Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
SABS 0100-2*
1992
Gr 15
Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
ICS 91.100.30
SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS CODE OF PRACTICE THE STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE PART 2: MATERIALS AND EXECUTION OF WORK
Obtainable from the South African Bureau of Standards Private Bag X191 Pretoria Republic of South Africa 0001 Telephone Fax E-mail Website : (012) 428-7911 : (012) 344-1568 : sales@sabs.co.za : http://www.sabs.co.za
COPYRIGHT RESERVED Printed in the Republic of South Africa by the South African Bureau of Standards
Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
Notice
This part of SABS 0100 was approved in accordance with SABS procedures on 20 February 1992.
NOTE 1 In terms of the Standards Act, 1993 (Act 29 of 1993), no person shall claim or declare that he or any other person complied with an SABS standard unless a) such claim or declaration is true and accurate in all material respects, and b) the identity of the person on whose authority such claim or declaration is made, is clear. NOTE 2 It is recommended that authorities who wish to incorporate any part of this standard into any legislation in the manner intended by section 31 of the Act consult the SABS regarding the implications.
This part of SABS 0100 will be revised when necessary in order to keep abreast of progress. Comment will be welcome and will be considered when this part of SABS 0100 is revised.
Foreword
This second edition (first revision) cancels and replaces SABS 0100-2:1980. Annex A (Concrete subjected to wet conditions - aggressiveness of the water, and countermeasures) forms an integral part of this part of SABS 0100. Annex B (Curing), annex C (Technical data for prestressed structural elements required in a contract), annex D (Recommended specialist literature on massive concrete) and annex E (Bibliography) are for information only.
Attention is drawn to the normative references given in clause 2 of this standard. These references are indispensable for the application of this standard.
ISBN 0-626-10153-0
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Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
Contents
Page Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditions of exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete, general characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete, strength characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prestressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii ii x 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11
4 Materials for concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties of concrete made with a blend of cement and cement extenders . . . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural aggregates covered by SABS 1083 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates not covered by SABS 1083 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nominal maximum size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates for high-strength concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates and fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates and concrete density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use of "plums" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air-entraining agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deteriorated material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Plant for concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batching plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixing plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
7 Production of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.3 Batching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixing on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ready-mixed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.5 8.5.6 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover to reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preheating prior to bending or straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steel reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc-coated (galvanized) reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epoxy-coated reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use of welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of welded joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strength of structural welded joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welded lapped joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
10 Placing and protection of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 10.4.5 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.8.1 10.8.2 10.8.3 10.8.4 10.9 10.9.1 10.9.2 10.9.3 10.10 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Placing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Embedded items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waterstops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipes and conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete for water-retaining structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete in saturated ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protection and curing of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concreting in hot weather or in windy conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concreting in cold weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concreting during rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface finish of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper surfaces of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete surfaces cast against forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repair of surface defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Massive concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Prestressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.1.4 12.1.5 12.1.6 12.1.7 Prestressing tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
13 Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.4.4 13.4.5 13.4.6 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permissible deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prestressed units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling and erection of precast concrete units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lifting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling and transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assembly and erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporary supports during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forming structural connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 Testing and acceptance of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.3 14.3.1 14.3.2 14.3.3 14.4 14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic testing services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing services required by the engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional services when required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Responsibilities and duties of the contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strength tests of concrete during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation of strength test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acceptance criteria for strength test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strength tests of concrete in place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acceptance of concrete on the basis of core strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Copyright protected. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents in accordance with a formal copyright agreement.
Individual precast units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Destructive test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structures and parts of structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age at test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurements during the tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assessment of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 Procedure in the event of failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Limits of chloride content of concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total air content for various sizes of coarse aggregate for normal-density concrete . . . . Cement/water ratio and cement content for normal-density reinforced concrete and low-density reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement/water ratio and cement content for normal-density unreinforced concrete . . . . . Minimum cover for various conditions of exposure and cement/water ratios for normal-density concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum cover for various conditions of exposure and cement/water ratios for lowdensity concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal of formwork: minimum time in days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permitted tolerance in the location of tendons and sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 14 17 17 21 21 28 42
Annexes A Concrete subjected to wet conditions - aggressiveness of the water, and countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analytical tests required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assessment of the aggressiveness of water, using the Basson Index (BI) . . . . . . . Recommended anti-corrosion measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 58 58 59 61
Tables A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 A.9 A.10 Ionic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of water properties indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of environmental indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification of water in terms of Basson Index BI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Countermeasures against leaching corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Countermeasures against spalling corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Countermeasures against chloride corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concretes for aggressive chemical environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cements recommended for the making of concretes for aggressive waters . Coatings for concretes in aggressive waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 59 60 60 61 63 63 64 65 66
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C Technical data for prestressed structural elements required in a contract . . . . . . . . . . . . C.1 C.2 Data for pre-tensioned elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data for post-tensioned elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Committee
South African Bureau of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VJ Woodlock (Chairman) I Jablonski (Standards writer) E Coetzee (Committee clerk) BG Lunt BJ Addis HH Meier GJ de Ridder AE Goldstein
CSIR Division of Building Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portland Cement Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South African Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . The South African Association of Consulting Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The South African Institute of Civil Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CODE OF PRACTICE
1 Scope
1.1 This part of SABS 0100 covers the materials and execution of work related to the structural use
of concrete in buildings and structures where the design of reinforced, prestressed and precast concrete is entrusted to appropriately qualified structural or civil engineers and the execution of the work is carried out under the direction of appropriately qualified supervisors.
1.2 This part of SABS 0100 does not cover the structural use of concrete made with high-alumina
cement.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of SABS 0100. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of SABS 0100 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards may be obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards. PCI. TM 9.28. SABS 82:1976, Bending dimensions of bars for concrete reinforcement. SABS 471:1971, Portland cement (ordinary, rapid-hardening and sulphate-resisting). SABS 626:1971, Portland blastfurnace cement. SABS 831:1971, Portland cement 15 (ordinary and rapid-hardening). SABS 878:1983, Ready-mixed concrete. SABS 920:1985, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement.
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3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of SABS 0100, the following definitions apply:
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3.1.6 formwork: All the temporary aids and material required to support, and to provide the shape of, the concrete in a structure (while the concrete is in the fresh state). 3.1.7 ready-mixed concrete: Concrete that complies with the relevant requirements of the project
specification and as further defined in SABS 878.
3.2 Weather
3.2.1 adverse weather: Cold weather or a combination of a high ambient temperature, low relative
humidity and high wind velocity, which may tend to impair the quality of fresh or hardening concrete or otherwise cause hardened concrete to have undesirable properties.
3.2.2 cold weather: Weather in which the ambient temperature is 5 C or less. 3.2.3 cool weather: Weather in which the ambient temperature exceeds 5 C but does not exceed
15 C.
3.2.4 hot weather: Weather in which the ambient temperature exceeds 32 C. 3.2.5 normal weather: Weather in which the ambient temperature exceeds 15 C but does not exceed 32 C.
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3.3.5 extreme conditions: The concrete is exposed to wet conditions in which the water is highly aggressive.
COMMENTARY - Conditions are considered wet if the concrete is exposed to water continuously or intermittently. The effect on the concrete of exposure to water depends on the aggressiveness of the water, the period of time during which the concrete is wet, and the frequency of the wet-dry cycling. It is not possible to propose definite limits in this regard. However, it should be kept in mind that highly aggressive water can have a seriously detrimental effect on concrete even if the period of time during which the concrete is exposed to such water is short.
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3.4.2 grade of concrete: An identifying number for a particular concrete, which is numerically equal
to the characteristic strength at 28 d, expressed in megapascals.
3.4.3 high-density concrete: Concrete made of a high-density aggregate complying with SABS 1083
and that usually has a density in the range 2 500 kg/m3 to 3 600 kg/m3.
Amdt 1, Sept. 1994
3.4.4 low-density concrete: Concrete intentionally made to have low density by the use of
low-density aggregate or a mixture of low-density and normal-density aggregates, and usually required to have an air-dry density not exceeding 2 000 kg/m3.
3.4.5 normal-density concrete: Concrete made with aggregates complying with SABS 1083 and that
usually has a density in the range 2 200 kg/m3 to 2 500 kg/m3.
3.4.6 precast concrete: Concrete that consists of units cast and cured in a position other than their
final position, and placed in position to form an integral part of the structure.
3.4.7 prescribed-mix concrete: Concrete for which the engineer has prescribed the mix proportions. 3.4.8 strength concrete: Concrete designed primarily for strength considerations and designated by
its characteristic strength in conjunction with the maximum nominal size of stone used in its manufacture, e.g. 30 MPa/19 mm.
3.4.9 target slump: The average value for the slump of concrete aimed for to ensure compliance with
the slump required.
3.4.10
workability: The property of fresh concrete that determines the ease of placing and compacting the concrete without segregation of its constituent materials.
3.5.2 specified strength: The characteristic strength required by the engineer. 3.5.3 target strength: An average value of the strength of concrete that is higher than the specified strength, and that is aimed for to ensure that the characteristic strength is attained. 3.5.4 valid test result: The average result obtained from three test cubes of concrete that have been
tested in accordance with SABS method 863, with the additional requirement that curing water be maintained at a temperature between 22 C and 25 C.
3.6 Prestressing
3.6.1 anchorage: A device used to anchor a tendon to the concrete member. 3.6.2 bonded tendon: A prestressing tendon that is bonded to the concrete throughout its effective length, either directly (by being cast into the concrete) or by grouting. 3.6.3 coating: Material applied to unbonded tendons to protect them from corrosion, or material applied to either bonded or unbonded tendons to lubricate them during stressing.
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3.6.6 tendon: An assemblage of steel elements (e.g. wire, bar or strand) used to impart prestress to
concrete when the assemblage is tensioned.
4.1.1.2 Cement extenders shall comply with the applicable of the following specifications: - SABS 1491-1, Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS); - SABS 1491-2, Fly ash (FA); or - SABS 1491-3, Condensed silica fume (CSF).
NOTE - It is recommended that users of cement extenders consult producers of the extender or appropriate publications of recognized institutions (Portland Cement Institute or CSIR).
4.1.1.3 Cements for sulfate-resisting concrete shall be chosen in accordance with the procedures given in annex A, taking into account the factors described in 6.2.3. Sulfate-resisting cements may have a lower resistance to chloride-ion migration than other cements. 4.1.1.4 For particular regions, or where it is suspected that alkali-silica reaction may occur, it may be necessary to use cement of low alkali content (Na2O + 0,658 K2O) or aggregate of low potential alkali-silica reactivity. 4.1.1.5 The type of cement to be used in each part of the structure shall be specified by the engineer, and the cement used in the structure shall correspond to that specified. The type and source of cement may not be changed during the duration of a contract without the approval of the engineer.
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4.1.2 Properties of concrete made with a blend of portland cement and cement extenders
4.1.2.1 Strength 28 d strengths (under standard curing conditions) of GGBS or FA or CSF cement concretes comparable with 28 d strengths of ordinary portland cement concretes can be obtained in many cases, although adjustments in the concrete mix proportions may be necessary. Generally, as the cement extender content is increased, the early rate of strength development is reduced, particularly at lower temperatures. At ages exceeding 28 d, water-cured GGBS, FA and CSF concretes show an increase in strength over ordinary portland cement concretes of equivalent 28 d strengths. 4.1.2.2 Other properties Provided sufficient GGBS or FA or CSF is incorporated and the concrete is properly cured, there is likely to be increased resistance to some forms of chemical attack and reduction of early heat of hydration.
4.2 Water
4.2.1 Water shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of acids, alkalis, chlorides, organic matter
and other substances that could impair the strength or durability of concrete or metal embedded in the concrete. (It should be noted that sea water contains injurious amounts of chlorides and alkalis.)
4.2.2 Should the suitability of water be in doubt, particularly in remote areas or where water is derived
from sources not normally utilized for domestic purposes, such water shall be tested.
4.3 Aggregates
4.3.1 Aggregate classification
Aggregates can be classified in terms of their density, as follows: a) normal density: aggregates that have a particle density exceeding 2 000 kg/m3 but not exceeding 3 000 kg/m3; b) low density: aggregates that have a porous structure and a particle density not exceeding 2 000 kg/m3; c) high density: aggregates that have a particle density exceeding 3 000 kg/m3.
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4.3.9 Storage
4.3.9.1 Aggregates of different nominal sizes shall be stored separately and in such a way that a) segregation of particles of the same size is minimized, b) contamination by foreign matter is prevented, and c) intermixing of aggregates is minimized. 4.3.9.2 Where aggregates of different chloride content are stockpiled on the same site, strict control shall be exercised over their use in different classes of concrete. 4.3.9.3 Stockpiles of natural or manufactured sand shall be free-draining to ensure a relatively uniform moisture content throughout the stockpile.
4.4 Admixtures
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 Admixtures are added to a concrete mix to change certain properties of concrete by their chemical effect or physical effect (or both). In changing certain properties, an admixture can significantly affect other properties. 4.4.1.2 Admixtures that may impair the durability of the concrete, or combine with the ingredients to form harmful compounds, or increase the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement shall not be used. When an admixture is used in concrete that is made with any type of cement and that is to contain prestressing tendons, reinforcement and embedded metal, the chloride content of the admixture, expressed as chloride ions (by mass), should not exceed 2 % (m/m) of the admixture or 0,03 % (m/m) of the cement. 4.4.1.3 Admixtures shall not be used without the approval of the engineer, who may require tests to be conducted before admixtures are used. To facilitate approval, the following information should be available: a) the trade name of the admixture, its source and the manufacturer's recommended method of use; b) typical dosages and possible detrimental effects of underdosages and overdosages; c) whether compounds likely to cause corrosion of the reinforcement or deterioration of the concrete (such as those containing chloride in any form as an active ingredient) are present and, if so, the chloride content of admixtures, expressed as chloride ions (by mass) or expressed as equivalent anhydrous calcium chloride (by mass); and d) the average expected air content of freshly mixed concrete containing an admixture that causes air to be entrained (see 4.4.2) when the admixture is used at the manufacturer's recommended dosage.
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4.4.3 Storage
Admixtures shall be stored in a manner that will prevent contamination, evaporation or damage. For admixtures used in the form of suspensions or non-stable solutions, agitating equipment shall be provided to ensure thorough distribution of the ingredients. Liquid admixtures shall be protected from temperature changes that would adversely affect their characteristics.
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5.3.2 It is recommended that an agreement be reached between the contractor and the engineer if the mixer to be used
a) has unusual mixing characteristics, or b) it is claimed that effective mixing can be consistently achieved in mixing periods shorter than those specified in 7.2.1.
5.4 Vibrators
Where compaction by vibration is specified, vibrators shall be capable of fully compacting each layer of concrete. It is recommended that at least one standby vibrator be available for every three (or lesser number of) vibrators necessary to maintain the rate of placing.
6 Proportioning
6.1 Quality of concrete
6.1.1 General
Concrete for all parts of the work shall be of the specified quality and capable of being placed and compacted without excessive segregation. When hardened, concrete should have developed all the properties required by this part of SABS 0100 and by the project specification. The engineer shall ensure that samples of the constituent materials of the concrete, together with evidence that they comply with the provisions of clause 4, are supplied for approval in good time before concreting of the works commences. Evidence shall be in the form of either a) a statement, from an approved laboratory, of the results of tests, or b) an authoritative and acceptable report or record of previous use of, and experience with, the material concerned.
6.1.2 Strength
6.1.2.1 Compressive strength The specified compressive strength of concrete should be based on the 28 d characteristic compressive strength fcu, unless a different test age is specified. 6.1.2.2 Maximum cement content Cement content should normally not exceed 550 kg per cubic metre of concrete.
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6.1.4 Consistence
Unless otherwise dictated by the general workability of the concrete, the method of transportation or conditions of placement, or unless otherwise specified by the engineer, slump values for different types of construction should normally not exceed 150 mm for hand-placed concrete and 100 mm for vibrated concrete.
6.1.5 Workability
The concrete shall be of such workability that it can be readily compacted into the corners of the formwork and around reinforcement without the materials in the mix segregating.
6.1.6 Bleeding
The concrete shall be so proportioned with suitable materials that bleeding (i.e. the upward migration of water in compacted fresh concrete) is not excessive. It is not possible to put quantitative limits to bleeding. To assess the bleeding behaviour of concrete, the consequences of bleeding should be borne in mind. Note that initially, bleeding is accompanied by the settlement of solid particles (i.e. cement and aggregates). Where this settlement is prevented by reinforcement or by changes in cross-section, differential settlement occurs and cracks and voids are formed in the concrete. This phenomenon is especially troublesome in columns, in T and I beams, and in beams and slabs with top reinforcement. On the other hand, a film of bleed water on the surface of an element such as a slab will prevent or retard plastic shrinkage of the concrete and is therefore beneficial. Methods of dealing with the detrimental consequences of bleeding and settlement are discussed in 10.3.8.
Amdt 1, Sept. 1994
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The cement/water ratio shall be at least 1,9 by mass. 6.2.2.2 Low-density concrete that is likely to be subjected to such freezing-and-thawing action shall contain 6 % 2 % total air when the nominal maximum size of aggregate exceeds 9,5 mm, or 7 % 2 % total air when the nominal maximum size is 9,5 mm or less. Proportions shall be so selected that a characteristic strength fcu of 20 MPa or more is attained.
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Deterioration of concrete by chemical attack can occur by contact with gases or solutions of many chemicals, but is generally the result of exposure to acidic solutions or to solutions of sulfate salts. Concrete made with portland cement is not recommended in persistently acidic conditions (pH 5,5 or less). Solutions of naturally occurring sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, as may be present in some soils and groundwaters, can cause expansion and disruption of concrete. In extreme conditions, some form of lining such as those listed in table A.10 of annex A should be used to prevent access by deleterious solutions. Corrosive attack by water is one of the most serious conditions of exposure. All the materials found in concrete are to some extent soluble in water. The aggregates normally used are generally more resistant to attack than is the cementitious binder, which is the most vulnerable constituent owing to its greater chemical activity. (Steel reinforcement is also susceptible, if embedded in a pervious concrete or if corrosive attack on an initially impervious concrete has reached a relatively advanced stage and the corrosive agents have penetrated to the depth where reinforcement is embedded.) The two properties of water that contribute most towards its high corrosiveness are the following: - water is an extremely effective solvent; and - water is able to dissociate dissolved salts and enable them to participate in ion-exchange and ion-addition reactions. The corrosiveness of water depends on the rate of dissolution of concrete in the water, which is influenced by the factors given in 6.2.3.1 to 6.2.3.7. 6.2.3.1 The concentration gradient between the solid phase (concrete) and the liquid phase (water) In the case of concrete wetted by water, the concentration of calcium compounds in the concrete is usually many orders of magnitude higher than that of these compounds in the water. In the case of distilled or very soft water, the concentration of dissolved calcium salts in the water is almost zero and the concentration gradient becomes very large. The resultant dissolution rate can consequently be very high and rapid attack will take place. It is this mechanism that is responsible for the extremely aggressive behaviour of distilled water and very soft water towards concrete, which can result in the rapid leaching-out of the components of the concrete, especially calcium hydroxide, the presence of which is essential for maintaining the integrity of the binder. On the other hand, where water already contains a high concentration of the compounds present in the concrete, the concentration gradient is lower and can disappear when saturation of the aqueous phase is achieved. 6.2.3.2 The acidity of the water The materials normally found in concrete have a higher solubility in acidic than in alkaline water. 6.2.3.3 The temperature of the water Warm water is usually more aggressive than cold water.
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7 Production of concrete
7.1 Batching
7.1.1 Cement
The mass of cement in a standard sack is 50 kg. All cement taken from bulk storage containers and from partially emptied bags shall be batched by mass to an accuracy of 2 % (or better) of the mass required.
7.1.2 Water
Mixing water for each batch shall be measured and the amount of water adjusted to allow for the moisture content of the aggregates (see 7.1.3). The true quantity shall be measured to an accuracy of 2 % (or better).
7.1.3 Aggregates
If batching is by mass, the mass of the aggregates of each size shall be measured and a correction made for the moisture content of the aggregates. The true mass shall be measured to an accuracy of 3 % (or better). If batching is by volume, the fine and coarse aggregates shall be measured separately in suitable measuring boxes of known volume and of such capacity that the quantities of aggregates for each batch are suitable for direct transfer into the mixer. Bulking tests on the fine aggregate (or moisture determination if the relation between bulking and moisture content of the specific fine aggregate is known) shall be conducted at least daily (in accordance with SABS method 856) and the results used to adjust the batch volume of fine aggregate to give the true volume required. Additional tests for bulking shall be carried out after rain has fallen or if there has been any other reason for variation in the moisture content of the aggregate.
7.1.4 Admixtures
The amount of admixture to be used shall be measured to an accuracy of 2 % (or better). Daily calibration of the measuring device is imperative, and after each day's use, the measuring device shall be uncoupled from the supply and cleaned. The person responsible for batching shall be fully conversant with the effects of the admixture and the consequences of underdosage or overdosage.
Amdt 1, Sentence deleted by Amendment No. 1. Sept. 1994
7.2 Mixing
7.2.1 Mixing on site
7.2.1.1 General 7.2.1.1.1 Mixing of materials for concrete shall be conducted by an experienced operator.
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7.2.1.4.2 Hot weather When the temperature of the fresh concrete is likely to exceed the permissible maximum (see 10.8.2), the concrete can be cooled by a) cooling the mixing water or substituting flaked or well-crushed ice for part or all of the mixing water; ice particles have to be small enough to melt completely during the mixing process; b) cooling the aggregates, for example by shading the stockpiles and by wetting the stone to cause evaporative cooling; or c) injecting liquid nitrogen into the mix during mixing.
7.3 Transportation
The mixed concrete shall be discharged from the mixer and transported as rapidly as practicable to its final position by means that will prevent segregation, adulteration, loss of ingredients and ingress of foreign matter or water and that will maintain the required workability at the point of placing. Concrete may only be conveyed through pipes made with materials that are non-reactive with cement. Aluminium pipes shall be suitably protected. The capacity of conveying equipment shall be sufficient to ensure that placed concrete does not set before adjacent concrete of the same pour is placed. Conveying equipment shall be cleaned at the end of each operation or work day.
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8 Reinforcement
8.1 General
Reinforcement should comply with the relevant requirements of SABS 82, SABS 920 and SABS 1024.
NOTE - See also the relevant section of SABS 0100-1.
4 Minimum cover
NOTE - This table should be used in conjunction with table A.8 of annex A.
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8.4 Fixing
The grade of accuracy for cover over reinforcement shall comply with the requirements of SABS 1200 G. Reinforcement shall not be subjected to mechanical damage, rough handling, dropping from a height, or shock loading.
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8.4.1.9 Supporting steel should be included in the reinforcing schedule by the engineer. The use of other supporting materials is subject to the approval of the engineer. 8.4.1.10 Laps and joints of reinforcing bars shall be formed only as and where shown on the drawings or as approved by the engineer. Bars left exposed for bonding of future extensions to the structure shall be well protected from corrosion, using suitable means.
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8.5 Welding
8.5.1 General
Generally, all welding should be carried out under controlled conditions in a factory or workshop and welding on site should be avoided if possible. Welding on site may be undertaken when required and permitted by the engineer, provided that suitable safeguards and techniques are employed and the types of steel (including high-yield steels to SABS 920) have the required welding properties. The competence of the operators shall be demonstrated prior to, and periodically during, welding operations.
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9 Formwork
9.1 General
9.1.1 Materials that have a deleterious effect on concrete (e.g. untreated timber) shall not be used for formwork.
9.1.2 Forms shall have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure resulting from placement and
compaction of the concrete and shall have sufficient rigidity to maintain specified tolerances, the required shapes, finishes, positions, levels and dimensions shown on the drawings.
9.1.3 Tolerances shall comply with the relevant requirements of SABS 0155. 9.1.4 Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of grout. 9.1.5 The formwork shall be capable of being dismantled and removed from the cast concrete without shock, disturbance or damage to the concrete. 9.1.6 Earth cuts shall not be used as forms for vertical surfaces, unless permitted or unless so required. 9.1.7 Shop drawings for formwork, including the location of shoring and reshoring, shall be submitted for review as required by the contract documents.
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9.2.2 Deflection
To maintain the specified tolerances, the formwork shall be cambered to compensate for anticipated deflections in the formwork prior to hardening of the concrete.
Form accessories such as ties and hangers shall be of a commercially manufactured type. Non-fabricated wire shall not be used. Form ties and spacers left in situ should not impair the desired appearance or durability of the structure, e.g. by causing spalling or rust staining or by allowing the passage of moisture. After the ends or end fasteners of form ties have been removed, any embedded portion of the tie shall terminate at a distance of not less than the specified minimum cover from the formed surface of the concrete. Runways for moving equipment during concreting shall be provided with struts and legs, shall be supported directly on the formwork or structural member, and shall not rest on the reinforcing steel.
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10
Cold 1,5 7 12 17 21
Normal 0,5 2 3 5 7
Cool
4) 4)
Cold 1 4 5 9 12
Normal 2 6 10 10 14
Cool
4) 4)
Cold 4 10 17 17 21
4) 4) 4)
4) 4) 4)
4) 4) 4)
1) The time of removal of formwork allowing for the surface finish is to be decided by the designer. This table should be regarded as a guide only. 2) Shorter periods may be used for sections having a thickness of 300 mm or more. 3) Only if rapid-hardening cement is used as a direct replacement for ordinary portland cement. Shorter removal times for formwork do not apply if mixes are designed with rapid-hardening cement to achieve the same 28-d strength. 4) In cool weather, stripping times are to be determined by interpolation between the periods specified for normal and cold weather.
9.5.3 Reshoring
When reshoring is permitted or required, it shall be planned in advance and shall be subject to approval by the engineer. The following recommendations are given as guidance: a) floors that are supported by shores under newly placed concrete shall have their original supporting shores left in place or shall be reshored. The reshoring system shall have a capacity sufficient to resist expected loads and in all cases shall have a capacity equal to at least one-half of the capacity of the shoring above; b) the shores shall be located directly under a shore position above, unless other locations are acceptable; c) in a multistorey building, the reshoring shall extend over a sufficient number of storeys to distribute the weight of newly placed concrete, forms and construction live loads in such a way that the design superimposed loads on the shores that support floors are not exceeded.
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10.2 Placing
10.2.1 The concrete shall be placed within 1 h from the time of discharge from the mixer. Re-tempering by the addition of water or other material shall not be permitted. 10.2.2 Placing shall be carried out at such a rate that the concrete that is being integrated with fresh concrete is still plastic. 10.2.3 Wherever practicable, the concrete shall be placed vertically into its final position to avoid segregation and displacement of reinforcement and other items that are to be embedded. 10.2.4 Placed concrete shall not be so reworked (whether by means of vibrators or otherwise) as to
cause it to flow laterally in such a way that segregation occurs. Where practicable, the concrete shall be placed in horizontal layers of compacted thickness not exceeding 450 mm, to avoid "heaping". Use of vibrators to move concrete laterally within forms shall not be allowed.
10.2.5 Where a chute is used to convey the concrete, its slope shall be such that it will not cause
segregation; a suitable spout or baffles shall be provided for the discharge of the concrete. Generally, the chute should be at an angle exceeding 30 to the horizontal.
10.2.6 Unless permitted by the engineer, the concrete shall not be allowed to fall freely through a height of more than 3 m. 10.2.7 Placing of concrete in an element that is supported shall not be commenced until the concrete
previously placed in supporting elements (columns, walls, beams) is no longer plastic and has been in place for at least 2 h. When elements that are supported and supporting elements are placed in one operation, the concrete in the vicinity of the junction between these elements shall be revibrated shortly before it sets. This procedure is necessary to eliminate defects such as cracks caused by the settlement of solids in the fresh concrete.
10.2.8 When a closed circuit is being concreted, work shall commence at one or more points in the circuit and shall so proceed in opposite directions at the same time that, at completion of the circuit, the junctions are formed with freshly placed concrete. 10.2.9 No concrete shall be placed in flowing water. When the placing of concrete underwater is
permitted owing to exceptional circumstances because, in the opinion of the engineer, it is not practicable to dewater before placing, it shall be placed by means of a tremie. During placing, the lower end of the
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approval before placing commences. During and after concreting underwater, pumping or dewatering operations in the immediate vicinity shall be suspended if there is any danger that such operations will interfere with the freshly placed concrete before it has set and gained adequate strength.
10.2.10 In any section of the works, the placing of concrete by pumping is subject to approval. Full details shall be furnished regarding the mix proportions of concrete intended to be placed by pumping. 10.2.11 The lift height to be concreted at any one time shall be agreed between the contractor and the
engineer. In massive sections, it will be necessary to consider the effect of lift height on the temperature rise because of the heat of hydration.
10.3 Compaction
10.3.1 All concrete shall be so compacted (by vibration, spading, rodding, etc.) during and immediately after placing, that the concrete is thoroughly worked around the reinforcement, around embedded items and into corners of formwork and forms a solid void-free mass having the required surface finish.
Where compaction is only by means other than vibration, approval should be sought.
10.3.2 The concrete shall be free from honeycombing and planes of weakness. Successive layers of the
same lift shall be thoroughly worked together. To achieve this, the compaction tool shall be permitted to penetrate through the new layer into the lower layer, which shall be sufficiently plastic to permit interknitting.
10.3.3 Vibration shall be applied continuously during the placing of each batch of concrete until the
expulsion of air has virtually ceased. Over-vibration that results in segregation, surface laitance or leakage, or any combination of these, shall be avoided.
10.3.4 Immersion vibrators shall be inserted vertically into the concrete to be compacted, at regular
spacings not exceeding 0,6 m or 10 times the diameter of the vibrator, whichever is less. Systematic spacing of insertions of the vibrator at the recommended intervals is essential to ensure that no concrete remains outside the sphere of energy released by the vibrator. As soon as a water sheen is visible on the surface, the vibrator shall be slowly withdrawn from the concrete, care being taken to avoid the formation of voids.
10.3.5 When external vibrators are used, the design of formwork and the disposition of vibrators shall be such as to ensure efficient compaction and to avoid surface blemishes. 10.3.6 The rate of concrete placing shall be commensurate with the available compaction equipment, and compaction by vibration shall be executed by skilled operators only. The number of vibrators used shall be compatible with the rate at which concrete is placed. Standby vibrators shall also be made available.
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10.3.8 To overcome the detrimental effects of bleeding (see 6.1.6) and settlement, the technique of
"revibration" or "recompaction" should be used. The technique consists of recompacting the concrete at a time that is as long as possible after initial compaction but while the concrete retains sufficient workability to respond plastically to compactive energy. In practice, this energy is normally applied by means of immersion vibrators. Recompaction is especially necessary in upper zones of columns, forms that have abrupt changes in cross-section (such as T and I beams and coffered slabs), elements that have horizontal reinforcing bars placed near the top of the concrete, liquid-retaining structures, and structures exposed to aggressive conditions.
10.4.1 General
The number of construction joints should be kept to the minimum necessary for the execution of the work. Their type and locations shall be acceptable to the engineer. The concrete at the joint shall be bonded with that subsequently placed against it, without provision for relative movement between the two. To ensure that the load-bearing capacity of the concrete in the area is not impaired, high quality workmanship is necessary when the joints are being formed.
10.4.2 Location
10.4.2.1 In general, joints should be located near the middle of the spans of slabs, beams and girders, unless a beam intersects a girder at this point, in which case the joint in the girder should be offset at a distance equal to twice the width of the beam. Joints in walls and columns should be at the underside of floors, slabs, beams or girders and at the tops of footings or floor slabs. Joints should be perpendicular to the main reinforcement. 10.4.2.2 The term "unforeseen joint" is used to identify a joint formed during concreting when plant failure, inclement weather or some other unforeseen event has enforced a halt in the placing of concrete and thus created a situation in which a construction joint has to be made in a location that was not approved prior to the commencement of concreting. If an unforeseen joint occurs at a critical section (e.g. at a section of maximum shear), it may be possible to remove part of the fresh concrete in order to place the joint in a less critical section. The face of the joint should be trimmed to a suitable shape.
10.4.3 Bonding
When so required or permitted, bonding shall be achieved by means of one of the methods given in 10.4.3.1 to 10.4.3.4. 10.4.3.1 The use of an adhesive Joints to which an adhesive is applied shall be prepared, and the adhesive applied, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, prior to the placing of fresh concrete.
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shall be dampened (but not saturated) and then thoroughly covered with a thin coat of cement grout of similar proportions to the mortar in the concrete. Alternatively, application of a concrete layer of thickness approximately 250 mm, and made richer by reducing the amount of coarse aggregate by 25 %, may be considered. The fresh concrete shall be placed before the grout or the intermediate layer of concrete has attained its initial set. 10.4.3.4 Alternative methods to roughening the surface of the concrete Alternatively, mesh or expanded metal stop ends (not extending into the cover zone) may be used, if approved, to provide a rough face to the joint.
10.4.4 Reinforcement
All reinforcement shall be continued across construction joints. If a kicker or starter stub is used, it shall be at least 70 mm high and carefully constructed. It is sometimes necessary and, in the case of columns, it is normally necessary, that a kicker stub be cast with the previous concrete.
10.4.5 Construction
10.4.5.1 Construction joints shall be formed in accordance with a) the details shown on the drawings, or b) the applicable requirements of the project specification. 10.4.5.2 In the case of an unforeseen joint (see 10.4.2.2), concrete shall be finished off at the place of stoppage in a manner that will least impair the durability, appearance and proper functioning of the concrete. The engineer's instructions shall then be followed. 10.4.5.3 In the case of a joint not covered by 10.4.5.1 or 10.4.5.2, one of the methods given in 10.4.5.3.1 to 10.4.5.3.4 shall apply.
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10.5.2 Waterstops
The material and design of waterstops and their location in joints shall be as indicated in the contract documents. Each piece of premoulded waterstop shall be of maximum practicable length in order to keep the number of end joints to a minimum. Joints at intersections and at ends of pieces shall be made in the manner most appropriate to the material being used. Joints shall develop effective watertightness fully equal to that of the continuous waterstop material, shall permanently develop at least 50 % of the mechanical strength of the parent section, and shall permanently retain their flexibility.
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d) rapid cooling (during the first few days after placing); e) high internal thermal gradients; f) frost (see 10.8.3);
g) mechanical damage; h) contamination; and i) vibration and impact that could disrupt the concrete and interfere with its bond to the reinforcement.
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d) covering the concrete with waterproof or plastics sheeting firmly anchored at the edges; e) the use of an approved curing compound, applied in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
NOTE - Some curing compounds inhibit bond of finishes, such as toppings, plasters or paints, applied to the hardened concrete. The compound used should therefore be suitable for the intended finish.
10.8.1.3 Moisture loss from surfaces placed against wooden forms shall be minimized by keeping the forms wet until they are removed. After form removal, the concrete shall be cured by one of the methods given in (a) to (e) above, for the duration of time prescribed below. Whichever method of curing is adopted, its application shall not cause staining, contamination or marring of the surface of the concrete and the water used shall be in accordance with 4.2. When the ambient temperature is 15 C and higher, the curing period shall be at least 7 d for concrete made with ordinary portland cement or portland cement 15 slag or portland cement 15 fly ash, and at least 10 d for concrete made with portland blastfurnace cement, and with blends of portland cement and more than 15 % of GGBS or FA. When the ambient temperature is below 5 C, the curing periods shall be doubled. When the ambient temperature is between 5 C and 15 C, the curing period shall be determined by interpolation between the above times.
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10.10 Records
Written records shall be maintained that provide the following information in relation to each part of the works: a) the date on which each element was concreted, the time taken to place the concrete, and the position of the element in the works; b) the weather; and c) the nature of samples taken, the dates on which they were taken, and the means of identification by which the results of tests on such samples may be correlated with the section of work to which they pertain.
11 Massive concrete
11.1 General
11.1.1 Portions of the structure that are to be treated as massive concrete under the provisions of this clause shall be stated in the project specification. Such massive concrete shall be subject to the provisions of this clause in addition to all other applicable provisions of this part of SABS 0100. 11.1.2 Concrete is said to be massive when the size and proportions of an element placed in one
operation are such that temperature increases (caused by heat of hydration) in the concrete are high enough to result in potentially harmful effects. High temperatures in the concrete can lead to temperature gradients within the concrete; if these gradients are steep enough to cause differential strain that exceeds the concrete's tensile strain capacity, the concrete will crack. The critical dimension of an element with regard to heat of hydration is normally the least dimension. Concrete may usually be regarded as massive if the least dimension exceeds 0,5 m to 1,0 m, but the critical value is specific to each situation.
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d) replacing part of the portland cement with a cement extender such as FA; e) reducing the placing temperature of the concrete; and f) insulating the placed concrete to minimize internal temperature gradients.
The subject of massive concrete cannot be dealt with in detail in this part of SABS 0100 and reference should be made to specialist literature (see annex D).
12 Prestressing
NOTE - See also the appropriate clause of SABS 0100-1.
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12.1.5 Cutting
The following points shall be taken into consideration: a) any special requirements by the supplier of the prestressing system shall be met; b) all cutting to length and trimming of ends shall be by means of either 1) a high-speed abrasive cutting wheel, guillotine, friction saw or any other mechanical method approved by the engineer; or 2) an oxyacetylene cutting flame, excess oxygen being used to ensure a cutting rather than a melting action. Care should be taken that neither the flame nor splashes come into contact with either the anchorage or other tendons. The oxyacetylene method shall not be used on unbonded tendons; c) in post-tensioning systems, the cutting action as in (1) and (2) above shall be at least one diameter from the anchor.
12.1.6 Formwork
Formwork shall not be such as to restrain any elastic shortening, deflection or camber of the structure that results from application of the prestressing force. Form supports shall not be removed until sufficient prestressing force has been applied to support the self-weight load, the formwork and the anticipated construction loads, and shall be done to the engineer's approval.
12.1.7 Sheathing
12.1.7.1 Sheathing for bonded tendons 12.1.7.1.1 Sheathing or duct-formers shall be of a material that will not react with alkalis in cement and that is strong enough to retain its shape and resist damage during construction. It shall prevent the intrusion of cement paste from the concrete. Sheathing material left in place shall not cause electrolytic action or deterioration. 12.1.7.1.2 The sheathing shall have an internal cross-sectional area at least twice that of the net steel area of the tendon.
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12.2 Tensioning
12.2.1 General
12.2.1.1 Tendons may be stressed either by pre-tensioning or by post-tensioning, according to the particular needs of the form of construction. In each system, different procedures and types of equipment are used and these govern the method of tensioning, the form of anchorage and, in post-tensioning, the protection of the tendons. 12.2.1.2 Where possible, all wires or strands to be stressed in one operation shall be taken from the same parcel of prestressing steel. Each tendon shall be tagged with its number and the coil number(s) of the steel used. Tendons shall not be kinked or twisted and individual wires and strands shall be readily identifiable at each end of a member. A strand that has become unravelled shall not be used.
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12.2.5 Post-tensioning
12.2.5.1 Arrangement of tendons 12.2.5.1.1 Where wires, bars or strands in a tendon are not stressed simultaneously, spacing members shall be made so rigid that they are not displaced during the successive tensioning operations. 12.2.5.1.2 Tendons, whether in anchorages or elsewhere, shall be so arranged that they do not pass round sharp bends or corners likely to provoke rupture when the tendons are under stress. 12.2.5.2 Anchorages 12.2.5.2.1 The adequate performance of anchorages shall be demonstrated before prestressing.
NOTE - Suitable tests for checking prestressing tendon anchorage performance are described in BS 4447 and in the FIP recommendation for acceptance and application of post-tensioning systems (March 1981).
12.2.5.2.2 The anchorage system in general comprises the anchorage itself and the arrangement of tendons and reinforcement designed to act with the anchorage. The form of anchorage system shall be such as to facilitate the even distribution of stress in the concrete at the end of the member and shall be capable of maintaining the prestressing force under sustained and fluctuating load and under the effect of shock.
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12.4.5 In the case of curved tendons, or tendons made up of a number of constituent elements, or
tendons loaded in stages, the engineer shall specify the order of loading and the magnitude of the force for each component of the tendon.
12.4.6 Tensioned tendons, anchorages, and duct forms shall be effectively protected from corrosion
during the period between stressing and covering with grout, concrete or other permanent protection. Ducts shall be plugged at their ends and at their vents.
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12.5.3 Materials
12.5.3.1 General All materials shall be measured by mass. 12.5.3.2 Cement Only portland cement that complies with SABS 471 or SABS 831 and that has not been stored in paper sacks on site for more than 1 month, shall be used. The temperature of the cement shall be less than 35 C.
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12.5.4 Ducts
12.5.4.1 Air vents of diameter at least 10 mm shall be provided at any crests present in the duct profile, since it is important that the whole volume of the duct be filled with grout. Horizontal ducts of length not exceeding 30 m shall be grouted from one end, without intermediate vents. 12.5.4.2 Threaded entries to the duct or anchorage to permit the use of a screwed connector from the grout pump may be used with advantage. 12.5.4.3 Before the concrete is placed, duct linings shall be inspected for continuity, correct alignment, secure fixing, dents, splits and holes, and any defects shall be rectified; particular attention should be paid to joints between ducts and anchorages and joints between adjacent precast units. 12.5.4.4 Lined ducts should be kept dry before grouting to prevent corrosion of the tendon, possible frost damage or excess water, but they may be flushed with water immediately before grouting. If the tendon is to remain unstressed for more than 28 d from the time of tendon placement, temporary corrosion protection should be provided. Vertical ducts shall be sealed at all times before grouting, to prevent the ingress of rain and debris.
12.5.5 Mixing
12.5.5.1 The cement/water ratio of the mix shall be at least 2,3 by mass. The quantity of sand or filler used should not exceed 30 % of the mass of the cement. 12.5.5.2 Water shall be added to the mixer first, then two-thirds of the cement. When these are thoroughly mixed, any admixture or sand and the remainder of the cement shall be added. Mixing shall continue for not less than 2 min and not more than 5 min, until a uniform consistence is obtained. Mixing by hand is not permissible.
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13 Precast concrete
13.1 General
Precast units, whether of plain, reinforced or prestressed concrete, shall have been designed in accordance with the provisions of SABS 0100-1 and the quality and workmanship shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of this part of SABS 0100.
13.2.1 While dimensional variations are inevitable, precast concrete units can be manufactured to
comparatively small permissible deviations. Manufacturing to such fine tolerances, however, will materially increase the cost of the units.
13.2.2 Permissible deviations shall only be specified for those dimensional characteristics that are
important to the correct assembly, performance and appearance of the structure, and shall be as large as is practicable. The permissible deviations for other dimensional characteristics shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer, but shall be reasonable for the conditions of production and use. The manufacturer shall, when so requested, make these permissible deviations known.
13.2.3 The permissible deviations for the units shall be consistent with any variation in the position of the adjoining elements in the building. 13.2.4 The permissible deviations are a general guide. In exceptional cases, it may be possible to reduce
certain permissible deviations even further by means of specially designed moulds, but such reductions should be made with considerable caution.
13.2.5 It is strongly recommended that the manufacturer's advice be obtained at the early design stages
when very small permissible deviations are likely to be required, since those that can be achieved in practice depend on a number of factors, including the following: a) the shape of the unit, particularly since this affects the stiffness of the mould; b) the mould materials and the method of assembly; c) the number of castings from each mould; and
d) the position and shape of any projections through the moulded faces.
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13.2.7 Particular attention is drawn to the fact that deviations can be cumulative, i.e. adjoining edges of two floor panels nominally at the same level can differ by the sum of the positive deviations on bow and thickness on one unit, and the same negative deviations on the next unit. 13.2.8 Where appropriate, permissible deviations shall be given as both plus and minus values on a specific dimension, rather than as a deviation from a maximum or minimum value; working drawings to be used by the manufacturer shall give dimensions and permissible deviations as required.
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13.4.2.6 Where necessary, precautions shall be taken to prevent projecting reinforcement from causing rust stains, and to minimize efflorescence. 13.4.2.7 During transportation, the following additional factors shall be considered: a) overloading of the transporting vehicle; b) centrifugal force resulting from cornering; c) oscillation (a slim unit might flex (vertically or horizontally) sufficiently to cause damage); and
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13.4.5.2.2 Other packing materials The following points shall be taken into consideration: a) packing materials other than grout, mortar or concrete (e.g. resinous adhesives, lead, bituminous compounds, etc.) may be used, provided that they fulfil all the necessary requirements and are compatible in all respects with the concrete components being joined together; b) the manufacturer's recommendations as to the methods of application shall be strictly followed; and c) levelling devices, such as nuts and wedges, that have no load-bearing function in the completed structure, shall be slackened, released or removed, as necessary.
13.4.5.3 Fixing by welding Where precast units are fixed by welding, it should be noted that the expansion of cast-in plates may cause cracking of the precast section. Heat may be reduced by a) the use of low-heat welding rods of small size, b) the use of intermittent welds, and c) the use of smaller welds.
Plates should not be less than 10 mm thick. Welding should preferably not be done where connections are galvanized, unless steps are taken to re-instate the zinc layer, e.g. with zinc-rich epoxy paint. Where galvanizing is used, consideration should be given to using a chromate passivator in the concrete, to prevent interaction of the zinc with the alkali in the cement. Welding shall not be done near prestressing cables or anchorages.
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d) conducting tests to monitor mix characteristics such as cement/water ratio and cement content where these have been specified; and e) conducting tests to monitor in-situ cover to reinforcement.
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d) equipment to permit the measurement of entrained air, if air-entraining admixtures or any other admixtures are used (see 4.4); and e) any other test equipment specified.
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d) when the batch size is less than 2 m3, the first sample of each grade shall be taken after at least Amdt 1, three batches of this grade have been mixed and discharged. Sept. 1994 e) Deleted by Amendment No. 1. 14.3.1.2 The slump of the concrete sample shall be determined in accordance with SABS method 862 for each strength test and whenever the consistence of the concrete appears to vary. 14.3.1.3 The cubes shall be cast and cured in accordance with SABS method 863. Cubes cured on site shall be cured in water at a temperature between 22 C and 25 C. 14.3.1.4 The cubes shall be tested in accordance with SABS method 863. Three cubes shall be tested for acceptance at the age specified, which is usually 28 d. For prestressed concrete, sets of three cubes shall be tested at 3 d. Sets of three cubes may be tested at other ages for information. 14.3.1.5 In the case of low-density concrete, the air content and unit mass of a concrete sample shall be determined for each strength test.
Amdt 1, Sept. 1994
14.3.3.1 The strength test results shall meet both of the following acceptance criteria: a) no individual test result shall be more than 3 MPa below the specified characteristic strength; and b) the mean of any group of three consecutive and overlapping results shall exceed the specified characteristic strength by at least 2 MPa. 14.3.3.2 If the test results fail to meet the acceptance criteria given in 14.3.3.1, the following apply: a) the mix design shall be adjusted to ensure compliance with the acceptance criteria, due cognizance being taken of available 7 d/projected 28 d cube results; b) in relation to the part of the structure in which concrete represented by the test results has been used, 1) 2) an assessment of the stress level in the structure should be carried out; or tests should be carried out in accordance with 14.4 or clause 15, or both;
c) if the acceptance criterion given in 14.3.3.1(a) is not met, the amount of concrete represented by the test should be limited to the lesser of 50 m3 and that represented by the actual testing frequency; and d) if the acceptance criterion given in 14.3.3.1(b) is not met, it shall be assumed that the concrete represented by the test includes the batches represented by the first and the last samples, together with all intervening batches. 14.3.3.3 Should a concreting operation of the same concrete mix be of such magnitude or the sampling Amdt 1, of such frequency that 30 or more valid test results have become available within three months, the con- Sept. 1994 tractor may choose to have results assessed statistically. In such a case, the average of overlapping sets
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15 Load tests
15.1 Individual precast units
15.1.1 General
The load tests described in this clause are intended as checks on the quality of the units, and are not to be used as a substitute for normal design procedures. Where units require special testing, such special testing procedures shall be in accordance with the project specification. Test loads are to be applied and removed incrementally.
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Annex A
(normative)
Concrete subjected to wet conditions - aggressiveness of the water, and countermeasures1) A.1 General
Where concrete is subjected to wet conditions, the water in contact with the concrete should be assessed for aggressiveness, and appropriate measures taken to ensure the durability of the concrete.
2 Test method SABS method 11 PCI TM 9.28 SABS method 216 SABS method 217 SABS method 218 SABS method 1071 SABS method 212 SABS method 202 SABS method 213
* This determination is necessary only in the case of reinforced-concrete or prestressed-concrete structures and may be omitted if plain concrete only is at issue.
1) For more information, see the Portland Cement Institute publication, Deterioration of concrete in aggressive waters measuring aggressiveness and taking countermeasures by JJ Basson.
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A.3 Assessment of the aggressiveness of water, using the Basson Index (BI)
A.3.1 Basson Index
The Basson Index BI is a measure of the total aggressiveness of water, and is calculated as follows: BI = Na + Nb where Na is a factor representing the water properties; and Nb is a factor representing environmental factors (e.g. temperature, flow).
A.3.2 Calculations
A.3.2.1 Factors Na and Nb
A.3.2.1.1 The water properties factor Na is calculated as the sum of the indices N1 to N6, each of which is calculated as shown in table A.2. A.3.2.1.2 The environmental factor Nb is calculated as the sum of the indices N11 to N14 (each of which is calculated as shown in table A.3) for whichever conditions are being taken into account.
Table A.2 - Calculation of water properties indices 1 Property pH value Calcium carbonatesaturated pH value Calcium hardness (as CaCO3) Total ammonium ions (as NH4) Magnesium ions (as Mg) Total sulfates (as SO4) 2 Symbol V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 3 Units Nx 1/log[H+] 1/log[H+] mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L N1 = 200 x (9,5 - V1) N2 = - 2 000 x (V1 - V2) N3 = 2,2 x (500 - V3) N4 = 10 x V4 N5 = 0,6 x V5 N6 = 0,3 x V6 4 Index
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-6 N 14 = 0,16 x 10 x d x c x s
LSI =
SSI =
(N 4 + N 5 + N 6) 3
A.3.3 Classification
After the Basson Index BI has been calculated as shown in A.3.1 and A.3.2.1, the water is classified as in table A.4.
Table A.4 - Classification of water in terms of Basson Index BI 1 Basson Index BI Under 350 2 Water aggressiveness Non-aggressive to mildly aggressive Mildly to fairly aggressive 3 Recommendation Use concrete class as required for structural design, but see remarks in table A.6. Good concrete design and construction essential. See remarks in table A.6. Identify dominant corrosion subindex and follow applicable recommendations. Do not use in contact with unprotected concrete unless recommended anti-corrosion measures can be carried out in full.
350 to 750
750 to 1 000
Highly aggressive
Over 1 000
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A.4.1.2 Repeat this procedure for the subdominant mode of attack, to ensure that all the anti-corrosion measures that may be required have been taken into consideration. As a result of the fortuitous and beneficial overlap of treatments, a second or third anti-corrosion treatment will seldom be required unless very unusually aggressive conditions are present. A.4.1.3 When reinforcing or prestressing steel is present in the concrete, it should be remembered that the degree of protection provided by the concrete to such steel is related to cover thickness. See the recommendations given in table A.7.
Table A.5 - Countermeasures against leaching corrosion 1 Limits of leachingcorrosion subindex LSI 2 3 Recommended class of concrete*) 4 5
Remarks
Spalling-corrosion subindex SSI less than 300 Below 350 Spalling-corrosion subindex SSI 300 to 500 Spalling-corrosion subindex SSI not exceeding 500
None or A
350 to 750
3 or 4 3 or 4 B C D E B D E
High turbulence or temperature corrections (or both) may necessitate extra sacrificial inorganic coating allowance, depending on anticipated service life of concrete structure
750 to 1 000
Above 1 000
3 or 4
Obtain coating manufacturer's advice on best coating type for specific conditions of exposure
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A.4.2.2 Cement
Table A.9 lists the cements that may be used in concrete intended for exposure to aggressive waters.
A.4.2.3 Aggregates
See 4.3.
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Remarks
1 or 2
350 to 750
3 or 4
None or A
High turbulence and/or temperature and/or wet-dry cycling corrections may necessitate an additional thickness allowance, depending on anticipated service life of concrete structure Preferred type if attack is mainly because of sulfates
Above 1 000
or 5
Obtain coating manufacturer's advice on best coating type for specific conditions of exposure
*) See table A.8. **) See table A.10. Table A.7 - Countermeasures against chloride corrosion 1 2 3 4 5 Recommended minimum cover of concrete over reinforcement mm Below 350 350 to 750 750 to 1 000 Above 1 000 NOTE -This table is only applicable if reinforcing or prestressing steel is present. As determined for dominant and subdominant corrosion subindices (or for both) (see tables A.3 and A.4) 25 35 50 75 (greater in tidal zones)
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Class
Cement code*)
Remarks
340
1,8
30
Minimum quality recommended for use under freshwater conditions and in heavily polluted air
420
2,2
40
Minimum quality recommended for use under marine or saline conditions and in salt-laden air
420
2,2
40
Improved protection of steel under marine or saline conditions, because of chloride-binding ability Improved denseness and impermeability of concrete and also improved resistance to leaching attack, because of pozzolanic pore-refinement properties Moderately resistant to some sulfates because of low tricalcium aluminate content
420
2,2
40
SRPC***)
420
2,2
40
*) See table A.9 for explanation. Note that the cement types grouped together for any one class of concrete do not necessarily produce concrete of the same strength. **) Refers to total quantity of all binders. ***) In cases where low strength is acceptable, a site blend of 20 parts of OPC and 80 parts of ground granulated blastfurnace slag may be considered as an alternative.
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* To be used in preference to portland blastfurnace cement (PBC) in which the slag content is allowed to vary over a wide range of 15 % to 70 % (see SABS 626). In the case of PC 45 (SL), the manufacturer guarantees a slag content in the range 45 % to 55 %.
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20 mm to 50 mm
Preformed polymeric liners Emulsion-based waterborne organics Solvent-based organics Catalysed organics
0,2 mm to 1 mm
C D
150 m
150 m
150 m to 300 m
*) Aggregate-filled, solventless epoxy systems, applied in film of thicknesses 2 mm to 5 mm have proved to be very effective on surfaces of oil rigs.
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Annex B
(informative)
B.3.3 When the likely variation in moisture content within the concrete is being assessed, it should be
kept in mind that the rate of evaporation from unprotected concrete will be higher in the case of a) atmospheric conditions that encourage evaporation (e.g. low relative humidity, high wind speed, concrete surface hotter than the air) especially if the rate of migration of water through the concrete exceeds the rate of evaporation from the surface,
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B.3.4 If the shrinkage of precast units after they have been built into the structure is likely to cause undesirable cracking at the ends of the unit, curing aimed at preventing the loss of water from the unit should be continued no longer than is necessary to obtain the desired durability and strength. The concrete should then be given the maximum opportunity of drying out to an extent consistent with the limitation of the variation in moisture content as already outlined. For example, cracks may occur at the ends of precast concrete lintels that were moist-cured but were not allowed to dry sufficiently before they were built into the structure.
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Annex C
(informative)
Technical data for prestressed structural elements required in a contract C.1 Data for pre-tensioned elements
The following technical data in a contract in respect of pretensioned structural elements shall be given on the construction drawings:
C.1.2 Tendons
The tendons on which the design is based, designated by the number and nominal diameter of the bars, wires or strands and the type of prestressing steel, expressed in that order, e.g. 15 x 12,5 mm 7-Hi strand.
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C.2.4 Draw-in
The draw-in or intended release (or both) of the tendons or group of tendons, in millimetres (mm).
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Annex D
(informative)
Annex E
(informative)
Bibliography
BS 4447:1973 (1990), Specification for the performance of prestressing anchorages for post-tensioned construction. BS 4486:1980, Specification for hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high tensile alloy steel bars for the prestressing of concrete. BS 5896:1980, Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete. Basson, JJ. Deterioration of concrete in aggressive waters - measuring aggressiveness and taking counter-measures. Midrand: Portland Cement Institute, 1989. Fdration Internationale de la Prcontrainte. Recommendation for acceptance and application of posttensioning systems. Slough: FIP, 1981.
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