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11p - A survey This report discusses the use of smart antenna (beam steering) in IEEE802.11p
focusing more on road safety applications. We would discuss general issues, advantages in car-2-car as well as car-2-infastructure and highlight some challenges in using smart antenna.
switched antenna where multiple beams are formed in all directions for the infrastructure nodes. In applications such as emergency calls, traffic control messages, where longer range and good connectivity is needed. [2] shows that when beam forming is used a gain of 7dB could be achieved and could get up to 11db gain if stored geographical information on the area is used alongside beam forming. Other applications such as infrastructure speed tracking and pay tolling system need to receive messages from the vehicles reliably and long lived connection would be necessary in cases where the car is at long distance. These could be achieved through beam steering. SMART ANTENNAS IN CAR-TO-CAR APPLICATIONS In application such as collision avoidance, emergency park light and many others involves sending cooperative awareness messages CAMs which are periodic and needs to be sent with low latency and reliability. From [3] smart antenna promises drastical improvements in high through put and reliability. Especially in application where information might pass through many nodes the ad-hoc network there are a lot of end to end delays. [3] shows that beam steering could improve performance by reducing end-to-end delay up to a factor of 28.
CHALLENGES OF BEAM-FORMING COST: Smart antennas consist of digital signal processors DSPs and array antenna which are quite expensive relative to the omnidirectional antennas. It would be costly to implement in existing cars considering also the IEEE802.11p low penetration rate. However in newly manufactured cars the cost will not be an issue relative to the price of the car. I would suggest cheap directional antennas can be steered rather than using expensive DSPs to form large beams to be steered. MAC LAYER CHANGES FOR EFFECTIVE USAGE : for the full potential of beam steering to utilized a lot changes need to be done in the mac layer protocol of the IEEE802.1p combat issues such as directional exposed terminal, loss in channel state, directional hidden terminal problem and deafness [4].
REFERENCES [1] A. Soua, W. Ben-Ameur and H.afifi. Enhancing broadcast Vehicular communication using beam forming technique. International workshop on vehicular communications and networking(VECON) 2012. [2] V.Navada, A. Subramanian, K. Dhanasekarakm, A. timm-Giel and Samir R. Das, (2007) MobiSteer: using steerable beam directional antenna for vehicular network access [3]R. Raman than, "On the performance of ad hoc networks using beam forming antennas", Proc. ACM MOBIHOC 2001, Long Beach, California, USA, October 2001. [4] R. Ramanathan, "Antenna Beamforming and Power Control for Ad Hoc Networks," in Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, S. Basagni et al. (eds), IEEE Press/Wiley, 2004.