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Physics 151
Lecture 5
Central Force Problem (Chapter 3)
Action integral is stationary for the actual path Derived Lagranges Equations Used calculus of variation Generalized (conjugate) momentum Symmetry Invariance Momentum conservation One more thing to cover
Energy conservation
Define energy function Subtle difference from the Newtonian version Motion of a particle under a central force Simplify the problem using angular momentum conservation Use energy conservation Distinguish bounded/unbounded orbits
Energy Conservation
Energy Function?
, t ) q j h( q, q
j
L L j q
2 L h = mx 2 mx = + V ( x) = T + V 2
Total energy
Energy Function
, t ) q j h( q, q
j
L L j q
Derivatives satisfy
Eulers theorem
L , t ) q j h( q, q L = L2 L0 j q j
Energy Function
, t ) = L2 L0 h( q, q
L = T V
1st condition is satisfied if transformation from ri to qj is time-independent 2nd condition holds if the potential is velocity-independent No frictions Friction would dissipate energy
Kinetic Energy
dri ri j q = Using the chain rule dt j q j mi 2 mi ri = 2 2 i i ri ri mi ri ri q j qk = q j qk 2 q j qk j , k q j qk j ,k i
No q
mi 2 i T = r 2 i
ri = ri (q1 ,..., qn )
Time-independent
Energy Conservation
L , t ) q j L h( q, q j q j
These are restatement of the energy conservation theorem in a more general framework
Assume F is conservative F = V (r )
Planet around the Sun Satellite around the Earth Electron around a nucleus These examples assume the body at the center is heavy and does not move
Two-Body Problem
m1
R
Lagrangian is
O
r1
CoM r m2
2
Potential is function of |r| = |r2 r1| Strong law of action and reaction
m2 r1 = r (m1 + m2 )
m1 r2 = r (m1 + m2 )
m1
r
R
CoM m2
R is cyclic
L=
1 m1m2 2 V (r ) r 2 (m1 + m2 )
Relative motion of two particles is identical to the motion of one particle in a central-force potential
e e+ e
p
q2 V (r ) = r
Similar to hydrogen except m(p) >> m(e+) Potential V(r) is identical Turn them into central force problem me me me positronium = = (me + me ) 2 m p me hydrogen = me ( m p + me )
Spherical Symmetry
It can be rotated around any axis through the origin 2 ) V (r ) doesnt depend on the Lagrangian L = T (r direction Direction of L is fixed r L by definition r is always in a plane Polar axis = direction of L r = r ( r , , ) = r (r , )
Azimuth Zenith = 1/2
L
O
r
More Formally
=0 = 2 ,
= 0
Angular Momentum
m 2 2 2 + r ) V (r ) L = T V = (r 2
dA
Radial Motion
d V ( r ) 2 (mr ) mr + =0 Lagranges equation for r r dt Derivative of V is the force V ( r ) = mr 2 + f (r ) mr f (r ) = r
Centrifugal force
m 2 2 2 + r ) V (r ) L = T V = (r 2
Central force
l = mr 2
l2 = mr + f (r ) 3 mr
We know how to integrate this. But we also know what well get by integrating this
Energy Conservation
m 2 2 2 m 2 1 l2 + r ) + V (r ) = r + E = T + V = (r + V (r ) = const 2 2 2 2 mr
= r
2 l2 E V (r ) m 2mr 2
One can solve this (in principle) by t r dr t = dt = = t (r ) 0 r0 l2 2 E V (r ) m 2mr 2 Then invert t(r) r(t) l Then calculate (t) by integrating = mr 2
Done! (?)
Degrees of Freedom
Eqn of motion is 2nd order differential 6 constants By saying time-derivative equals zero Left with 2 constants of integration = r0 and 0
Qualitative Behavior
Inverse-Square Force
V (r ) k r
Unbounded Motion
V (r ) E1
1 2 mr 2
E2
Arrive from r =
r E3
E =V
Turning point
=0 r
A 1/r2 force would make a hyperbola
Go toward r =
Bounded Motion
V (r ) E1 E2
E3
1 2 mr 2
Circular Motion
E = E3 r = r0 (fixed)
V (r ) E1 E2
r E3 r0
E = V (r0 )
=0 r
r = const = r0
Classification into unbounded, bounded and circular motion depends on the general shape of V
Another Example
a V = 3 r
3a f = 4 r
a l2 V = 3 + 2mr 2 r
l2 2mr 2
E
r
r = const
r
stable unstable
l2 V ( r ) V ( r ) + 2mr 2 d 2V df = 2 dr r = r dr
3l 2 + 4 >0 mr0
r = r0
<
r = r0
3 f (r0 ) r0
k > 0 for attractive force Condition for stable circular orbit is knr0n 1 < 3kr0n 1 n > 3
Summary
Reduced 2-body problem into central force problem Used angular momentum conservation
l2 = + f (r ) mr 3 mr
l2 Qualitative behavior depends on V ( r ) V ( r ) + 2mr 2 Unbounded, bounded, and circular orbits Condition for stable circular orbits