CHAPTER1(SCIENCTIFIC INVESTIGATION) 1.

identify the problem> identify and control the variables> form a hypothesis> plan the investigation> conducting the investigation> collect data> analyse the data> interpret the data> make a conclusion>write a report Experiment(effect of impurities on the boiling point of water) Aim: to study the effect of salt on the boiling point of water Fixed Variables: volume of distilled water Manipulated : presence of salt Responding: boiling point of distilled water Hypothesis: impurities increase the boiling point of water Apparatus: beaker, spatula, thermometer, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand Material: distilled water, common salt(sodium chloride) Procedure: 1.set up the apparatus 2.heat the distilled water and record the temperature of the boiling point distilled water 3.repeat the experiment after adding a spatula of salt in the distilled water Result: distilled water=100 Distilled+ water=104 Analysis and interpretation: 1.distilled water which is pure and does not contain salt boils at 100c 2. when salt is dissolved in it, it boils at a higher temperature. The reason is that the water molecules made difficult by the salt to obtain enough kinetic energy to escape into the air. Conclusion: impurities dissolved in water increase the boiling point of water. The hypothesis is accepted. THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE INVESTIGATION -it provides a way to gain new scientific -it produces experimental result which are trust worthy and useful -it tests the hypothesis to prove and explain certain scientific ideas -it collects the data from experiment for reference in the future SCINTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES

-able to think rationally -practising healthy lifestyle -fair and justice -Think critically and analytically THE NEDD TO PRACTISE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUE -to be an effective decision maker -to get more precise and accurate results -to become a good problem solver -to be prepared to change and adapt to new idea CHAPTER2: BODY COORDINATION Body coordination is regulation of body activities to react towards any stimulus from outside and inside of our body so that tasks are carried out correctly and harmoniously. Body coordination is controlled and regulated by the nervous system and the endocrine system. >Body coordination classified into -(nervous coordination) that regulate by the nervous system coordinating activities such as hearing, reading, movement, writing. -(hormonal coordination regulated by the endocrine that coordinating activities such as body growth, food digestion, reproduction. THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY COORDINATION -it enables us to react appropriately and adapt to the changes of our environment -it helps us to think rationally about a problem and solves it properly -it helps us to have a god body posture -it is essential for our body to carry out the activities efficiently -it helps in our survival by coordinating between the nervous system and the endocrine system to face dangers. THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

=(Brain) which controls actions and the brain consist of cerebrum, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata =(Spinal cord) which controls reflex actions that do not involve brain(example: knee-jerk, sweating and shivering) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM =(Autonomic nervous system)- which controls all involuntary actions of the body (example: excretion of saliva and peristalsis). -connects the spinal cord to the internal organs and glands e.g. heart, kidneys, lungs, salivary glands ------------------------------------------------------------- - Sympathetic system(fear of stress) Spinal nerve parasympathetic(relaxed activities) ------------------- cranial nerves Neurone =(Somatic nervous system) controls all voluntary actions(ex. Smell, hearing, vision) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cranial nerves (connect brain with sense organs in the head and neck e.g. neck, nose, ears) spinal nerves(connect spinal cord with sense organs in the whole body e.g. skin limbs abdomen) spinal nerve

>parasympathetic -dilates pupil -inhibit secretion of saliva -open bronchi -accelerate heart -inhibit churning of stomach -stimulate glucose release liver

-stimulate secretion of adrenal gland -inhibit mobility of intestines -relax the bladder >Parasympathetic -constricts pupil -stimulate saliva gland -constrict bronchi -slow the heart -stimulate churning of stomach -stimulate mobility of the intestines -contract the bladder NEURONS -its a nerve cell, function in receiving and transmitting nervous impulses. >motor neurons -(cell body) controls all the activity of neurone -(Dendron)is a long nerve fibre which receives impulses and transmits them to the cell body -(dendrite)is a short and fine branches of nerve fired. It has similar function with Dendron, that is receives impulses and transmit to the cell body -(Axon) is a long nerve fibre which brings the impulses leave the cell body to an effector TYPES OF NEURONE: 1.Sensory neurons -Passage of impulse is from receptor to central nervous system -position of the cell body is between axon and Dendron -distribute to the whole body -it function is receives and sends impulses from receptor to central nervous system(brain and spinal cord)

Specific attributes is the axon shorter than the Dendron 2.Intermidiate nuerones -passageimpulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons -position cell is between sensory neuron and motor neurone -distribute to the brain and central nervous system -fucntion is to send impulses between the sensory neurone and motor neurone -specific attributes is the lenth of axon is varied.the cell body hasshort dendrons and short dendrites 3.Motor neurons -passage impulse from the central nervous system effector -position is at the end of axon -distribute to the whole body -function is to tsend impulses from central nervous system to the tissues and organs in the body -specific attributes is the axon is longer than the Dendron.the cell body has short dendrons and short dendrites. NERVOUS COORDINATION The pathway of impulses involved in the nervous coordination: stimulus>recepeptor>sensory neurone>central nervous system>motor neurone>effector>response. -Nervous coordination is process of the coordination of the body system towards receiving stimuli,transmitting impulses and finally responding to the stimuli -(Reflex action) is a -rapid autonomic response to a stimuli from outside the bodyis a protective action which is controlled by the spinal cord. Example of reflex action: i.the body shivers when it is cold ii.the body sweats when it is hot iii.narrowing of eye pupils when exposed to bright sunlight iv.blinking of eyes to prevent entrance of an object (Synapse)

-small gap between the terminal end of one neurone and the dendrite of the next neurone. -when an impulse moves along one nerve cell, it release a chemical that diffuse across the gap and stimulates the other nerve cell (Relationship between receptor ,neurone and effector in the human nervous system) Stimuli-change the external or internal environment tht triggers a response ex. Tepmperature change(external), digestion food(internal) Receptor-is a structure tht receives stimuli from the environment -usually is a sensory organ suckh as eyes and skin Response-is a process that promotes action to a stimulus Effector-is an organ which responds to an impulse. -usually is a muscle or gland (THE ROLE OF PROPRIOCEPTORS IN MAINTAINING BALANCE AND COORDINATION) -in the muscles,thendons and ligaments, there are receptor called proprioceptors which are sensitive to strectching,movement and pressure. -they are important in coordinating the m muscular activity and maintaining balance. (THE HUMAN BRAIN AND ITS COMLEXITY) -Cerebrum 1.it is the biggest part of the brain 2.it has 2 hemispheres which are highlyfoleded and contains a lot of neurons 3.it function include:voluntary action ex.hearing, smell, speech, vision, taste, movement,skin and muscle,thing memory and intelligence. -Medulla oblongata 1.it is the lowest part of the brain that is connected to spinal cord 2.its function include:control all involuntary actions of body ex. Production of salive, heartbeat, breathing, sneeze, peristalsis. -Cerebellum 1.it is the part of brain tht located at the lower backside of the cerebrum.

2.it has 2 hemisphere and has folded surface -controls the balance and posture of body, coordinate action of brain (DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLUNTARY ACTION AND INVOLUNTARY ACTION) [Voluntary] is follow by our will.controlled by the cerebrum -receptor>spinal cord>cerebrum>spinal cord>effector -can be fast or slow -we are aware of the action being taken. [Involuntay] cannot follow our will. Control by medulla oblongata -receptor>spinal cord>medulla>spinal cord>effector -fast and uncontrollable -we are aware of the action being taken (HORMONAL COORDINATION IN THE BODY) -hormone are organic chemical substances which are consist of a lot of amino acid -hormones are produced by the endocrine glands -hormones which are no longer useful are neutralized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. -organs which the certain hormones act upon are called the target organs. -a hormone may have a few target organs. [Ovary] Hormones produced oestrogen and progesterone Function:-controls menstrual cycle and pregnancy -controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the development of breast(controlled my oestrogen) Oestrogen:secondary sexual characteristics are not developed Progesterone: menstrual cycle is not consistent, sterility, miscarriage Excess of hormones: oestrogen=overly femine

Progesterone: failure in the contraction of uterine during child birth and the baby born before the complete gestation period [Pituitary gland] -the size of pituitary gland is very small, just like the size of a pea. Function: controls the growth of body ,controls the activities of other endocorine gland such as the ovary and the testes. Deficiency of hormone: become dwarf Excess of hormone: become giant [Thyroid gland] Hormone produce: thyroxine Function: controls metabolism rate of body, controls the physical and mental Deficiency of hormone: hinders growth, mental retardation and goiter Excess of hormone: high metabolism rate, body temp increase,heart beats faster, sweats heavily,easily becomes anxious and tired. [Pancrease] Hormone produced: insulin Function: controls glucose level in the blood by breakdown excess glycogen in the liver, converting excess glucose to glycogen. Defiency hormone: diabetes mellitus Excess of hormone: level of blood sugar comes down and can necome coma and fatal. [Adrenal gland] Hormone produced: adrenaline Function: increase respiration rate, heart beat, blood pressure and blood glucose level during stress Defiency hormone: lost of water and sodium chloride from the body(Addison disease) Excess of hormone: level of glucose in the body and blood pressure increase [Testes] Hormone produce: testosterone

Funtion: controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as the deepening of voice. Defiency of hormone: secondary sexual charac are not develop completely and sexual organs are not develop Excess of hormone: overly masculine [Endocrine gland] -endocrine are ductless glands which secrete the hormones directly into the blood vessels to control body activities -the secretion of hormonesmay stimulate the working of some organs but at the same time inhibit the working of other organs -on the other hand, our body also some glands with a duct. An example is a salivary gland which secretes saliva into the mouth (COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM) Similarities between nervous system and endocrine is both respond to the changes in the environment, both play important roles in coordinating and controlling the bodys activities and functions. [EXAMPLE nervous system and endocrine coordinate to face danger] A big snake approaches fazlinervous impulse sent the the brain when fazli sees the big snake approaches himthe brain interpret the messages and identifies the big snake as a dangerous organismthe brain sends an impulse to the muscle to take appropriate action The adrenalglands receive an impulse and secrete more adrenaline at the same timethe heart beat, blood pressure and respiration increase, preparing him to run away from danger. (EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON BODY COORDINATION AND HEALTH) TYPE OF DRUGS [Cannabis]-made from leaves of the Indian hempplants,stimulates and also ruins the nervous system [Heroin]-made from poppy fruit -disrupts the function of nervous sysyem -causing sleepiness -Consumption: injection, sniffing, smoking [Amphetamine]

-A synthetic chemical substances in the form of capsules -Stimulates the nervous system and increase the body activities -causes sleepiness -consumption:swallow or injection [Barbiturate] -A synthetic chemical substances in the form of capsule -slows down the reaction and causes sleepiness -consumption: swallow n inject [Inhalants] -including petrol, paint, glue,thinner -they inhaled as the form of vapour -the vapour will interrupt the nervous system and cause damage to the brain,liver n kidney (EFFECT OF DRUGS) -(Addiction)=lose interestin work or studies, decline in work or academic performances,cause death -(Disease)=chronic diseases such as hepatitis and aids -(social problem)=involves in crimal activities -(ruins the brain and nervous system)=fantasizes (FACTORS CAUSING THE DRUG ABUSE) -To escape from mental stress -curiosity -peer influence -for pleasure and excitement (WAYS TO PREVENT DRUG ABUSE) -role of family to look after behavior of the children -role of school to give knowledge about the consequences of abusing drug

-role of the mass media to inform the public about the hazards of drug abuse. (THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL) -becomes drunk and the person loses body balance. -accident as the alcohol will impair judgement -reacts slowly -high blodd pressure -becomes an alcoholic tht loses emotional control -stomach ulcer and gastric prob as the alcohol corrodes the inner wall of stomach -lead to heart dieseasewhen heart tissue and muscle damaged by alcohol (FACTORS AFFECT STATE OF MIND) -mental stress lead to negative thinking -injuries such brain injury causes loses in memory -hormonal inbalance that excess thyroxine resless,anxious -drug abuse makes unable to think rationally --excessive consumption of alcohol can loses consciousness and cannot remember well

CHAPTER3 HEREDITY AND VRIATION {GENES,DNA,CHROMOSOMES} -(Gene)is a segment of DNA -it is a basic unit of inheritance which carriesgenetic information -it determines the character of a person such as iris colour,ability to roll tounge. -(Chromosome) -a thread like structure in nucleus -contains a long DNA and histone:protein -It exist in 1 pair, 1 from father, 1 from mother(except in reproductive cells)

(CELL DEVISION) -is involve in the reproduction and growth processes of an organism -a cel divides into 2 after it has grown to certain size -the genetic substances will divide first and later followed by the devision of cytoplasm -2 types of cell division is mitosis and meiosis (FACTOR CAUSES OF MUTATION) -{Toxic chemical matters}=benzene,herbicide,pesticide,nicotine,and formaldehyde can damage DNA, causing genetic disorders,cacer and deformation of foetus -{Radioactive radiation}= radioactive radiation such as alpha,beta and gamma can enter body cells and destroy or change the structures of genes and chromosome -can cause cancer -{changes in environment}=changes in temperature of the surrounding -{light intensity}=ultraviolet radiation which destroys skin cells and cause skin cancer (EFFECT OF MUTATION) ADVANTAGE -In agriculture sector,mutation can produce quality corps -increases variation of population -variation happened when a species adapt to an environment and lead to differences in traits between individual of the same species.variation helps in survival DISADVANTAGE -causes physical deformities and mental disability and various disease. -fatal -bacteria can mutate and become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin -some pests become resistant to pesticide. Ex.wild rats -causes various genetic disease such as down syndrome,colour blindness and albinism (CONTRIBUTION OF GENETIC RESEACH) MEDICAL

-gene therapy is also used to cure cancer -genetically modified sheep are used to produce milk which has the protein tht can cure haemophiliac patiens -genetic engineering which incorporates a foreign gene into an organism such as bacteria help in producing insulin from bacteria to treat diabetes (SELECTIVE BREEDING) CORPS -bigger size and goldenyellow in colour -sweeter and delicious -resistance to disease =masmadun corn LIVESTOCK -grow faster -produces more milk -bigger size -resistance to diseases OIL PALM -fruit is bigger size and has higher yield -its mesocarp is thick and contains more oil -its endocarp is thinner,making it easier to extract oil -its kernel contains more oil (CONTINUOS VARIATION AND DISCONTINUOOS VARIATION) VARIATION -variation refers to the different in traits or characteristics such as hair colour ,heigh and blood group between individuals in the same species -no two individuals share exactly the same character although they may have many similarities -two types of variation 1.continuos variation 2.discontinuos variation CONTINUOUS VARIATION

-characterisctics does not show distinct and invariables different -intermidiate categories is for example, there are students with moderate height between the shortest and the tallest student in class -caused by genetic factors(caused by two or more gens tht control the same trait) -environment factors -intereactions between genetic factors and environmental factors -Example:hair colour, weight,height,skin colour,intelligence -its is not permanent DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION -distinct and invariables different -no intermediate categories for example one can either have straight hair or curly hair -cannot be influence my environment -caused mby genetic factors -discrete distribution -Example: has dimples,bent thumb or straight,righthanded or lef,presence or absence of ear lobes,thumb print,sex,ability to roll tongue -its is permanent FACTOR THAT CAUSE VARIATION -related to the different of gene and chromosome -mutation of genes and chromosome produces new characteristics such as colour blindness,haemophilia and polydactyl -nutrition -development of surrounding such as changing of skin colour -condition of the environment ex.temperature, water,pressure, light intensity THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION -ensure survival of species by adapting to the changes in the environment -produces new animal species with high quality throughslective breeding

-differences among individuals.helps us to distinguish among the same species -produces better characteristics of a plant such as resistance to pathogens,grow and reproduce faster

CHAPTER4 MATTER AND SUBSTANCE MATTER -matter is anything that has mass and occupies space -all living things and non living things are matter -matter exist in three states =solids,liquid,gas -the kinetic theory of matter can be use to explain the properties of matter -diffusion is one of the example tht support the kinetic theory of matter THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER -matter is made up od discrete and tiny particles tht occupies space -the particles collide with each otherand bounce off in all direction -the particles always vibrating and moving about randomly -the particles obtain higher kinetic energy and move in more rapid when the tepmperature of the matter increase Diffusion=process whichparticles in matter move from place of high concentration to a place of low concentration until both places have the same concentration (CHARACTERISTICS AND STATE OF MATTER) SOLID -arrangement is dense ,close and arranged in order -particles vibrate in a fixed position -has very strong force -kinetic energy very low -fixed shape and volume -has high density

-cannot be compressed -ease of expansion is low -rate of diffusion is very slow

INTERCONVERSION Solid >gas (sublimation) ex.iodine, dry ice Gas>liquid(condensation

(MODERN ATOM MODEL) PROTON -positively charge -it relative mass is 1 unit -it is stationary and situated in the nucleus ELECTRON -negetive charge -relative mass is 1/1840 unit -move round in certain orbit NEUTRON -has no charge(neutral) -relative mass is 1 unit -situated in the nucleus