Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote

Horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines to which the function is

approaching indefinitely.

The horizontal asymptotes are straight lines of the equation: y = k .

Example

Oblique Asymptote
The oblique asymptotes are lines of the equation:

The oblique asymptotes will only be found when there are not horizontal asymptotes.

Example

Calculate the asympto tes of the function:

Horizontal Asymptotes

Vertic al Asymptotes

Oblique Asymptotes

Vertical Asymptote
Vertical asymptotes a re vertical lines which the function is approaching indefinitely without ever cutting.

The equations of vertic al asympto tes a re: x = k .

k are functions).

the

points

outside

the

doma in

of

the

function

(in

the

ra tiona l

Example

Calculate the horizontal and vertic al asymp to tes of the function:

Constant Function
The equation of a constant function is:

y = b

The value of a constant function is a fixed real number.

The slope of a constant function is 0.

The gra ph is a horizonta l line pa rallel to the x -a xis.

Vertical Lines
Vertical lines a re para llel to the y -axis.

Vertical lines a re not fu nctions . The equation of a vertica l line is:

x = a

Identity Function
The function identity is of the type:

f(x) = x

Its graph is the bisector of the first and third quadrant.

Thus, the line forms an angle of 45 with the positive x -axis and has a slope: m = 1.

Limits
The limit of the function, f(x), at po int, x 0, is the value of the

function, f(x), when x a pproaches x 0 .

For example, the limit of the function f(x) = x 2 at the point x 0 = 2.

x 1,9 1,99

f(x) 3,61 3,9601

1,999 3,996001 ... 2 ... 4 x 2,1 2,01 f(x) 4.41 4,0401

2,001 4,004001 ... 2 ... 4

When x becomes closer to 2 from the left and right side, the va lue of the function will approach 4.

It is said that the limit of the function, f( x), as x tends to x 0 , is L. If a real positive number is set, , greater th an zero, there w ill be a positive number, , depending on , for all the values of x th at differ from x 0 th at fulfill the condition | x - x 0 | < , and holds that |f( x) - L| < .

Left Side Limit or Left Hand Limit

Right Side Limit or Right Hand Limit

The limit of a function a t a point if it exists, is unique.

In this case, it can be seen that the limit from both the left and right side as x tends to 2 is 4.

The limit of the function is 4 as x tends to 2 even though the function has no value at x = 2.

To calculate the limit of a function at a point, it is not of importance what happens at that particular po int, but what happens around it.

Example

Given the function:

Calculate

The function has no limit at x = 0.

Infinite Limit
A function f( x) has th e limit + when x a if there is a positive real

number, K > 0, th at verifies th at f(x) > k for all values close to a.

Minus Infinite Limit

A function f(x) has the limit - when x a if there is a positive real

number K < 0 and this verifies that f(x) < k for all values clo se to a.

Limits at Infinity

Limit Rules Limit of a Constant

Limit of a Sum

Limit of a Multiplication

Limit of a Division

Limit of a Power

Limit of a Function

g can be a root, a log, sin, cos, tan, etc.

Limit of a Root

Limit of a Logarithm

Rate of Change
Given the function y = f(x) and two points on the x -axis " a " and " a + h ", where " h " is a real number that corresponds to the increase of x ( x ), the rate of change of a function on the interval [ a, a + h] , denoted by y is the difference between the ord inates corresponding to the points on the x -axis, a a nd a + h .

y = [f( a+h) f(a)]

Average Rate of Change

The average rate of change in the interval [a, a + h] is represented

by

or

, and is the quotient between rate of change and the amplitude of

the interval considered on the horizontal axis, h or x.

Geometric Interpretation
The avera ge rate of change coincides with the slope of the secan t line to the function f(x) , that passes through the points P and Q (see graph above) which are represented on the x -axis as a and a + h .

In the triangle PQR , we can see that:

Examples

Calculate the average rate of change of the function f(x) = x 2 x in th e interva l [1, 4].

A stock market index increased from 1,350 to 1,510 points in one yea r. Find the average monthly rate of change.

Volume of a Function
The volume of the solid revolution generated by rotating the curve f(x) around the x -axis and bounded by x = a and x = b, is given by:

Examples

1. Find the volume of a truncated cone that is generated by the rotation

around the line y = 6 x and bounded by the lines y = 0, x = 0, x = 4.

2. Calculate the volume generated by y = sin x when rotated about the x axis.