Junior Cert Science: Physics

Past Papers By Chapter Repeats Removed Chapter Questions in Logical Sequence ORDINARY AND HIGHER LEVELS 2006 2012
Chapter Number and Title 37. Measurement in Science 38. Density and Floatation 39. Motion Speed, Velocity Acceleration 40. Force and Friction 41. Gravity, Weight and Hookes Law 42. Centre of Gravity and Stability 43. Moment of a Force and Levers 44. Pressure 45. Energy Conversions 46. Work and Power 47. Heat and Expansion 48. Heat and Change of State 49. Transfer of Heat 50. Light 51. Sound 52. Magnetism 53. Static Electricity 54. Current Electricity and Electric Circuits 55. Effects of an Electric Current 56. Ohms Law 57. Electricity in the Home 58. Electronics Page 2 4 6 7 9 11 12 14 16 20 21 24 26 29 35 37 40 40 42 43 45 47

Chapter 37. Measurement in Science

1. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

The diagrams shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter. (a) Which diagram, A, B or C, shows the arrangement of particles in a solid? (b) Which diagram, A, B or C, shows the arrangement of particles in a gas?

2. Answer the following questions using one of the following symbols: m, kg, s. (a) Which is the symbol of the unit used to measure mass? (b) Which is the symbol of the unit used to measure time?

3. The picture shows a piece of equipment used in the laboratory for measurement. (a) Name the piece of equipment shown. (b) What is it used to measure?

4. Name and give one use of the piece of equipment shown on the right.

5. (a) Define temperature and give a unit used to express temperature. (b) Name and give one use for the piece of equipment shown in the diagram below.

6. To answer the question below choose from the following list of temperatures: 37C, 0, 100C (a) What is the temperature at which water freezes? (b) What is the temperature at which water boils?

7. Different units are used to measure different physical quantities. Which of the following units, Metre, Newton or Joule is the unit of length?

8. (a) Find the area of the rectangular shape shown. (b) Give the unit that is used to measure the area.

9. (a) Find the area of the rectangle drawn on the right using the measurements given. (b) In what unit is the area measured?

10. (a) Name the piece of equipment drawn on the right. (b) Give one use of this piece of equipment.

11. The soldier in the diagram has safety goggles on his hat. Give one reason why safety goggles should be used in the laboratory.

Chapter 38. Volume, Density and Floatation

1. (a) Copy and complete the equation in the box below using the following words: MASS, VOLUME.

Density =
(b) If the mass of a stone is 20 g and the volume of the stone is 10 cm3, find the density of the stone.

2. The mass of a metal block is 14.7 g. It has a volume of 7 cm3. (a) Name the instrument you would use in the laboratory to find the mass of the block. (b) Which of the following, 2.1 or 102.9, is the value of the density of the block? (c) Which of the following, cm3 or g/cm3, is the unit used to measure the density?

3. A block of metal has the measurements shown on the right. The mass of the metal block is 21 g. From the following values, 8 cm3, 10 cm3, 2.1 g cm-3 and 210 g cm-3 (a) give the value of the volume of the block, (b) give the value of the density of the block.

4. A student set up the equipment shown to measure the volume of an irregular shaped object e.g. stone. When the stone was carefully dropped into the graduated cylinder containing water, A, arrangement B resulted. (a) Name the measuring instrument shown in A and B. (b) Calculate the volume of the stone from the information shown. (c) If the mass of the stone was 40 g, calculate the density of the stone.

5. A pupil measured the volume of a potato using the items of laboratory equipment, labelled A and B as shown in the diagram. (a) Name the items labelled A and B. (b) The potato had mass of 175 g and a volume 125 cm3. Calculate the density of the potato,. Give the units of density in your answer. (c) Why did the potato sink in the water?

6. (a) Name the item of laboratory equipment shown in the diagram. (b) Name a second item of laboratory equipment which enables more accurate measurements of volume to be made.

7. Why do icebergs float on water?

8. Ice floats on water but ice sinks in ethanol (an alcohol). Use this information to compare the density of ice with (i) the density of water, (ii) the density of ethanol.

Chapter 39. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

1. A cyclist moves 20 metres along a track in 4 seconds. Use the following values to answer the following questions: 5 m/s, 80 m/s, 10 m, 40 m. (a) What is the speed of the cyclist? (b) What distance will the cyclist travel in 2 seconds?

2. A cyclist moved along a track. The distance travelled by the cyclist was measured every 2 seconds. The data collected is presented in the table below. Distance travelled (m) Time (s) 0 0 10 2 20 4 30 6 40 8

(a) Use this data to draw a graph of distance travelled (y-axis) against time (x-axis). (b) Name an instrument used to measure the distance in this investigation. (c) Name an instrument used to measure the time in this investigation. (d) Use the graph to estimate the distance travelled by the cyclist in 5 seconds. (e) Calculate the speed of the cyclist in m s-1 (m/s). (f) Is the cyclist accelerating? Give a reason for your answer.

3. Define velocity.

4. The speed of a car is 15 m s-1. (a) What distance will the car travel in 5 seconds, 3 m or 75 m? (b) What word describes what happens when the speed of a car increases, acceleration or force?

5. A stone was dropped from the tip of a cliff and the distance that it fell was measured at intervals of time as given in the table below. Distance (m) Time (s) 0 0 5 1 20 2 45 3 80 4 100 4.5

(a) Draw a graph of distance against time; time on the x-axis (horizontal ax is). A smooth curve through the plotted points is required. (b) Use the graph to find how for the stone has fallen in 3.5 s. (c) Calculate the average speed of the falling stone between the second and the fourth second. Give a unit with your answer. (d) In this experiment is distance fallen directly proportional to time? Justify your answer.

6. A stone was dropped from the top of a tall cliff. The stones approximate velocity was measured each second as it fell. The data collected during this experiment is given in the graph.

Use the data from the graph to estimate the acceleration of the stone as it fell. Give the units of acceleration with your answer.

Chapter 40. Force and Friction

1. Name the instrument shown on the right that can be used to measure force.

2. Friction is an example of a force. (a) Give another example of a force. (b) After what scientist is the unit of force named?

3. (a) Explain the term friction. (b) How can friction be reduced?

4. Friction can be useful when driving a car. Name on way in which friction is useful when driving a car.

Chapter 41. Gravity, Weight and Hookes Law

1. The diagrams below show examples of forces that can act without contact.

(a) Name a third different force that can act without contact. (b) Give one important effect of the force that you have named.

2. The globular cluster shown is a group of stars (like a small galaxy). Gravity is the force that holds the stars together in this formation. Give two effects that gravity has on your everyday life.

3. A stone was dropped from the top of a tall cliff. The stones approximate velocity was measured each second as it fell.

Name the force that caused the stone to fall.

4. What is the weight of a stone on Earth if the stones mass is 2 kg? Give the unit.

5. Different units are used to measure different physical quantities. Which of the following units, Metre, Newton or Joule is the unit of weight?

6. A pupil measure the weight of an apple of mass 0.2 kg using a spring balance and got a reading of 2 N. Distinguish between weight and mass.

7. Robert Hooke (1635 1703) made a number of discoveries including the effect of force on elastic bodies now known as Hookes law. State Hookes law. 8. A pupil used the apparatus shown in the diagram to investigate the relationship between the force applied and the extension produced in the spring by that force. Pointer, P, was used to read the scale. Weights were added to the pan to apply forces to the spring. The data recorded is in the table below.

(a) Draw a graph of force (on y-axis) against total extension (on x-axis) (b) What conclusion can be drawn from the graph regarding the relationship between the force applied to the spring and the extension produced by it? (c) Use the graph to determine the weight of a stone that produced an extension of 14 cm in the spring. 9. A student was given a box of identical springs and asked to analyse them so they could be used as newton meters. The student performed an experiment , using the apparatus shown in the diagram, on one of the springs. In the experiment the student measured the increase in length of the spring caused by a number of weights. The spring was tested to destruction (that is weights were added until the spring was damaged. The data from the experiment is given in the table. Weight (N) Extension (cm) 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.0 0.8 4.0 1.2 6.0 1.6 8.0 2.0 8.5 2.4 8.6

(a) Plot a graph of extension (increase in length) against weight (x-axis). (b) Use the graph to find the weight thatt would produce and extension of 5 cm in the spring. (c) Study your graph carefully. The spring obeys Hookes law for the earlier extensions and then when the spring becomes damaged it does not appear to do so. Estimate from your graph, the weight after the addition of which the law seems no longer to apply

10. A student investigated the relationship between the extension of a spring and the force applied to it. The equipment shown in the diagram was used. The data collected is shown in the table. The student then drew the graph shown below. Answer the questions that follow about this investigation.

(a) Name an instrument used to measure the force in this investigation. (b) Describe how the student could have measured (i) the extension of the spring, (ii) the force. (c) What force results in a 6 cm extension of the spring? (c) What conclusion would you draw from this investigation?

Chapter 42. Centre of Gravity and Stability

No questions yet on this section of physics.

Chapter 33 Moment of a Force and Levers

1. (a) Which of the following items does not involve a lever?

(b) Give a reason for your answer.

2. Give an everyday example of the application of the lever, using a labelled diagram, showing the fulcrum and at least one force acting on the lever.

3. The diagram shows a spanner and a nut. In each case copy and complete the sentences below by inserting The correct word from the following list: Lever, Force, Friction. (a) The further away from the fulcrum (turning point) you apply a ____________ the easier it is to turn a nut. (b) The use of a spanner to turn a nut is an everyday example of using a ____________ .

4. The door handle is an application of a lever. The labels and arrows show three points. Which of the points A, B or C represent (a) the fulcrum (turning point)? (b) the point where the smallest force will open the door lock?

5. The crowbar in the diagram acts as a lever and applies a turning force on the boulder (large rock). Answer the questions which follow with reference to the points A, B and C in the diagram.

(a) Which of the three points, A, B or C, is the fulcrum (the point about which the turning force acts)? (b) (i) At which of the three points, A, B or C, will the least force be needed to move the boulder? (ii) Give a reason for your answer.

6. Define moment of a force.

7. State the law of the lever.

8. The diagram below shows a metre stick suspended from its centre of gravity. A force of 3 N acts on the stick at the 90 cm mark and a force of F N acts on the stick at the 20 cm mark. The metre stick is balanced horizontally. Calculate force F.

9. A uniform metre stick, suspended at its mid-point is balanced as shown below. Calculate force X.

Chapter 10. Pressure

1. Define pressure and give the unit for pressure.

2. Copy and complete the equation below using the following words: Force, Area. Pressure =

3. A metal block applies a force of 20 N on an areas of 5 cm3.. Find the pressure being applied by the block (Pressure in N/cm2).

4. If the area of the face of a metal block is 30 cm2 and the force (weight) of the block is 90 N, find the pressure being applied by the block.

5. The diagram shows a tank full of water. The mass of the water in the tank is 28,000 kg. Calculate the approximate pressure that it exerts on the base of the tank. Give the units of pressure with your answer.

6. Three holes were made in a carton of milk at the same time. (a) From which hole will the milk pour out at the greatest rate? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

7. The diagram shows a container with three spouts. The container is filled with water. Jets of water pour out of the spouts. Why does the jet of water from the bottom spout travel furthest out from the container?

8. A household water supply has a water tank in the attic. The water pressure at the upstairs tap is lower than the downstairs tap. Give a reason why this is the case.

9. The Earths atmosphere seen from space is the thin curve at the top of the photograph. Name the force that holds the atmosphere to the Earth, gives the atmosphere weight and causes atmospheric pressure.

10. Is the atmospheric pressure at the top of Mount Everest higher or lower than the pressure at the bottom?

11. Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with height?

12. The diagram is an Atlantic weather chart. (a) Use the chart to predict two weather conditions that you might expect for Ireland. (b) Explain why low atmospheric pressure causes one of the weather conditions that you have given.

13. Name the instrument used to measure pressure.

Chapter 11. Energy Conversions

1. Copy and fill in the missing words in both sentences. (a) The stretched rubber cord has ________________ energy. (b) If the stone is released it will have _____________ energy.

2. Sources of energy are either renewable or non-renewable. What is meant by renewable energy?

3. Which of the following A or B is an example of a renewable energy source?

4. From the following energy sources Tidal, Coal, Wind, Solar, Oil, Wave (a) Choose two forms of renewable energy, (b) Choose two forms of non-renewable energy.

5. The photograph show part of a very large array of photovoltaic cells that convert light, from the Sun, directly into electrical energy. Light, from the Sun, is a renewable source of energy. Ireland only uses about 2% renewable sources to meet current energy needs. (a) Name two renewable energy sources, excluding sunlight, that are available in Ireland. (b) Give two benefits that Ireland would get from increasing the use of renewable energy sources to meet our energy requirements.

6. The photograph shows a solar panel being installed. Water passing through the panel is heated by the Sun. (a) How does heat from the Sun travel, through the vacuum of space, to the Earth? (b) Give one advantage or one disadvantage of fitting solar panels to your home?

7. The Pelamis, shown in the photograph, converts the energy of waves in the sea into electrical energy. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electrical power in this way.

8. Nuclear energy could be used to solve Irelands energy shortage. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of nuclear energy to generate electricity.

9. Renewable energies are shown in the picture. Pick any two of the energies shown in the picture. (a) Name your selections. (b) Give one advantage associated with each energy youve selected. (c) Give one disadvantage associated with each energy youve selected. Two different reasons must be given.

10. The photograph shows part of the surface of the Sun. Give two examples showing that the Sun is our primary source of energy.

11. The top two photographs show the front (left) and rear (right) of a sign warning motorists approacing a school to take care. The photograph underneath shows the lights flashing amber alternately. This happens when the pupils are coming to school abd are going home from school. The rectangular panel above the sigh is a solar (photovoltaic) panel. It changes energy from the Sun into electrical energy. (a) Name the energy from the Sun that the panel changes into electricity. (b) The electrical energy is then changed into a form of energy that can be stored in a battery. Name the form of energy that can be stored in a battery. (c) In winter it may be dark when the pupils are going to or coming from school. Give two energy conversions that occur to produce flashes of light warning motorist approaching the school on dark mornings.

12. In Ireland 90% of electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels compared to other European countries who have an average of 50% use of fossil fuels and a 30% use of fossil fuels in the USA. (a) List two disadvantages, excluding acid rain, of this heavy reliance on fossil fuels for the production of electricity. (b) Suggest two alternative sources of energy for the generation of electricity in Ireland.

13. The conversions of chemical energy to kinetic energy to potential energy occurs when you walk up a stairs. Give two more everday examples of energy conversions and the contexts in which they occur.

14. The diagram shows a common light bulb. Choose, from the list below the two main energy changes that take place when the bulb is in use. (a) Electrical to light. (b) Electrical to sound. (c) Electrical to heat. (d) Chemical to heat. (e) Heat to light.

15. The diagram shows a battery-powered torch. Copy and complete the two main energy conversions which occur when the torch is in use. (a) ____________________ energy to electical energy. (b) Electrical energy to __________________ energy. 16. When each of the appliances below is used energy conversions take place.

Match an appliance with each of the energy conversions listed below. [Note: an appliance may be used more than once.] (a) Electrical to heat. (b) Electrical to sound. (c) Chemical to electrical. (d) Chemical to heat. 17. Give an example from everyday life where electrical energy is converted to kinetic energy. 18. When work is done energy is converted from one form to another. Identify one energy conversion that occurred when a car brakes.

19. The diagram shows a battery-powered radio. From the following energy changes 1. Electrical to heat, 2. Chemical to electrical, 3. Chemical to heat, 4. Electrical to sound, 5. Potential to kinetic choose the three main energy-changes that take place when the radio is in use.

20. Give two useful energy conversions that occur when the drill shown in the diagram is being used.

21. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another e.g. chemical energy can be converted into heat energy. Describe an experiment you could carry out to show the conversion of chemical energy to heat energy. Draw a labelled diagram of any equipment used.

22. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are more energy efficient than incandescent (tungsten filament) bulbs. A 20 W (0.02 kW) CFL bulb has the same light output as a 115 W (0115) incandescent bulb. If incandescent (tungsten filament) bulbs were replaced by compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in Ireland it is estimated that it would reduce our CO2 emissions by 700,000 tonnes each year and reduce our household electricity bills by 185,000,000.

Incandescent Bulb

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

(a) Why would replacing incandescent bulbs lower our CO2 emissions?

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), shown in the photograph on the right below, have Grade A rating (efficiency rating). Electrical energy is converted into light energy and one other form of energy in bulbs. (a) Name this second form of energy. (b) Which form of energy does the more efficient bulb produce more of? (c) Name another electrical appliance where checking the energy efficiency rating would be important to save money on running costs.

Chapter 42. Work and Power

1. A girl of mass 60 kg (weight 600N) climbed a 6 m high stairs in 15 seconds. Calculate the work she did.

2. The driver of a moving car applied the brakes. The brakes produced an average stopping force of 8 kN (8,000 N) and the car stopped having travelled 20 m after the brakes were applied. Calculate the work done in stopping the car.

3. A girl of mass 60 kg (weight 600N) climbed a 6 m high stairs in 15 seconds. Calculate the average power she developed while climbing the stairs.

4. Appliances vary in the amount of electricity they use depending on their power rating. A tumble drier has a high power rating of 2.5 kW. (a) Name another appliance that has a high power rating. (b) Name an appliance found in the home that has a low power rating.

5. The ESB charges for electricity at a rate of 12 cent per kWh. A tumble drier of power rating 2.5 kW is used for 2 hours each week for 4 weeks. (a) How many units of electricity (kWH) are used? (b) What is the cost, in cent, of using the tumble drier?

Chapter 47. Heat and Expansion

1. Name and give one use for the piece of equipment shown in the diagram.

2. Define temperature and give a unit used to express temperature measurements. 3. Give two differences between heat and temperature. 4. Describe an experiment to show the expansion of water when it freezes. You may include a labelled diagram if you wish. 5. Describe, with the help of a labelled diagram, how you would carry out an experiment to show that metals expand when heated. Use the following headings: Equipment, Procedure, Result.

6. The diagram shows a ball and ring apparatus. When the ball and ring are both cold the ball just passes through the ring. How would you use this apparatus to show (a) the expansion of a solid on heating? (b) the contraction of a solid on cooling?

7. The diagram shows a piece of equipment, a ball and ring that can be used to investigate the effect of heat on a metal. The ball will pass through the ring when the ball and ring are cold. When the ball is heated it will no longer pass through the ring. Answer the following questions about this investigation. (a) (i) Explain why the ball does not pass through the ring when it is heated. (ii) How would you get the ball to fit through again? (iii) What does this investigation tell us about the effect of heat on metals? (b) (i) What conclusion would you draw from this experiment? (ii) What would you expect to happen if the ball was cooled down again?

8. The damage to the railway tracks shown in this image was caused by an environmental factor. Name the factor and explain how it caused the damage.

9. Electric cables made from copper sag or droop in summer as shown in the diagram. What property of metals does this demonstrate?

10. The picture shows a round-bottom flask filled with air being heated gently with a hairdryer. (a) What effect does the heating have on the volume of the air in the flask? (b) (i) What would you expect to notice in the dish of water? (What would you expect to have seen when the flask was heated)? (ii) Give a reason for your answer.

11. The apparatus shown in the diagram was used to investigate the expansion and contraction of a gas. (a) What is observed when the flask is heated? (b) Explain your observation when the flask is heated? (c) What is observed when the flask is allowed to cool? (d) Explain what you observe as the flask cools?

12. The diagram shows a round-bottom flask full of coloured water. (a) (i) What would you expect to notice if the flask is heated gently? (ii) Give a reason why this should happen. (b) Why is coloured water used during this investigation? (c) A measuring instrument used in the laboratory is based on this behaviour of liquids. Name this instrument.

13. The photograph shows a hot air balloon. Why does the balloon rise when the air inside is heated?

Chapter 48. Heat and Change of State

1. Define temperature and give a unit to express temperature.

2. Give two differences between heat and temperature.

3. Name and give one use for the piece of equipment sown in the diagram.

4. The diagram shows the evaporation of water. (a) What is evaporation? (b) What do the water molecules have to gain in order to evaporate from liquid water?

5. Answer the questions using the following temperatures. 37C, 0C, 100C. (a) At which temperature does water freeze? (b) At which temperature does water boil?

6. The boiling point of water can be determined using the apparatus shown in the diagram. (a) Why are boiling (anti-bumping) chips added to the water? (b) At what temperature does water boil at standard (normal) atmospheric pressure? (c) What effect does the raising of pressure have on the boiling point of water? (d) What effect does the lowering of pressure have on the boiling point of water?

7. (a) Define pressure. (b) An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of pressure on the boiling point of water. The data from the experiment is given in the table below. Pressure (kPa) Temperature (C) 100 100 120 105 140 109 160 114 180 119 200 124

(i) Draw a graph of pressure against temperature with temperature on the x-axis. (ii) What two pieces of information can be drawn from the graph about the relationship between the boiling point of water and pressure. (iii) What effect would reducing the pressure on the water below normal atmospheric pressure, about 100 kPa, have on its boiling point?

8. A pupil heated some lauric acid, which is a solid at room temperature, until it turned into a liquid. The lauric acid was then allowed to cool at a uniform rate, The temperature of the lauric acid was taken every minute. The data from this experiment is given in the table. Temperature (C) Time (minutes) 75 0 64 1 54 2 43 3 43 4 43 5 43 6 43 7 32 8 22 9 10 10

(a) Draw a graph, using this data, of temperature against time (x-axis). (b) Explain the shape of the graph that you obtain. (c) Use the graph to estimate the melting point of lauric acid.

9. A substance that is solid at room temperature was heated above its melting point and then allowed to cool at a steady state. The substance used in this experiment was naphthalene. The temperature was taken at regular intervals. The data is in the graph. The graph is a cooling curve. (a) What is happening to the naphthalene between points A and B on the graph? (b) Why is there no drop in temperature between B and C? (c) What is the heat loss, between point A and B, on the curve called?

Chapter 49. Transfer of Heat

1. Name and give one use for the piece of equipment shown in the diagram below.

2. Define temperature and give a unit used to express temperature.

3. Give two differences between heat and temperature.

4. Heat is transferred from hot to cold places in three different ways: conduction, convection and radiation. By what way does heat travel through solids?

5. Heat is transferred from hot to cold place by three different methods: conduction, convection and radiation. Copy and complete each sentence below by using a word from the list of heat transfer methods above. (a) Heat travels through solids by _______________ . (b) Heat travels through liquids and gases by _______________ . (c) Heat travels from the Sun to the Earth by _______________ .

6. The experiment shown in the photograph was set up by a student.

(a) What changes take place to the water in the beakers A and B as time passes? (b) Explain why these changes occur. (c) What instrument would be used, in this experiment, to monitory the changes? (d) Name a material to replace copper in this experiment that will not allow these changes to occur.

7. Copper, aluminium and iron rods are set up as shown in the diagram. A metal ball is attached by wax to the end of each rod. Hot water is poured into the beaker. The ball falls from the copper rod first. What conclusion can be drawn for this observation?

8. A student set up the investigation shown in the diagram.

The apparatus consisted of a metal box that was filled with boiling water. A copper rod, an iron rod and a glass rod were inserted into the boling water through holes in the box. A piece of candle wax was placed on the top end of each rod. The piece of wax on top of the copper rod melted first and the piece of wax on the top of the glass rod melted last. Answer the following questions about this investigation. (a) What does the result of this investigation tell us about copper, iron and glass? (b) Why was it important to use rods of the same length and thickness and that they dipped into the boiling water to the same length?

9. (a) What does the experiment shown in the diagram tell us about the transfer of heat energy in water? (b) If you wanted to warm all of the water why would the bottom of the test tube be the best place to heat with the Bunsen flame?

10. Heat may be transferred from hot to cold places by the following three methods listed below. CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION Choose the method of heat transfer that occurs in the boiling of water in a kettle.

11. (a) Name the mode of heat transfer from the hot liquid, through the spoon, to the hand. (b) Heat moves in liquids by convection. Give one difference between convection and the way heat moves along the spoon.

12. The diagram shows two metal cans equal in size and filled with the same amount of water at 100C. Can A is wrapped in cotton wool and can B has no wrapping. (a) After 15 minutes, which can, A or B, would you expect to have the higher temperature? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

Chapter 50. Light

1. The picture shows some fireworks. (a) When a firework is set off at a distance, which is detected first, the sound of the explosion or the burst of coloured light from the fireworks? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

2. During an electric storm lightning is usually seen before thunder is heard. What does this tell us about light and sound? (What does this tell us about the speed of light and sound?) (Explain why we see lightning before we hear the thunder.)

3. Describe, with the help of a labelled diagram, how you would carry out an experiment to show that light travels in straight lines. Use the following headings: Equipment, Procedure, Result.

4. An experiment on light was set up as shown. Answer the questions that follow.

(a) What would a person see if the three cards were set up as shown? (b) What would the person see if the middle card was moved sideways? (c) What does this experiment tell us about light?

5. The photograph, taken from a satellite above the Earth, shows the shadow of the moon on the Earths surface. (a) Where does the light falling on the Earths surface come from? (b) What property of light enables the formation of shadows?

6. A narrow beam (ray) of white light is directed onto a triangular glass prism as shown in the diagram.

The path of four rays: R1, R2, R3 and R4 produced from this ray of white light are shown in the diagram. (a) Ray one (R1) is deflected off the prism as shown in the diagram. What word is used to describe the deflection of ray one (R1)? (b) Rays two, three and four (R2, R3 and R4) enter and leave the prism and change direction each time. What is this change of direction of light called? (c) A single ray of white light enters the prism and a band of light of many colours leaves the prism. The coloured rays are produced from the white light. What is this separation of white light into colour light called? (d) Give the colour of light that can be seen at the extreme ends A and B on the white screen. (e) Name a natural phenomenon that produces a band of coloured light from sunlight.

7. The equipment shown in the diagram was set up and used in an experiment on light. (a) Name the colour labelled A. (b) Name the colour labelled B.

8. The diagram shows a ray of white light entering through a triangular glass prism. The light passes through the prism to form a band of colours. (a) Name the piece of equipment labelled A. (b)Name the colours B and C.

9. The diagram shows a ray of white light entering a triangular glass prism. The light passes through the prism and emerges as a band of coloured light.

(a) What does this experiment show about the composition of white light? (b) What is this separation of white light into different colours called? (c) What name is given to the band of coloured light produced? (d) State the colour of the light labelled Xand the colour of the light labelled Y at the extreme ends of the band of light illustrated in the diagram.

10. The diagram shows a ray of light striking a plane mirror. (a) Copy and complete the diagram to show what happens to the ray when it strikes the mirror i.e. complete the path taken by the ray of light. (b) What word describes this? (c) Name an instrument that is based on the use of this effect of mirrors on light rays.

mirror

11. A student set up the equipment shown in the diagram in an investigation on the use of mirrors. Answer the questions below about this investigation. (a) Name the piece of equipment the student has constructed. (b) What happens to the light rays when the shine on mirror A? (c) Give one use for the device made by the student.

12. Diagram A is of a simple periscope. Copy and complete diagram B showing the reflections of the ray of light at both mirrors.

13. A pupil made a simple periscope using two plane (flat) mirrors. The mirrors were arranged as shown in the diagram. The pupil looked through the periscope at the word Science written on a card pinned to a laboratory wall.

(a) Did the pupil see image A or image B when she looked through the periscope? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

14. Why is the word AMBULANCE painted in reverse on the front of many ambulances?

15. What causes the appearance of a second drinking straw in the drink in the glass shown in the photograph?

16. A glass block like the one shown in the left of the diagram was used in an experiment in which a narrow beam (ray) of light was shone through it. The light passed from air to glass, on entry, and glass to air, on exit. The path of this light ray is shown on the right of the diagram.

(a) What is this bending of light called? (b) Pick, form rays P, Q, R or S the path taken by the light ray leaving the glass. (c) Give an application of this bending of light. (d) Name another way in which the direction of a light ray can be changed.

17. (a) What is refraction of light. (b) Give and everyday example of an effect caused by refraction.

18. The photograph shows a wader i.e. a bird that feeds in shallow water. (a) Is the image of the bird produced by reflection or by refraction? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

19. The diagram shows three narrow beams of light (rays) hitting a lens. Copy the diagram and draw one ray that passes through the lens without refraction and one ray that is refracted by the lens in the diagram.

20. The photograph shows narrow beams of light (rays) pass through a lens-shaped piece of transparent material. Parallel rays of light enter the material from the left and when they leave the material they converge and pass through a common point, before moving apart. Give a use for a lens having this effect on light.

Chapter 51. Sound

1. Describe a simple experiment to show that sound is a form of energy. 2. Copy and complete the sentence below by choosing a word from the following list: Vacuum, Vibrations, Echo. Sound is produced by ______________________ . 3. Copy and complete the statement below using a word from the following list: Energy, Electricity, Noise, Echo. Sound is a form of ________________ caused by vibrations. 4. A student set up the apparatus drawn below to investigate how sound travels through air. An electric bell was placed inside a bell-jar as shown in the diagram.

The bell rang and it could be heard. The vacuum pump was then switched on and started to pump air out of the bell-jar and a vacuum was created. The bell could be seen ringing but it made less noise as time passed. After 5 minutes the bell could no longer be heard but it could still be seen ringing. (a) What conclusion could be drawn from these observations? (b) When the air was pumped out, even though the bell could still be seen ringing it could not be heard. What difference between light and sound does this show? 5. The picture shows some fireworks. (a) When a firework is set off at a distance, which is detected first, the sound of the explosion or the burst of coloured light from the fireworks? (b) Give a reason for your answer.

6. During an electric storm lightning is usually seen before thunder is heard. What does this tell us about light and sound? (What does this tell us about the speed of light and sound?) (Explain why we see lightning before we hear the thunder.)

7. Copy and complete the sentence below by choosing a word from the following list: Vacuum, Vibrations, Echo. A reflected sound is called an ______________________ .

8. How are echoes produced?

9. The soldier in the diagram has safety goggles on his hat. Give one reason why safety goggles should be used in the laboratory.

10. The sign on the right is found displayed at shooting ranges and in many factories. (a) What instruction does sign give? (b) Why is it important to obey the instruction given by this sign?

Chapter 52. Magnetism

1. The diagram shows a bar magnet. (a) What does the letter N on the magnet mean? (b) What are the parts labelled N and S in the diagram called? 2. Describe, using a labelled diagram, a simple experiment to show that like magnetic poles repel each other. 3. The diagram shows the north pole of one magnet being brought up to the north pole of a freely suspended magnet. (The diagram could also show the South Pole of a magnet close to the South Pole of a freely suspended magnet.)

(a) What would you expect to happen to the freely suspended magnet? (b) What does this tell us about like poles? 4. The diagram shows the interaction between two magnets. Explain why this happens.

5. The diagrams below show examples of forces that can act without contact.

(a) Name a third different force that can act without contact. (b) Give one important effect of the force that you have named. 6. Name a material that is attracted by magnets. 7. Name a metal which is attracted by a magnet. 8. How would you show that the Earth exerts magnetic forces?

9. A student wanted to show the patter of the magnetic field around a bar magnet. Name a substance or a piece of equipment used in the laboratory to show the pattern of the magnetic field around a magnet.

10. The diagram show a bar magnet. Copy the diagram and draw the pattern of the magnetic field you would notice if iron filings or plotting compasses were placed around the bar magnet.

11. Copy the diagram of the outline of a bar magnet and draw two magnetic field lines one on each side of the bar magnet.

12. Which of the patterns A or B shows the pattern of a magnetic field around a bar magnet.

13. (a) What caused the iron filings to form the pattern around the magnet seen in the photograph? (b) How would you determine the position of the north pole of the magnet?

14. The diagram shows a bar magnet with magnetic field lines on both sides.

(a) Copy the diagram and label the north pole (N) or the south pole (S) of the magnet in your drawing. (b) What information is given by the arrows on the magnetic field lines?

15. Describe, with the help of a labelled diagram, how you would carry out an experiment to plot the magnetic field of a bar magnet. Use the following headings: Equipment, Procedure, Result.

16. Give one use of a magnet.

Chapter 53: Static Electricity

1. (a) Describe, with the help of a labelled diagram, how the force between two charged rods A and B could be investigated. (b) What result would you expect from this investigation? 2. The diagram shows a freely suspended charged rod. (a) What happens when a similarly charged rod is brought close to the suspended rod? (b) What does this tell us about like charges?

3. The boy in the photograph is touching a charged globe that is at high voltage. He is insulated from the Earth. What property of electric charges caused the boys hair to stand on end and apart?

4. The diagram shows a car. In dry weather you can sometimes get an electric shock when you get out of (or touch) the car. (a) What name is given to this type of electricity which gives rise to this problem? (b) How can this problem be prevented? 5. In dry weather you can sometimes get an electric shock from a supermarket trolley. This is caused by the build-up of static electricity on the trolley. (a) Explain clearly what causes the build-up of static electricity on a supermarket trolley. (b) Why does this only happen in dry weather? 6. A plastic pen when rubbed with a dry cloth can attract small pieces of paper which stick to it. (a) Why does this happen? (b) Explain why the pieces of paper fall from the pen after some time.

7. The diagrams below show examples of forces that can act without contact.

(a) Name a third different force that can act without contact. (b) Give one important effect of the force that you have named.

Chapter 54: Current Electricity and Electric Circuits

1. (a) If a bulb blows (fails) in circuit A does the second bulb stay on (glowing)? Give a reason for your answer. (b) If a bulb @blows (fails) in circuit B does the second bulb stay on (glowing)? Give a reason for your answer.

2. Components, e.g. bulbs, in electrical circuits can be connected in series or in parallel. (a) It is noticed that, when one headlight fails (blows) in a car, the second remains lighting. (i) State the way the headlights are connected. (ii) Give a reason why this mode of connection is used. (b) All of the bulbs go out in an old set of Christmas tree lights, when one of the bulbs fails (blows) (i) In what way are the bulbs connected in this set of lights? (ii) Explain why, when one bulbs blows, they all go out.

3. The symbols for two electrical meters are given in the diagram. The symbol is for a meter that measures potential difference, often called voltage. ?

What electrical quantity can be measured with the symbol

4. The diagram shows a simple electric circuit. Which of the labelled components in the circuit is the (a) BULB? (b) POWER SUPPLY (c) RESISTOR (d) SWITCH

5. A student set up the circuit drawn on the right to investigate different materials to see which were electrical conductors and which were electrical insulators. (a) What would you expect to observe when an electrical conductor is connected between points A and B? Give a reason for your answer. (b) What would you expect to observe when an electrical insulator is connected between points A and B? Give a reason for your answer.

6. (a) Choose the correct material from the list below to insert in the circuit between X and Y so that the buzzer would sound if the switch were closed. Copper Wood (timber) (b) Give a reason for your answer. (c) Name the component labelled A in the diagram. (d) Name the part of the circuit labelled B.

7. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) showed at the Frankfurt Fair in 1891 that alternating current could be transmitted over much longer distances than direct current. This is why the electricity supply to our homes is alternating current. Distinguish between alternating and direct current. (Explain the difference between direct (dc) and alternating current (ac).

8. What is the average voltage of domestic alternating current in Ireland?

9. The diagram shows a three-pin plug with the back removed. (a) Which of the labels A, B or C marks the live wire? (b) What is the function of a fuse in a three-pin plug?

Chapter 55: Effects of an Electric Current

1. The diagram shows a battery-powered radio. Choose from the list below the three main energy-changes that take place when the ratio is in use. 1. Electrical to heat, 2. Chemical to electrical, 3. Chemical to Heat, 4. Electrical to sound, 5. Potential to kinetic.

2. When each of the appliances below is used energy conversions take place.

Match an appliance with each of the energy conversions listed below. [Note: an appliance may be used more than once.] (a) Electrical to heat. (b) Electrical to sound. (c) Chemical to electrical. (d) Chemical to heat.

3. The diagram show an electric current passing through a coil of wire in a beaker of water. (a) After 15 minutes, what effect would you expect the current passing through the coil to have on the water? (b) Name a household appliance that uses this effect of electric current.

4. Give one application of the chemical effect of electric current. 5. The diagram shows a circuit with a wire over a compass. (a) What happens to the compass needle when the switch is closed? (b) Which effect of electric current is demonstrated by this experiment?

6. Give one application of the magnetic effect of electric current.

Chapter 56: Ohms Law

1. A student carried out an investigation of the relationship between current flowing through a wire resistor and the voltage across it. The data collected is presented in the table below. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Current (A) 1 2 3 4 5 Voltage (V) (a) Use this data to draw a graph of voltage (y-axis) against current (x-axis). (b) Use the graph to estimate the current at 3.5 V. (c) Use the graph to estimate the current at 2.5 V. (d) Name the instrument used by students to measure voltage. (e) Name the instrument used by students to vary current. (f) What is the relationship between voltage and current in this investigation?

2. A pupil performed an experiment on a resistor to investigate the relationship between potential difference (voltage) applied to the resistor and the current flowing through the resistor. The data from this experiment is in the table. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Potential Difference (Volts) 0.00 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20 0.25 Current (Amperes) (a) Draw a graph of potential difference (voltage) on the y-axis against current on the x-axis. (b) Calculate the resistance of the resistor used in this experiment. (c) What is the evidence from the graph that potential difference (voltage) is directly proportional to current in this case.?

3. A student used a variable voltage supply to apply different voltages across a resistor. She measured the voltage across the resistor and the current passing through it several times. She collected the following data. 0 2 4 6 8 Voltage (V) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Current (A) (a) Draw a graph of the voltage (y-axis) against the current (x-axis). (b) What conclusion can you draw from the graph about the relationship between the potential difference (voltage) and the current passing through the wire conductor?

4. A student set up the circuit drawn below to investigate the relationship between the potential difference (voltage), the current and the resistance of a wire conductor.

Gaps are left in the diagram in places where the ammeter and voltmeter should be placed. The symbols for these devices are given in the box above right. (a) Copy and complete the circuit inserting the symbols for the ammeter and the voltmeter in their correct positions. (b) Write the letter S beside the switch in your copy of the circuit diagram.

5. Meters

and

are used in the circuit shown.

(a) Copy the circuit diagram and enter A into the appropriate circle of one of the meter symbols in your copy of the circuit diagram so as to clearly identify its correct position. (b) A pupil used this circuit to get a set of readings from both meters for different values and then plotted this data in the graph shown.

(i) Use this graph to calculate the resistance of the resistor R shown in the diagram. (ii) Give the unit of resistance with your answer. (c) What is the relationship between the current passing through a resistor and the potential difference (voltage) across it? 6. George Ohm published his law in 1827. A student set up a circuit drawn on the right to investigate the relationship between potential difference (voltage) across a metal conductor and the current flowing through it. Two meters, M1 and M2, were inserted in the circuit. The data collected in this investigation was used to plot a graph of current against potential difference. (a) Identify the meters M1 and M2 in the circuit. (b) Why is it desirable to have the metal conductor immersed in a liquid such as water? 7. (a) Calculate the resistance of the filament of a car headlamp when 12 V produces a current of 5 A in it. (b) In what unit is resistance measured?

Chapter 57: Electricity in The Home

1. Explain the difference between direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac). 2. Copy and complete the following statements using the correct word from the following list: Alternating, Direct. (a) Current which flows from a battery is called ________________________ current. (b) Current from the mains supply to homes is called ____________________ current.

3. (a) Explain, clearly, the safety role of fuses in household electrical circuits. (b) How does a fuse work for our protection?

4. The diagram shows a three-pin plug with the back removed. (a) Name the green and yellow wire labelled X in the diagram. (b) Name the device labelled Y. (c) What is the function of the part labelled Y? (d) Give one reason why the back covering (casing) of a plug is made from plastic.

5. The diagram shows a three-pin plug with the back removed. (a) Which of the labels A, B or C marks the live wire? (b) What is the function of a fuse in a three-pin plug? (c) What is the correct colour coding for the cables labelled A, B and C? (d) Name the wire that is connected to the fuse.

6. Give an example from everyday life where electrical energy is converted to kinetic energy.

7. Define the Watt, the unit of power.

8. Appliances vary in the amount of electricity they use depending on their power rating. A tumble drier has a high power rating of 2.5 kW. (a) Name another appliance found in the home that has a high power rating. (b) Name an appliance found in the home that has a low power rating.

9. Name the unit of electrical energy that companies supplying electricity use to bill their customers.

10. Which of the three units listed below is the unit of electricity used by the ESB for costing? Volt Ampere Kilowatt hour

11. The kilowatt-hour is the unit of electrical energy used by electricity suppliers. The photograph below shows a kWh (kilowatt-hour) meter. This meter is connected into the electricity consumers domestic circuit and it can measure energy consumption in a selected part of the circuit, the total energy use and cost it. The meter can be wall-mounted in a convenient place.

Give two advantages to the consumer of having this type of meter.

12. An electric kettle has a power rating of 2 kW. The kettle is used for a total of 2 hours each day. (a) How many units of electricity (kWh) are used each day? (b) If electricity costs 12 cent per unit how much does this cost?

13. An electric cooker has four hot plates. The total power rating of the four hot plates is 7 kW. All four are used for a total of 2 hours each day. (a) How many units of electricity (kWh) are used in 1 week? (b) If electricity costs 11 cent per unit how much does this cost?

14. The ESB charges for electricity at a rate of 12 cent per kWh. A tumble drier of power rating 2.5 kW is used for 2 hours each week for four weeks. (a) How many units of electricity are used? (b) What is the cost, in cent, of using the tumble drier?

15. (a) Calculate the cost of using the electric kettle, shown in the diagram, for ten hours if a unit of electricity costs 15 cent. (b) What is the cost in cent of using the kettle for an average of 30 minutes each day for a week?

16. A 20 W (0.02 kW) CFL bulb is equivalent to a115 W (0.115 kW) incandescent bulb. Electricity costs 15 cent per kWh. Calculate the cost of using each of these bulbs for 100 hours.1

Chapter 58: Electronics

1. (a) Identify the device labelled A on the right. (b) Copy and complete the circuit inserting the symbol for device A so that the buzzer will sound if the switch were closed.

2. Look carefully at eh circuit diagram and then state which bulb/s, if any, light up then the switch is closed. Give a reason for your answer.

3. (a) Identify the devices shown in the diagram. (There are three in the diagram; when operating they give out light.) (b) This device is often used in flashlights instead of bulbs. Give a reason for this wide application. (Why are they often preferred for this use ahead of standard light bulbs?)

4. The electrical symbol for a light emitting diode (LED) is shown on the right. Copy and complete the circuit below by drawing in the LED so that the LED will light when the switch is closed.

5. The circuit on the right includes a resistor, a switch and an LED. (a) Will the LED light if the switch is closed? (b) Give a reason for your answer. (c) Why is it necessary to place a resistor in series with the LED?

6. The circuit shown in the diagram was set up by a pupil. Component C gave out light. (a) Name the components B and C labelled and shown in the diagram. (b) Give the function of component A. (c) Give the function of component B.

7. Look carefully at circuits A and B, then answer the questions. (a) In which circuit does the red LED light up? (b) Give a reason for your answer to (a) above. (c) Why is the resistor R needed in both circuits?

8. A pupil carried out an investigation into the effect of a diode on d.c. and on a.c. cicuits using an LED. The following circuits were initially set up.

(a) What is observed in circuit A and in circuit B? (b) When the batteries in circuits A and B were replaced by 6 V a.c. supplies the LEDs glowed dimly in both circuits. Explain this observation.

9. The diagram shows a light dependent resistor (LDR) and a graph of the resistance of the LDR against the brightness of light falling on it. (a) Give an everyday use for an LDR. (b) (i) Describe an experiment to measure the resistance of an LDR under varying degrees of brightness of light. (ii) Draw the circuit diagram that could be used to measure the resistance of a light dependent resistor (LDR) when exposed to light of varying brightness. (iii) Explain how you would vary the brightness of the light. You do not have to state how the brightness of the light was measured.