PROPERTIES AND USES

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NAPHTHALENE: PROPERTY VALUE

Molecular Weight Melting point, 0C Normal Boiling point (at 101.3kpa),0C Triple point (ttp), 0C Critical temperature (tc), 0C Critical pressure (pc),kpa Flash point (closed cup), 0C Ignition temperature, 0C Flammable limits, Vol% Upper Lower Heat of Vaporisation, KJ/mol Heat of fusion at triple point, KJ/mol Heat of combustion(15.50C, 101.3kpa), KJ/mol Heat capacity (at 15.50C, 101.3kpa), KJ/mol0C Heat of formation (at 250C), KJ/mol Solid Gas Density (at 250C), g/cm3 Density (at900C), g/cm3

1228 80.290 217.993 80.28 475.2 4051 79 526 5.9 0.9 43.5 18.979 -5158.41 159.28

78.53 150.58 1.175 0.97021

VAPOR PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR NAPHTHALENE: TEMPRATURE,0C PRESSURE, KPa

0 10 20 40 87.6 119.1 166.3 191.3 214.3 218.0 230.5 250.6

0.0008 0.003 0.007 0.043 1.33 5.33 26.66 53.33 93.33 101.33 133.32 199.98

VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR LIQUID NAPHTHALENE: TEMPERATURE,0C VISCOSITY, mPa.s

80.3 90 100 110 120 150 180 220

0.960 0.846 0.754 0.678 0.616 0.482 0.394 0.320

NAPHTHALENE AZEOTROPES: Naphthalene forms azeotropes (constant-boiling mixtures) with various compounds. Some of them are listed below.

COMPOUND

BOILING POINT AT 760,0C

NAPHTHALENE WEIGHT% 95 98.8 63.5 40 15 28 40 97.2 72.8 49

Benzoic acid 1,2-benzenedion (catechol) 4-chlorophenol 2-nitrophenol 1,3,5-triethylbenzene Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol m-cresol Acetamide Ethylene glycol

217.7 216.3 216.3 215.75 215.0 214.65 204.1 202.08 199.55 183.9

Naphthalene is only slightly soluble in water (0.019g/l at 00C and 0.030g/l at 1000C) but is soluble in many organic compounds. The best solvent is

tetrahydronaphthalene, which of are solvents has the greatest configurationally similarity to naphthalene. Naphthalene is soluble in liquid sulfur dioxide, giving it a greenish yellow color, in phenols, ethers and acetic acid, and in fats and volatile oils. Naphthalene is a good solvent for many compounds including such inorganic substances as phosphorus, iodine, sulfur and several metal sulfides. Naphthalene derivatives are important intermediates in dyes, pharmaceuticals, agriculture chemical, surface-active agents, etc. the reaction of naphthalene are of three distinct types: 1) Substitution, 2) Addition, and 3) Rupture of one or both rings

Substitution: The industrially important substituents in naphthalene are the nitro, hydroxy, sulfonic, amino and alkyl groups, and chlorine. Reactants at lower temperature tend towards alpha- or 1-position substitution; at higher temperatures, toward beta- or 2position substitution. The four alpha (1,4,5 or 8) and the four beta (2,3,6 or 7) position are equivalent. There are therefore two possible isomers when there is substituent, ten isomers when naphthalene is di-substituted with the same group or fourteen when the two substituents are different.

Addition Reaction: The important addition products or naphthalene are made by the addition to it of hydrogen or the halogens. Addition and substitution may occur in the same naphthalene molecule.

Ring Rupture: Oxidation of naphthalene under normal condition conditions lead to

naphthaquinone, but if the oxidation is continued beyond naphthaquinone, one ring of naphthalene ruptures with further oxidation of two carbons to carbon dioxide. The two remaining carbons, ortho to each other on the remaining ring, form carboxy groups to yield o-phthalic acid, which dehydride is the largest use for naphthalene.

Uses: The largest-volume use of naphthalene is for the manufacture of phthalic anhydride. Insecticides (q.v.) now from the second largest outlet for naphthalene. At one time naphthalene itself, in flake, ball or cake form, found extensive use against cloths moths. Some of the major uses of naphthalene are shown in the diagram.