Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
=
Q
z
A
Q
z
A
z A
z A
1
1
01
2
2
02
1
2
2
exp .
2
exp .
v
e
v
e
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
2
2
01
02
2
exp
V
Z
V
Z
Q A
A e
( )
(
=
1 2
01
02 2
2
exp
) 1 (
) (
t t
Q A
A
z A
z A e
( )
( )
( ) e
e
.
2 2
ln ln
1 2
01
02
1
2
Q
t
t t
Q A
A
z A
z A A
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
11
Figure 8: Aligned down going P wave field Aligned down going S wave field
We can observe in Figure 8 that the S-wave amplitude decays faster than the P-wave, and has less
high-frequency components.
- Q estimation
By using the spectral ratio method and set the surface as the reference level. The spectral ratio
between any trace and thesurface sweep is used to calculate a Qave instead of Qint. The benefit of
this approach is that thesurface sweep is relatively constant and designed to have a largely flat
spectrum across a givenband. Figure 9 displays the spectra of the defined surface sweep, a shallow
station (220m) and adeep station (1157m) for both P-wave and S-wave.
Figure 9: the amplitude spectrums: P-source S-source.
12
Now, Qp_ave and Qs_ave curve for the whole interval are calculated and plotted against depth
(Figure 10). Its noted that Qp_ave and Qs_ave have different trends.
Figure 10: Average QP (blue) and average QS (red) curve.
- Qp and Vp/Vs
Generally, the Vp/Vs ration is commonly used as a lithology indicator. Figure 11 displays the interval
Qp derived from VSP , Vp from sonic log and Vs/Vp fromVSP. Generally, the three curves are
following the similar trend and tracking each other. QPshows a linear inverse proportional relation
with Vp/Vs : higher Vp/Vs correspondsto lower Qp (more attenuation) and vice versa. Its more
obvious in the crossplot of Qp with Vpand Vs, respectively, and the crossplot of Qp with Vp/Vs which
gives us Qp = -40.3924(Vp/Vs) +144.1752 by linear regression (Figure 12).
Figure 11: Qp, Vp, Vp/Vs curves
Figure 12: Cross plot of Qp with Vp and Vs
13
CONCLUSION
The subsurface lithology is characterized by its speed, density and quality factor. The latter has an
effect on the amplitude and the frequency content of the signal.
We have shown an analytical approach for estimating the quality factor of the surface data for
prestack and post stack data based on the assumption that the source wavelet has an amplitude
spectrum similar to that of a Ricker wavelet. Furthermore, to estimate Q-factor from a prestack CMP
gather, variation of a wavelet spectrum of an event is analyzed along offset. To obtain spectral peak
frequency variation from a post stack trace, we can use windowed time-variant spectral analysis.
We have used the spectral ratio method to calculate Q values from VSP data. A reliable continuous
interval Qp curve from about 450m to 1050m has been derived from a zero-offset VSP by this
approach.
The Qp curve derived from VSP shows an inverse linear relationship with the Vp/Vs curve. Finally,
the bulk value of Qp, Vp/Vs and Vp are estimated for the reservoir formations.
References
- Changjun Zhang 2008, Seismic Absorption Estimation and Compensation.
- Changjun Zhang and Tadeusz J. Ulrychz, Estimation of quality factors from CMP records,
GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 67, NO. 5 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2002)
- Mohammad Bigdeli Tabar, Shoorangiz Shams Shamsabad Farahani, Mehdi Nikzad,
HossainTourang, Mehdi Ghasemi Naraghi, A Study of Relations between Velocity Ratio and
Seismic Quality Factors Ratio, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research
- Chuandong (Richard) Xu*, Robert Stewart, Seismic Attenuation (Q) Estimation from VSP Data
- Zhang, C. Ulrych, T.J., 2002. Estimation of Q from CMP records. Geophysics 67, 1542-1547.