CLASSIFICATION TESTS FOR HYDROXYL AND CARBONYL CONTAINING COMPOUNDS alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic Acid test,

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test,Fehlings test, Tollens Silver Mirror test, and Iodoform test . Lucas test differentiates primary, secondary and tertiaryalcohols. Chromic test was performed to know if the sample is oxidizable. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test wasperformed for aldehydes and ketones. Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are tests for aldehydes. Iodoformtest is a test for methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. The samples are n -butyl alcohol, sec -butyl alcohol, tert -butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, benzandehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. INTRODUCTION Hydroxyl group is used to describe thefunctional group OH when it is a substituent inan organic compound. [4 ] Representative organicmolecules containing a hydroxyl group are knownas alcohols. Hydroxyl groups are especiallyimportant in biological chemistry because of theirtendency to form hydrogen bonds both as donorand acceptor. This property is also related totheir ability to increase hydrophilicity and watersolubility [1].There are three classifications of alcohols bythe carbon to which the hydroxyl group isattached. Primary alcohols are those in which thehydroxyl group is attached to the carbon withonly one carbon attached. Secondary alcohols arecompounds in which the OH- is attached to acarbon which has two other carbons attached toit. Tertiary alcohols are compounds in which ahydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with threeattached carbons [3].Carbonyl group is a family of functional groupscomposed of a carbon atom double-bonded to anoxygen atom: C=O. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acylhalides,amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristicfunctional group of aldehydes and ketones [2]. Aldehydes are organic compound containing aterminal carbony lgroup. This functional group,called analdehyde group, consists of a carbonatom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a singlecovalent bond and an oxygen atom with a doublebond. Thus the chemical formula for an aldehydefunctional group is -CH=O, and the generalformula for analdehyde is RCH=O.Ketones features a carbonyl group(C=O)bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differfrom aldehydes in a way that the carbonyl isplaced between two carbons rather than at theend of a carbon skeleton [3]. They are alsodistinct from other functional groups,

such ascarboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have acarbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom.The tests used in this experiment are Lucastest, Chromic Acid test, 2,4Dinitrophenylhydrazone, Fehlings test, Tollens Silver Mirror test and Iodoform test [4]. Lucastest often provides classification information foralcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily giverise to cationic character at the carbon bearingthe hydroxyl group undergo this test readily;primary alcohols do not give a positive result.[4]Chromic acid test detects the presence of ahydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearingat least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable.2,4Dinitrophenylhydrazone test can be used toqualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of aketone or aldehyde functional group. FehlingsTest and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are used todetect aldehydes. However, Fehling's solution canonly be used to test for aliphatic aldehydes ,whereas Tollens' reagent can be used to test forboth aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. IodoformTest is a test for methylcarbinol (secondaryalcohol with adjacentmethyl group) and methylcarbonyl group .