_____________________________________________________________________ CHEM 100 LECTURE

UNIT 4. ATOMS TO MOLECULES

MOLECULES AND IONS Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that possess an electric charge. Two basic types of ions: Positive ions or cations one or more electrons less than neutral when a metal loses one or more electrons Na+, Ca2+, Al3+ NH4+

Negative ions or anions one or more electrons more than neutral when a non-metal gains one or more electrons F-, O2-, N3 SO42-, PO43-

A monatomic ion contains only one atom: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom: OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-, AsO33-, PbO22-

A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds. A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms: H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms: S8, O3, H2O, NH3, CH4, C2H6O
Some elements exist naturally as diatomic or polyatomic molecules: H2, N2, O2, Br2, S8, O3

Compounds are molecules of different elements: HCl, CO, H2O, NH3, CH4, C2H6O

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_____________________________________________________________________ CHEM 100 LECTURE MOLE CONCEPT Atomic Mass - mass of an atom in atomic mass unit Formula Mass (Molecular Mass) - total mass of all the elements in the formula (in amu or g) Molar Mass - mass in grams of one mole of a substance (g/mol) The mole A mole = number of things/particles/atoms/molecules just like a dozen = 12 things one mole of anything = 6.022 x 1023 of that thing one mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms one mole of marbles = 6.022 x 1023 marbles 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 = 602,213,673,600,000,000,000,000 Avogadros number a number of atoms, ions, or molecules that is large enough to see and handle the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C 1 mole C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms = 12.01 g C

How Big is a Mole? One mole of marbles would cover the entire Earth (oceans included) for a depth of three miles. One mole of $100 bills stacked one on top of another would reach from the Sun to Pluto and back 7.5 million times. It would take light 9500 years to travel from the bottom to the top of a stack of 1 mole of $1 bills. An atom of C, S, Hg or any element is not visible to the eye, but one mole of those atoms looks like these:

Hg Cu Fe

1 atom of C will have a mass of 12.01 amu or 1.994 x 10-23 g 15 atoms of C will have a mass of 180.15 amu or 2.99 x 10-22 g 1 mole of C atoms will have 6.02 x 1023 atoms of C atoms and a mass of 12.01 g 15 moles of C atoms will have 9.03 x 1024 atoms of C and a mass of 180.15 g 0.75 moles of C atoms will have 4.52 x 1023 atoms of C and a mass of 9.01 g

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_____________________________________________________________________ CHEM 100 LECTURE

Example 1: The atomic mass of gold (Au) is 197.0.

What is the mass in amu of 1,500 atoms of Au? What is the mass in g of 1.0 mol of Au? How many atoms of Au are there in 1.0 mol? What is the mass in g of 0.31 mol of Au? How many atoms are there in 18 mol of Au? How many atoms of Au are there in 450 g of Au? How many mol of Au are there in 765 g? How many mol of Au are there in 25 g?

Example 2:

The chemical formula for potassium dichromate is K2Cr2O7.

What is the formula mass of K2Cr2O7? (consult your periodic table for atomic masses) How many g of K2Cr2O7 are there in 0.87 mol? How many moles of K are there in 0.87 mol of K2Cr2O7? How many atoms of K are there in 0.87 mol of K2Cr2O7? How many g of K are there in 0.87 mol of K2Cr2O7? How many atoms of O are there in 0.87 mol of K2Cr2O7? How many g of O are there in 0.87 mol of K2Cr2O7? How many mol of K2Cr2O7 are there in 250 g? How many moles of Cr are there in 250 g of K2Cr2O7? How many atoms of Cr are there in 250 g of K2Cr2O7? How many g of Cr are there in 250 g of K2Cr2O7? How many atoms of O are there in 250 gof K2Cr2O7? How many g of O are there in 250 g of K2Cr2O7?

Example 3:

Aspirin, with the chemical name acetylsalicylic acid, is an analgesic and an antipyretic drug. The chemical formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. (atomic masses: C = 12.01, H=1.008, O=16.00)

Note: The answers are already given. Just make sure you know how to get the correct answer. Do not memorize the solution, understand the solution. What is the formula mass of aspirin in amu? (12.01 x 9) + (1.008 x 8) + (16.00 x 4) = 180.2 amu -22 What is the mass of 1 molecule of aspirin? 180.2 amu or 2.992 x 10 g -22 -22 What is the mass in grams of 500,000 molecules of aspirin? 500,000 x 2.992x10 g = 1.496 x 10 g What is the molecular mass of aspirin? 180.2 g/mol What is the mass of 15 moles of aspirin? 15 x 180.15 = 2702 g How many moles of aspirin are present in 250 mg? 250mg x (1g/1000mg) x (1mol/180.2g) = 0.0014 mole or 1.4 mmoles 20 How many molecules of aspirin are present in 250 mg? 0.0014mol x (NA/1mol) = 8.4 x 10 molecules How many moles of C atoms are there in 15 moles of aspirin? 15 x 9 = 135 moles How many moles of C atoms are present in 250 mg of aspirin? 1.4 mmol x 9 = 13 mmoles How many mg of C atoms are present in 250 mg of aspirin? 13 mmol x 12.01 mg/mmol = 150 mg How many moles of O atoms are there in 15 moles of aspirin? 60 moles How many moles of O atoms are present in 250 mg of aspirin? 0.0056 mole or 5.6 mmol How many mg of O atoms are present in 250 mg of aspirin? 89 mg How many mg of H atoms are present in 250 mg of aspirin? 11 mg

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_____________________________________________________________________ CHEM 100 LECTURE

REMEMBER: 1 mole = 6.02 x 10 = molar mass (g)
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When converting 0.43 mol to g:

always start with the given:

0.43 mol

multiply with the factor based on the definition of the mole; the desired unit on the numerator, given unit on the denominator
0.43 mol x (____ g / 1 mol)

When converting 125 g to atoms or molecules:

always start with the given:

125 g

multiply with the factor based on the definition of the mole; the desired unit on the numerator, given unit on the denominator
125g x (6.02 x 10 / 1 mol)
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You dont need to memorize the solution, this is the only one you have to memorize: 1 mole = 6.02 x 10 = molar mass (g)
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