14 May 2013. 118. ^ The short "history" of Pocket-TV. Retrieved 14 May 2013. 119. ^ Lachenbruch, David (1984), "New digital receivers deliver ultimate TV". Popular Science, Times Mirror Company, June 1984, p. 56.

Further reading[edit]

Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. (1987). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-89950-284-9. Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1942 to 2000. (2003). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1220-8. Burns, R. W. Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE. ISBN 0-85296-914-7. Dunlap, Orrin E. The Future of Television. New York and London: Harper Brothers, 1942. Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co,. ISBN 978-0-405-06042-7, 266 pages. Fisher, David E. and Marshall Jon Fisher. Tube: the Invention of Television. (1996). Washington: Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-17-1. Hart, Jeffrey A., Television, technology, and competition: HDTV and digital TV in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82624-1 Lohr, Lenox, Television Broadcasting. New York: McGraw Hill, 1940. Meyrowitz, Joshua(1985). No Sense of Place, Oxford University Press, New York. Shiers, George. Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940. (1997). Garland Reference Library of Social Science. ISBN 0-8240-7782-2.

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Cooking appliances
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Jump to: navigation, search Cooking appliances are used to heat food ingredients during the cooking process. See also: Category:Cooking utensils See also: Category:Cooking techniques Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kitchen utensils

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Boilers (cookware) (10 P)

Cooking appliance brands (30 P)

Industrial ovens (7 P)

Pages in category "Cooking appliances"

The following 95 pages are in this category, out of 95 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

F cont.
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Fire pot Flattop grill Food steamer Foukou

Rice cooker Rice polisher Roasting jack Rocket mass heater Rocket stove

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Bamboo stove Barbecue Barbecue grill Beehive oven The Big Green Egg Brasero (heater) Bread machine Burjiko Butane torch

G
Gas stove

Russian oven

Chambers stove Cheesemelter Chorkor oven I Clean-burning stove Clome oven Coffee percolator Coffeemaker K Comal (cookware) Combi steamer Communal oven Community Cooker Convection microwave Convection oven Cook stove Corn roaster Crepe maker

Haybox Hibachi Hong Cm stove Hobo stove Horno Hot Box (appliance) Hot plate

Sabbath mode Salamander broiler Samovar Sandwich toaster Self-cleaning oven Shichirin Sigri (stove) Slow cooker Solar cooker Soy milk maker Stove Susceptor

Induction cooking

Kamado Kettle Kitchen stove Kitchener range Krampouz Kujiejun Kyoto box

L
Deep fryer

Tabun oven Tandoor Tangia Tea stove Thermal immersion circulator Toaster Tommy cooker Trojan Room coffee pot Turkey fryer

Lo Trau

M
Earth oven Electric cooker Electric stove Energy Regulator (stove)

Vacuum fryer

Masonry oven Mess kit Microwave oven Multi-fuel stove

Waffle iron Wood-burning stove Wood-fired oven

Nomiku

Field kitchen

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Oven

Popcorn maker Primus stove

Red Cross stove Reflector oven Remoska

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Cooking utensils
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Cooking utensils are tools used in cooking or food preparation. While they may be used during the heating process, they are not usually themselves used to apply heat to the food ingredients, or to contain food as it is being heated. See also: Category:Eating utensils See also: Category:Cookware and bakeware See also: Category:Cooking appliances Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kitchen utensils

Subcategories
This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total.

Cooking tools by country (5 C)

Food grinding tools (13 P) Forks (9 P)

Kitchen knives (2 C, 17 P)

Spoons (42 P)

Pages in category "Cooking utensils"

The following 95 pages are in this category, out of 95 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

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F cont.
List of food preparation utensils

P cont.

Food mill Frosting spatula Funnel

A G

Aluminium foil Apple corer

Peeler Plastic wrap Potato masher Potato ricer Pothook Pudding basin

Garlic press Grater Greaseproof paper

Baking stone Bedrock mortar Bottle opener Bottle scraper Butcher block Butcher paper Butter churn Butter curler

Roasting jack Roller docker Rolling pin

Herb chopper

S I

Chakla

Juicer

Candy thermometer Cassole Cheesecloth Cherry pitter Chinois Churchkey Cocktail stick Coffee filter Colander Cookie cutter Cookie press Corkscrew Crab cracker Cutting board

Kitchen utensil

Salt and pepper shakers Saran (plastic) Scotch hands Scraper (kitchen) Silpat Skewer Skimmer (utensil) Spatula Springform pan Spurtle Sugar nips Sujeo

Lemon reamer Lemon squeezer

Diffuser (heat) Dough blender Dough scraper

Mandoline Mated colander pot Measuring cup Measuring spoon Meat tenderizer Meat thermometer Melon ball Microplane Milk watcher Mouli grater

Tamis Tava Timbale (food) Tin foil Tomato knife Tongs Trivet

Wax paper Whisk

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E
Egg slicer Embossing mat

Mushroom cloth

Zester

Nutmeg grater

F O

Fish slice (kitchen utensil) Flesh-hook

Oven bag OXO (brand)

P-38 can opener Palayok Parchment paper (baking) Pastry bag Pastry blender Peel (tool)

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Spoons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Spoons

Pages in category "Spoons"

The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

F
Spoon

S cont.
French sauce spoon

G
Apostle spoon Artis the Spoonman

Grapefruit spoon

H B

Bar spoon

The Horribly Slow Murderer with the Extremely Inefficient Weapon

Slotted spoon Soup spoon Souvenir spoon Spife Splayd Spoon (musical instrument) Spoon rest Spoonman Sporf Spork Sugar spoon

Caddy spoon Caviar spoon Chinese spoon Cignus Cocaine spoon Cochlearium

T
Iced tea spoon

Tablespoon Teaspoon

W
Ladle (spoon) List of types of spoons Lovespoon Lusikkahaarukka

Wooden spoon

Demitasse spoon Dessert spoon

M E

Egg-and-spoon race

Measuring spoon Muddling spoon

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Egg spoon

Runcible

Salt spoon Scoop (utensil) Silver spoon

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Cookware and bakeware

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search The main article for this category is Cookware and bakeware. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cookware

These items are the pots, pans, and dishes used in stoves, ovens, and other cooking devices for cooking food.

Pages in category "Cookware and bakeware"

The following 61 pages are in this category, out of 61 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

Cookware and bakeware

D cont.

R cont.

Dutch oven

E
Bain-marie Baking beans Beanpot Bedourie oven Billycan Bread pan Brustolina Bundt cake

Rice cooker Rice polisher Roasting pan

Embossing mat

Fish kettle French tian Frying pan

G
Caquelon Casserole Cassolette Cast-iron cookware Cataplana Cauldron Cezve Chafing dish Chip pan Couscoussier

Gastronorm sizes Grabit Griddle Gridiron (cooking)

Sa Saucier Seasoning (cookware) Sheet pan Sieve Splatter guard Springform pan Stock pot Stoneware Sufuria

Marmite (cooking dish) Mold (cooking W implement)

Tajine Terrine (cookware) Thermal cooking

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Crepulja

Muffin tin

N
Dallah (coffee pot)

Wok Wonder Pot Wonderbag

Non-stick pan

Olla

Palayok Pie bird Pipkin Pizza stone Potjiekos Pressure cooking

Ramekin

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Source: - http://www.enchantedlearning.com/wordlist/householddevices.shtml

Household Devices and Appliances Vocabulary Word List

A air conditioner alarm clock answering machine B BBQ grill barbecue grill blender blowdryer burglar alarm C calculator camera can opener CD player ceiling fan cell phone clock clothes dryer clothes washer coffee grinder coffee maker computer convection oven copier crock pot curling iron D dishwasher doorbell dryer E edger electric blanket electric drill electric fan electric guitar electric keyboard electric pencil sharpener electric razor electric toothbrush espresso maker F fan fax machine fire alarm fire extinguisher fireplace flashlight flatscreen TV food processor freezer furnace G garage door garbage disposal GPS grill H hair clippers hair dryer headphones heater hood hot plate humidifier I ice cream maker iron J juice K kerosene heater L lamp lantern laptop lawn mower leaf blower light M microwave oven mixer mousetrap MP3 player O oven P percolator pressure cooker printer R radio range record player refrigerator rotisserie

More on Inventions More Word Lists

S scale scanner sewing machine smoke detector stapler stereo stove T telephone television timer toaster toaster oven torch trash compactor trimmer TV V vacuum cleaner vaporizer VCR video camera video game machine W waffle iron walkie-talkie washing machine watch water heater